Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T13:14:32.451Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Pilot Web Based Positive Parenting Intervention to Help Bipolar Parents to Improve Perceived Parenting Skills and Child Outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2013

Steven Jones*
Affiliation:
Lancaster University, UK
Rachel Calam
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Matthew Sanders
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, Australia
Peter J. Diggle
Affiliation:
Lancaster University, UK
Robert Dempsey
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Vaneeta Sadhnani
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
*
Requests for reprints to Steven Jones, Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Background: Children of bipolar parents are at elevated risk for psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder. Helping bipolar parents to optimize parenting skills may improve their children's mental health outcomes. Clear evidence exists for benefits of behavioural parenting programmes, including those for depressed mothers. However, no studies have explored web-based self-directed parenting interventions for bipolar parents. Aims: The aim of this research was to conduct a pilot study of a web-based parenting intervention based on the Triple P-Positive Parenting Programme. Method: Thirty-nine self-diagnosed bipolar parents were randomly allocated to the web-based intervention or a waiting list control condition. Parents reported on their index child (entry criterion age 4–10 years old). Perceived parenting behaviour and child behaviour problems (internalizing and externalizing) were assessed at inception and 10 weeks later (at course completion). Fifteen participants (4 control group and 11 intervention group) did not provide follow-up data. Results: Levels of child behaviour problems (parent rated; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) were above clinical thresholds at baseline, and problematic perceived parenting (self-rated; Parenting Scale) was at similar levels to those in previous studies of children with clinically significant emotional and behavioural problems. Parents in the intervention group reported improvements in child behaviour problems and problematic perceived parenting compared to controls. Conclusions: A web-based positive parenting intervention may have benefits for bipolar parents and their children. Initial results support improvement in child behaviour and perceived parenting. A more definitive study addressing the limitations of the current work is now called for.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Gibb, B. E., Crossfield, A. G., Pieracci, A. M., Spasojevic, J., et al. (2004). Developmental antecedents of cognitive vulnerability to depression: review of findings from the cognitive vulnerability to depression project. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18, 115133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, D. S., O'Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S. and Acker, M. M. (1993). The Parenting Scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5, 137144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backer, C. (2011). “It's Like Being on the Other Side of the World with Mummy”: a qualitative study exploring children's experiences of living with a parent with Bipolar Disorder. Unpublished Clinical Psychology Thesis, The University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Bauer, M. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Ball, W. A., Dewees, E., McAllister, T., Alahi, P., et al. (1991). Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self rating. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 807812.Google Scholar
Bentall, R. and Jones, S. H. (2006). The Psychology of Bipolar Disorder: new developments and research strategies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Goldstein, B., Hickey, M. B., et al. (2009). Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh bipolar offspring study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 287296.Google Scholar
Butzlaff, R. L. and Hooley, J. M. (1998). Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 547552.Google Scholar
Calam, R., Sanders, M. R., Miller, C., Sadhnani, V. and Carmont, S. A. (2008). Can technology and the media help reduce dysfunctional parenting and increase engagement with preventative parenting interventions? Child Maltreatment, 13, 347361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darzi, A. (2008). High Quality Care For All: next stage review final report. London: DoH.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2009). New Horizons: a shared vision for mental health. London: DoH.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2011). No Health Without Mental Health: a cross-government mental health outcomes strategy. London: DoH.Google Scholar
Duffy, A., Alda, M., Crawford, L., Milin, R. and Grof, P. (2007). The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 828838.Google Scholar
Gellatly, G., Bower, P., Hennessey, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S. and Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 12171228.Google Scholar
Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 13371345.Google Scholar
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R. and Meltzer, H. (2000). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 534539.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-Depressive Illness. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hillegers, M. H., Reichart, C. G., Wals, M., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J. and Nolen, W. A. (2005). Five-year prospective outcome of psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 344350.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Calabrese, J. R., Weissman, M. M., Reed, M., Davies, M. A., Frye, M. A., et al. (2003). Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 5359.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Williams, J. B., Spitzer, R. L., Calabrese, J. R., Flynn, L., Keck, P. E. Jr., et al. (2000). Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 18731875.Google Scholar
Inoff-Germain, G., Nottelmann, E. D. and Radke-Yarrow, M. (1992). Evaluative communications between affectively ill and well mothers and their children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 189212.Google Scholar
Jones, S. and Bentall, R. P. (2008). A review of potential cognitive and environmental risk markers in children of bipolar parents. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 10831095.Google Scholar
Jones, S., Tai, S., Evershed, K., Knowles, R. and Bentall, R. (2006). Early detection of bipolar disorder: a pilot familial high-risk study of parents with bipolar disorder and their adolescent children. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 362372.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. and Blase, S. L. (2011). Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 2137.Google Scholar
Lobban, F., Taylor, K., Murray, C. and Jones, S. (2012). Bipolar disorder is a two-edged sword: a qualitative study to understand the positive edge. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 204212.Google Scholar
Markie-Dadds, C., Sanders, M. and Turner, K. M. T. (1999). Every Parent's Self Help Workbook. Brisbane, Australia: Families International Publishing.Google Scholar
Metzler, C. W., Sanders, M. R., Rusby, J. C. and Crowley, R. N. (2012). Using consumer preference information to increase the reach and impact of media-based parenting interventions in a public health approach to parenting support. Behavior Therapy, 43, 257270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., George, E. L., Taylor, D. O., Schneck, C. D., et al. (2008). Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder: results of a 2-year randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 10531061.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J., Otto, M., Frank, E., Reilly-Harrington, N., Wisniewski, S., Kogan, J., et al. (2007). Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year randomized trial from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement programme. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 419427.Google Scholar
Murphy, R. (2011). A Qualitative Investigation of the Experience of Parenting with Bipolar Disorder. Unpublished Clinical Psychology Degree Thesis, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Phelan, R., Lee, L., Howe, D. and Walter, G. (2006). Parenting and mental illness: a pilot group programme for parents. Australasian Psychiatry, 14, 399402.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 149166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, M. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 506517.Google Scholar
Sanders, M., Bor, W. and Morawska, A. (2007). Maintenance of treatment gains: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 983998.Google Scholar
Sanders, M., Calam, R., Durand, M., Liversidge, T. and Carmont, S. A. (2008). Does self-directed and web-based support for parents enhance the effects of viewing a reality television series based on the Triple P-Positive Parenting Programme? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 924932.Google Scholar
Sanders, M. and McFarland, M. (2000). Treatment of depressed mothers with disruptive children: a controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral family intervention. Behavior Therapy, 31, 89112.Google Scholar
Stewart-Brown, S., Patterson, J., Mockford, C., Barlow, J., Klimes, I. and Pyper, C. (2004). Impact of a general practice based group parenting programme: quantitative and qualitative results from a controlled trial at 12 months. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, 519525.Google Scholar
Twiss, J., Jones, S. and Anderson, I. (2008). Validation of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for screening for bipolar disorder in a UK sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 110, 180184.Google Scholar
Vance, Y., Jones, S., Espie, J., Bentall, R. and Tai, S. (2007). Parental communication style and family relationships in children of bipolar parents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 355359.Google Scholar
Vostanis, P., Anderson, L. and Window, S. (2006). Evaluation of a family support service: short-term outcome. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 513528.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., Young, D., Dalrymple, K., et al. (2010). Screening for bipolar disorder and finding borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 12121217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.