Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T13:11:41.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A pilot study of dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for autistic adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2021

Lorie A. Ritschel ,
Lisa Guy  and
Brenna B. Maddox
Lorie A. Ritschel*
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Triangle Area Psychology Clinic, Durham, NC, USA
Lisa Guy
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Brenna B. Maddox
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder with the hallmark features of social impairment and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Individuals with ASD often experience co-occurring mental health difficulties, some of which may obfuscate the ASD features themselves. Although there is a high need for mental health services for autistic adults, there are surprisingly few evidence-based treatments (EBTs) available; moreover, many mental health practitioners who are well-trained in EBTs shy away from treating autistic individuals due to lack of training in ASD.

Aims:

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of dialectical behaviour therapy skills training (DBT-ST) in a sample of autistic adults without intellectual disability.

Method:

Sixteen adults with ASD were recruited from a treatment waiting list to enrol in this study, which included 24 weeks of DBT-ST delivered in a group setting. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed using retention and attendance data and a participant satisfaction questionnaire.

Results:

Retention (81.3%) and attendance data (mean 87.5%) provided support for the feasibility of this intervention. Overall satisfaction ratings were high (mean 4.5 out of 5), and participants reported that they felt that DBT-ST would probably be helpful for others with ASD (mean 4.5 out of 5).

Conclusions:

The study findings provide preliminary evidence of (1) the feasibility of providing DBT-ST for autistic adults in community-based clinics, and (2) the perceived benefit of DBT-ST for this under-served population. Recommended modifications to the standard DBT-ST materials are discussed.

Keywords

autismDBTemotion regulationskills training
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 50 , Issue 2 , March 2022 , pp. 187 - 202
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

‡

Dr Lorie Ritschel and Dr Lisa Guy contributed equally to this publication.

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson, R. C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R.T., Hewitt, A., … & Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Sauer-Zavala, S., Latin, H. M., Ellard, K. K., Bullis, J. R., Bentley, K. H., Boettcher, H. T. & Cassiello-Robbins, C. (2017). Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beck, K. B., Conner, C. M., Breitenfeldt, K. E., Northrup, J. B., White, S. W., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2020a). Assessment and treatment of emotion regulation impairment in autism spectrum disorder across the life span: current state of the science and future directions. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 29, 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.02.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, K. B., Greco, C.M., Terhorst, L.A., Skidmore, E. R., Kulzer, J. L., & McCue, M. P. (2020b). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for adults with autism spectrum disorder: feasibility and estimated effects. Mindfulness, 11, 1286–1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01345-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
behavioral techniques to address anxiety and depression in cognitively able emerging adults on the autism spectrum. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23, 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.06.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, B., Turner-Brown, L., & Hume, K. (2013). Early Analysis of the Feasibility and Acceptability of Family Implemented TEACCH for Toddlers (FITT). Division for Early Childhood, San Francisco, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Buck, T. R., Viskochil, J., Farley, M., Coon, H., McMahon, W. M., Morgan, J., & Bilder, D. A. (2014). Psychiatric comorbidity and medication use in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 3063–3071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2170-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cai, R. Y., Richdael, A. L., Uljarevic, M., Dissanayake, C., & Samson, A. C. (2018). Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: where we are and where we need to go. Autism Research, 11, 962–978. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1968 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camm-Crosbie, L., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2019). ‘People like me don’t get support’: autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality. Autism, 23, 1431–1441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318816053 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, J., McBain, R. K., Kofner, A., Stein, B. D., & Yu, H. (2020) Fewer than half of US mental health treatment facilities provide services for children with autism spectrum disorder, Health Affairs, 39, 968–974. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01557 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter Leno, V., & Simonoff, E. (2020). ASD and co-occurring psychiatric conditions: a conceptual framework. In White, S. W., Maddox, B. B., & Mazefsky, C. A. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-occurring Psychiatric Conditions. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190910761.013.1 Google Scholar
Chapman, A. L. (2018). Phone Coaching in Dialectical Behavior Therapy. New York, USA: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Conner, C. M., & White, S. W. (2018). Brief report: feasibility and preliminary efficacy of individual mindfulness therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3312-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conner, C. M., White, S. W., Beck, K. B., Golt, J., Smith, I. C., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2019). Improving emotion regulation ability in autism: the Emotional Awareness and Skills Enhancement (EASE) program. Autism, 23, 1273–1287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318810709 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornwall, P. L., Simpson, S., Gibbs, C., & Morfee, V. (2020). Evaluation of radically open dialectical behaviour therapy in an adult community mental health team: effectiveness in people with autism spectrum disorders. BJPsych Bulletin, 45, 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2020.113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, L., Adams, F., Harper, G., Welch, J., & Pellicano, E. (2019). ‘Something needs to change’: mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England. Autism, 23, 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318757048 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Marchena, A., & Miller, J. (2017). ‘Frank’ presentations as a novel research construct and element of diagnostic decision-making in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 10, 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1706 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, K. S., Lind, T., Jobin, A., Kinnear, M., Lok, H., & Brookman-Frazee, L. (2021). A systematic review of mental health interventions for ASD: characterizing interventions, intervention adaptations, and implementation outcomes. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-021-01133-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (4th edn). Bloomington, MN, USA: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Fakhoury, M. (2015). Autistic spectrum disorders: a review of clinical features, theories and diagnosis. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 43, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fombonne, E. (2012). Autism in adult life. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 273–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700501 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fombonne, E. (2020). Epidemiological controversies in autism. Swiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 171, w03084. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2020.03084 Google Scholar
Greenlee, J. L., Mosley, A. S., Shui, A. M., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2016). Medical and behavioral correlates of depression history in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 137. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2851I.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harned, M. S., & Botanov, Y. (2016). Dialectical behavior therapy skills training is effective intervention. Psychiatric Times, 33.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2009). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-C., & Mandy, W. (2017). ‘Putting on my best normal’: social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 2519–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntjens, A., Wies van den Bosch, L. M. C., Sizoo, B., Kerkhof, A., Huibers, M. J. H., & van der Gaag, M. (2020). The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02531-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingamells, B., Morrissey, C., Brotherton, N., & Ashworth, S. (2018). I Can Feel Good (2nd edn). West Sussex, UK: Pavilion Publishing.Google Scholar
Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2016). WhichGoogle Scholar
Kerns, C. M., Roux, A. M., Connell, J. E., & Shattuck, P. T. (2016). Adapting cognitiveGoogle Scholar
Koerner, K., Dimeff, L. A., & Swenson, C. R. (2007). Adopt or adapt? Fidelity matters. In Dimeff, L. A., & Koerner, K. (eds), Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Clinical Practice: Applications Across Disorders and Settings (pp. 19–36). New York, USA: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lai, M., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Amels, S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 6, 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lever, A. G. & Guerts, H. M. (2016). Psychiatric co-occurring symptoms and disorders in young, middle-aged, and older adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1916–1930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2722-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, USA: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (2014). DBT Skills Training Handouts and Worksheets (2nd edn). New York, USA: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., McDavid, J., Comtois, K. A., & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, T. R. (2018). Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Theory and Practice for Treating Disorders of Overcontrol. Oakland, CA, USA: Context Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, T. R., Cheavens, J. S., Cukrowicz, K. C., Thorp, S. R., Bronner, L., & Beyer, J. (2007). Treatment of older adults with co-morbid personality disorder and depression: a dialectical behavior therapy approach. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences, 22, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1703 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyng, J., Swales, M. A., Hastings, R. P., Millar, T., Duffy, D. J., & Booth, R. (2020). Standalone DBT group skills training versus standard (i.e. all modes) DBT for borderline personality disorder: a natural quasi-experiment in routine clinical practice. Community Mental Health Journal, 56, 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00485-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddox, B. B., Crabbe, S., Beidas, R. S., Brookman-Frazee, L., Cannuscio, C. C., Miller, J. S., Nicolaidis, C., & Mandell, D. S. (2020). ‘I wouldn’t know where to start’: perspectives from clinicians, agency leaders, and autistic adults on improving community mental health services for autistic adults. Autism, 24, 919–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319882227 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddox, B. B., Crabbe, S., Fishman, J. M., Beidas, R. S., Brookman-Frazee, L., Miller, J. S., Nicolaidis, C., & Mandell, D. S. (2019). Factors influencing the use of cognitive- behavioral therapy with autistic adults: a survey of community mental health clinicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 4421–4428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04156-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maddox, B. B., & Gaus, V. L. (2019). Community mental health services for autistic adults: good news and bad news. Autism in Adulthood, 1, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maddox, B. B., Trubanova, A., & White, S. W. (2017). Untended wounds: non-suicidal self-injury in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21, 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316644731 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., Lopez, M., Hudson, A., Baroud, T., Schwenk, Y., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R. A., Huston, M., … & Dietz, P. M. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – autism and developmental disability monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayes, S. D., Gorman, A. A., Hillwig-Garcia, J., & Syed, E. (2013). Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013). The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazefsky, C. A., & White, S. W. (2014). Emotion regulation: concepts and practice in autism spectrum disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, E., Berk, M. S., Asarnow, J. R., Adrian, M., Cohen, J., Korslund, K., Avina, C., Hughes, J., Harned, M., Gallop, R., & Linehan, M. M. (2018). Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents at high risk for suicide: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1109 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehlum, L., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A. J., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2016). Dialectical behavior therapy compared with enhanced usual care for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self-harming behavior: outcomes over a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehlum, L., Tørmoen, A. J., Ramberg, M., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Laberg, S., Larsson, B. S., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self-harming behavior: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 1082–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, C. M., Wilson, C. E., Robertson, D. M., Ecker, C., Daly, E. M., Hammond, N., Galanopoulos, A., Dud, I., Murphy, D. G., & McAlonan, G. M. (2016). Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis, management, and health services development. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1669–1686. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S65455 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neacsiu, A. D., Rizvi, S. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy skills use as a mediator and outcome of treatment for borderline personality disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 48(9), 832–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perepletchikova, F., Nathanson, D., Axelrod, S. R., Merrill, C., Walker, A., Grossman, M., Rebeta, J., Scahill, L., Kaufman, J., Flye, B., Mauer, E., & Walkup, J. (2017). Randomized clinical trial of dialectical behavior therapy for preadolescent children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: feasibility and outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 832–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.789 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathus, J. H., & Miller, A. L. (2014). DBT Skills Manual for Adolescents. New York, USA: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Ritschel, L. A., Lim, N. E., & Stewart, L. M. (2015). Transdiagnostic applications of DBT for adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 69, 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.111 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritschel, L. A., Miller, A. L., & Taylor, V. (2013). Dialectical behavior therapy for emotion dysregulation. In Ehrenreich-May, J., & Chu, B. (eds), Transdiagnostic Mechanisms and Treatment for Youth Psychopathology (pp. 203–232). New York, USA: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Scarpa, A., & Reyes, N. M. (2011). Improving emotion regulation with CBT in young children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39, 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465811000063 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shattuck, P. T., Roux, A. M., Hudson, L. E., Taylor, J. L., Maenner, M. J., & Trani, J. (2012). Services for adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700503 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379–405. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonoff, E., Jones, C. R. G., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Happe, F., & Charman, T. (2013). The persistence and stability of psychiatric problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02606.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sizoo, B. B., & Kuiper, E. (2017). Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness based stress reduction may be equally effective in reducing anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 64, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.03.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spain, D., Sin, J., Chalder, T., Murphy, D., & Happé, F. (2015). Cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity: a review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 9, 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.019 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012). Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storch, E. A., Sulkowski, M. L., Nadeau, J., Lewin, A. B., Arnold, E. B., Mutch, P. J., Jones, A. M., & Murphy, T. K. (2013). The phenomenology and clinical correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2450–2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1795x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20, 442–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315588200 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, K., Riosa, P. B., & Weiss, J. A. (2015). Brief report of preliminary outcomes of an emotion regulation intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3487–3495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2446-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tint, A., & Weiss, J. A. (2018). A qualitative study of the service experiences of women with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22, 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317702561 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valentine, S. E., Bankoff, S. M., Poulin, R. M., Reidler, E. B., & Pantalone, D. W. (2015). The use of dialectical behavior therapy skills training as stand-alone treatment: a systematic review of the treatment outcome literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22114 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bourgondien, M. E., & Coonrod, E. (2013). TEACCH: an intervention approach for children and adults with autism spectrum disorders and their families. In Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J. A. (eds), Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Translating Science into Practice. New York, USA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5301-7_5 Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX, USA: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Weiss, J. A., Thomson, K., Riosa, P. B., Albaum, C., Chan, V., Maughan, A., Tablon, P., & Black, K. (2018). A randomized waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy to improve emotion regulation in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 1180–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12915 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weston, L., Hodgekins, J., & Langdon, P. E. (2016). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with people who have autistic spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, S. W., Simmons, G. L., Gotham, K. O., Conner, C. M., Smith, I. C., Beck, K. B., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2018). Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: review of the latest research and recommended future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0949-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.