Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:12:34.995Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cognitive Biases in Hypomanic Personality: Preliminary Findings Indicating the Relevance of Self-Versus-Other Encoding and High-Versus-Low Levels of Activation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2010

Alison Pyle  and
Warren Mansell
Alison Pyle
Affiliation:
School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Warren Mansell*
Affiliation:
School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
*
Reprint requests to Warren Mansell, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland I, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background: While research indicates cognitive biases in individuals vulnerable to bipolar symptoms, the specificity of these biases to the self and others, and to low or high activation states, is underexplored. Method: These biases were investigated using individuals with high (n = 24) and low levels (n = 24) of hypomanic personality (HPS) during word rating and free recall of a list of trait words after a positive versus neutral mood induction. Results: The mood induction was not successful. Also, in contrast to the predicted self-serving bias, there was a self-denigratory bias in self-ratings relative to ratings of another person. In post hoc analyses, the study succeeded in producing a rating task of trait words that differentiated between high and low hypomania-prone individuals, as the high HPS group made higher ratings of high activation trait words (e.g. dynamic) to describe positive and neutral attributes regardless of whether it referred to themselves or another person. The high HPS group also showed a negative recall bias, but it was not specific to the self, questioning assumptions made about negative biases in existing research. Furthermore, a strong relationship emerged between greater use of imagery at encoding and greater recall of self-referent, positive, high activation words, suggesting a role for the intensity of images associated with the amplification of emotions in people with bipolar disorder (Holmes et al., 2008). Conclusions: It seems important to consider various multiple factors in memory bias research in people vulnerable to bipolar disorder, including self versus other encoding, high versus low activated states and the role of mental imagery. Further research is needed to spell out their interactive contribution.

Keywords

Hypomaniaword listself-conceptother-conceptimagery
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 38 , Issue 4 , July 2010 , pp. 459 - 472
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alatiq, Y., Crane, C., Williams, J. M. G. and Goodwin, G. M. (in press). Dysfunctional beliefs in bipolar disorder: hypomanic vs. depressive attitudes. Journal of Affective Disorders.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn.). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likeability ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arieti, S. (1974). Affective disorders: manic-depressive psychosis and psychotic depression. InArieti, S. and Brode, E. B. (Eds.), American Handbook of Psychiatry (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 449–490). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bauer, M. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Ball, W. A., Dewees, E., McAllister, T., Alahi, P., Cacciola, J. and Whybrow, P. C. (1991). Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating: scale characteristics and implications for the study of mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 807–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentall, R. P., Kinderman, P. and Manson, K. (2005). Self-discrepancies in bipolar disorder: comparison of manic, depressed, remitted and normal participants. British Journal of Psychology, 44, 457–473.Google ScholarPubMed
Bentall, R. P. and Thompson, M. (1990). Emotional Stroop performance and the manic defence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 235–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, B. and Mathews, A. (1983). Negative self-schemata in clinical depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 173–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, J. B., Davies, P. and Richman, B. (1971). Word Frequency Book. New York: American Heritage.Google Scholar
Delduca, C. M., Jones, S. H. and Barnard, P. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effect of hypomanic personality on the specificity and speed of autobiographical memory recall. Memory, 8, 12–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Depue, R. A., Krauss, S. P. and Spoont, M. R. (1987). A two-dimensional threshold model of seasonal bipolar affective disorder. InMagnusson, D. and Ohman, A. (Eds.), Psychopathology: an interactionist perspective (pp. 95–123). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dodd, A., Mansell, W., Morrison, A. P. and Tai, S. (2009). Factor structure of the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory and associations with analogue bipolar symptoms in a student sample. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckblad, M. and Chapman, L. J. (1986). Development and validation of a scale for hypomanic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 214–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eich, E., Macaulay, D. and Ryan, L. (1994). Mood dependent memory for events of the personal past. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 201–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, W. and Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency Analysis of English Usage: lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. and Jamison, K. (1990). Manic-Depressive Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gotlib, I. H., Traill, S. K., Montoya, R. L., Joormann, J. and Chang, K. (2005). Attention and memory biases in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: indications from a pilot study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 84–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, J. D., Brewin, C., Mansell, W. and Donaldson, C. (in press). Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A. and Dang, S. T. (1998). Autobiographical memory in acute stress disorder, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 500–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F. and Goodwin, G. M. (2008). Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1251–1258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joormann, J. and Siemer, M. (2004). Memory accessibility, mood regulation, and dysphoria: difficulties in repairing sad mood with happy memories? Journal Abnormal Psychology, 113, 179–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, R., Tai, S., Christensen, I. and Bentall, R. (2005). Coping with depression and vulnerability to mania: a factor analytic study of the Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) Response Style Questionnaire. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 99–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwapil, T. R., Miller, M. B., Zinser, M. C., Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. and Eckblad, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of high scorers on the hypomanic personality scale. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 309, 222–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahy, R. L. and Beck, A. T. (1988). Cognitive therapy of depression and mania. InCancro, R. and Georgotas, A. (Eds.), Depression and Mania (pp. 517–537). New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Lyon, H. M., Startup, M. and Bentall, R. P. (1999). Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention, and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 273–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansell, W. (2006). The Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory (HAPPI): a pilot study to select cognitions that are elevated in individuals with bipolar disorder compared to non-clinical controls. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 467–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansell, W. and Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 419–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansell, W. and Hodson, S. (2009). Imagery and memories of the social self in people with bipolar disorders: empirical evidence, phenomenology, theory and therapy. InStopa, L. (Ed.), Imagery and the Self in Psychopathology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mansell, W., Morrison, A. P., Reid, G., Lowens, I. and Tai, S. J. (2007). The interpretation of and responses to changes in internal states in bipolar disorder: an integrative cognitive model. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 515–539.Google Scholar
Mansell, W. and Pedley, R. (2008). The ascent into mania: a review of psychological processes associated with the development of manic symptoms. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 494–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, M. (1990). On the induction of mood. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 669–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. and Pope, M. (2003). Cognitive styles in individuals with bipolar disorders. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1081–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, M. H. (1980). The Borderline Syndromes. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. J. and Mansell, W. (2008). “I get so energetic and dominating!” A study of hypomanic personality and conflicting self-perception during activated states in a co-operative task. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 483–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winters, K. C. and Neale, J. M. (1985). Mania and low self-esteem. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 282–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, K., Lam, D. H. and Newsom-Davis, I. (2005). Induced mood change and dysfunctional attitudes in remitted bipolar I affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 689–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zerssen, D. V. (1982). Personality and affective disorders. InPaykel, E. S. (Ed.), Handbook of Affective Disorders (pp. 212–228). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.