Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:15:56.230Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hoarding Behaviour in an Italian Non-Clinical Sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2013

Francesco Bulli ,
Gabriele Melli ,
Claudia Carraresi ,
Eleonora Stopani ,
Alberto Pertusa  and
Randy O. Frost
Francesco Bulli*
Affiliation:
Institute of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
Gabriele Melli
Affiliation:
Institute of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
Claudia Carraresi
Affiliation:
Institute of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
Eleonora Stopani
Affiliation:
Institute of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
Alberto Pertusa
Affiliation:
King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, UK
Randy O. Frost
Affiliation:
Smith College, Northampton, USA
*
Reprint requests to Francesco Bulli, Via Mannelli, 139 - 50132 Florence, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background: Hoarding is associated with significant impairment. Although traditionally considered as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), some authors have proposed that pathological hoarding could be considered as a stand alone condition. The prevalence of pathological hoarding behaviour has been shown to be high in some countries, but little is known about the prevalence and correlates of hoarding in the non-clinical population in Italy. Method: We studied the prevalence of self-reported hoarding behaviour using the Italian version of the Saving Inventory-Revised, as well as the association between hoarding and various clinical correlates, including obsessive-compulsive symptoms, compulsive buying, anxiety, and depression. Results: The prevalence of pathological hoarding behaviour in two studies was between 3.7 and 6.0%. No differences were found between hoarding and non-hoarding participants with regard to gender, age, marital status, level of education, and employment status. Significant correlations were found between compulsive hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and also between hoarding and a measure of compulsive buying, even after controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: These results indicate that pathological hoarding may also be prevalent in Italy and highlight the need for further epidemiological studies using validated instruments to assess hoarding disorder.

Keywords

HoardingprevalenceSaving Inventory-Revisedobsessive-compulsive disorderepidemiology
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , May 2014 , pp. 297 - 311
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, J. S., Wheaton, M. G. and Storch, E. A. (2008). The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1026–1033.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060–1073.Google Scholar
An, S. K., Mataix-Cols, D., Lawrence, N. S., Wooderson, S., Giampietro, V., Speckens, A., et al. (2009). To discard or not to discard: the neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 318–331.Google Scholar
Baer, L. (1994). Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 18–23.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. and Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Chiorri, C. and Melli, G. (in press). La versione italiana del Saving Inventory – Revised (SI-R). In Sica, C. (a cura di), La Valutazione Clinica di Ossessioni e Compulsioni. questionari ed interviste. Trento: Edizioni Erickson.Google Scholar
Chiorri, C., Melli, G. and Smurra, R. (2011). Second-order factor structure of the Vancouver Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) in an Italian non-clinical sample. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22, 1–17.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Ecker, W. and Gonner, S. (2008). Incompleteness and harm avoidance in OCD symptom dimensions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 895–904.Google Scholar
Edwards, E. A. (1993). Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 4, 67–84.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O. and Gross, R. C. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 367–381.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O. and Hartl, T. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 341–350.Google Scholar
Frost, R. and Hristova, V. (2011). Assessment of hoarding. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 456–466.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Kim, H. J., Morris, C., Bloss, C., Murray-Close, M. and Steketee, G. (1998). Hoarding, compulsive buying and reasons for saving. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 657–664.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Krause, M. S. and Steketee, G. (1996). Hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Behavior Modification, 20, 116–132.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Kyrios, M., McCarthy, K. D. and Mathews, Y. (2007). Self-ambivalence and attachment to possessions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 21, 236–246.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G. and Grisham, J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1163–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G. and Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 876–884.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G. and Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: a community health problem. Health and Social Care in the Community, 8, 229–234.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., Fitch, K. E. and Selbo-Bruns, A. (2009). Excessive acquisition in hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 632–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fullana, M., Vilagut, G., Rojas-Farreras, S., Mataix-Cols, D., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2010). Obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions in the general population: results from an epidemiological study in six European countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124, 291–299.Google Scholar
Ghisi, M., Flebus, G. B., Montano, A., Sanavio, E. and Sica, C. (2006). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Manuale. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali.Google Scholar
Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J. and Hood, S. (2006). Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 675–686.Google Scholar
Iervolino, A. C., Perroud, N., Fullana, M. A., Guipponi, M., Cherkas, L., Collier, D. A., et al. (2009). Prevalence and heritability of compulsive hoarding: a twin study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1156–1161.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Frost, R., Pertusa, A., Clark, L., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., et al. (2010). Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27, 556–572.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Nakatani, E., Micali, N. and Heyman, I. (2008). Structure of obsessive compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 773–778.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Rauch, S. L., Manzo, P. A., Jenike, M. A. and Baer, L. (1999). Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1409–1416.Google Scholar
Melli, G. and Chiorri, C. (in press). La versione italiana del Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). In Sica, C. (a cura di), La Valutazione Clinica di Ossessioni e Compulsioni: questionari ed interviste. Trento: Edizioni Erickson.Google Scholar
Melli, G., Chiorri, C., Smurra, R. and Frost, R. O. (in press). Measurement invariance across paper-and-pencil and online formats of the Saving Inventory: revised in Italian samples. International Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.Google Scholar
Mueller, A., Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., Glaesmer, H. and de Zwaan, M. (2009). The prevalence of compulsive hoarding and its association with compulsive buying in a German population based sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 705–709.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Williams, B. J., Haslam, N., Abramowitz, J. S. and Tolin, D. F. (2008). The latent structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a taxometric study. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 956–968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pani, R. and Biolcati, R. (1998). Shopping Compulsivo. Urbino: Edizioni Quattroventi.Google Scholar
Pani, R. and Biolcati, R. (2006). Le Dipendenze Senza Droghe: lo shopping compulsivo, Internet e il gioco d'azzardo. Torino: Utet.Google Scholar
Pedrabissi, L. and Santinello, M. (1989). Inventario per l'Ansia di Stato e di Tratto, forma Y. Manuale, Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze.Google Scholar
Pertusa, A., Frost, R. O., Fullana, M. A., Samuels, J., Steketee, G., Tolin, D., et al. (2010). Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 371–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pertusa, A., Frost, R. and Mataix-Cols, D. (2010). When hoarding is a symptom of OCD: a case series and implications for DSM-V. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1012–1020.Google Scholar
Pertusa, A., Fullana, M. A., Singh, S., Alonso, P., Menchon, J. M. and Mataix-Cols, D. (2008). Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1289–1298.Google Scholar
Rachman, S., Elliott, C. M., Shafran, R. and Radomsky, A. S. (2009). Separating hoarding from OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 520–522.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. and Eisen, J. (1989). Clinical features and phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 19, 67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, J. M., Arnold, E., Rosen, S., Mason, G., Larson, M. J., Murphy, T. K., et al. (2011). Hoarding behaviors among nonclinical elderly adults: correlations with hoarding cognitions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and measures of general psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 116–22.Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T. and Kessler, R. C. (2008). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J. 3rd, Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K. Y., et al. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 836–844.Google Scholar
Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J. 3rd, Pinto, A., Fyer, A. J., McCracken, J. T., Rauch, S. L., et al. (2007). Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 673–686.Google Scholar
Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J. 3rd, Riddle, M. A., Cullen, B. A. M., Grados, M. A., Liang, K. Y., et al. (2002). Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case-control study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 517–528.Google Scholar
Saxena, S. (2008). Neurobiology and treatment of compulsive hoarding. CNS Spectrums, 13, 29–36.Google Scholar
Sica, C. and Ghisi, M. (2007). The Italian versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric properties and discriminant power. In Lange, M. A. (Ed.), Leading-Edge Psychological Tests and Testing Research (pp. 27–50). Hauppauge, New York: NOVA Publishers.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R. and Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (form Y): self-evaluation questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.Google Scholar
StataCorp (2009). Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.Google Scholar
Steketee, G. and Frost, R. (2003). Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 905–927.Google Scholar
Steketee, G., Frost, R., Tolin, D., Rasmussen, J. and Brown, T. (2010). Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 476–484.Google Scholar
Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Sawchuck, C. N. and Hakstian, A. R. (2004). The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1289–1314.Google Scholar
Timpano, K. R., Exner, C., Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Keshaviah, A., Brahler, E., et al. (2011). The epidemiology of the proposed DSM-5 hoarding disorder: exploration of the acquisition specifier, associated features, and distress. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 780–786.Google Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Fitch, K. E., Frost, R. O. and Steketee, G. (2010). Family informants’ perceptions of insight in compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 69–81.Google Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Kiehl, K. A., Worhunsky, P., Book, G. A. and Maltby, N. (2009). An exploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding. Psychological Medicine, 39, 325–336.Google Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Frost, R. O. and Steketee, G. (2011). Hoarding among patients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 43–48.Google Scholar
Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F., Ferrão, Y. A., do Rosário, M. C., Torresan, R. C., Miguel, E. C., et al. (2012). Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: a multicentered study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 724–32.Google Scholar
Valence, G., d'Astous, A. and Fortier, L. (1988). Compulsive buying: concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Policy, 11, 419–433.Google Scholar
Wheaton, M., Timpano, K. R., LaSalle-Ricci, V. H. and Murphy, D. (2008). Characterizing the hoarding phenotype in individuals with OCD: associations with comorbidity, severity and gender. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 243–252.Google Scholar
Wu, K. D. and Watson, D. (2005). Hoarding and its relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 897–921.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.