Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T19:04:49.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing functioning in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: psychometric properties and factor structure of the School and Social Adjustment Scale and the Physical Functioning Subscale of the SF36

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2020

M.E. Loades Open the ORCID record for M.E. Loades [Opens in a new window] ,
S. Vitoratou ,
K.A. Rimes Open the ORCID record for K.A. Rimes [Opens in a new window]  and
T. Chalder
M.E. Loades
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
S. Vitoratou
Affiliation:
Psychometrics & Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Kingʼs College London, London, UK
K.A. Rimes
Affiliation:
Kingʼs College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
T. Chalder*
Affiliation:
Kingʼs College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK South London & Maudsley NHS Trust, Beckenham, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has a major impact on functioning. However, no validated measures of functioning for this population exist.

Aims:

We aimed to establish the psychometric properties of the 5-item School and Social Adjustment Scale (SSAS) and the 10-item Physical Functioning Subscale of the SF-36 in adolescents with CFS.

Method:

Measures were completed by adolescents with CFS (n = 121).

Results:

For the Physical Functioning Subscale, a 2-factor solution provided a close fit to the data. Internal consistency was satisfactory. For the SSAS, a 1-factor solution provided an adequate fit to the data. The internal consistency was satisfactory. Inter-item and item-total correlations did not indicate any problematic items and functioning scores were moderately correlated with other measures of disability, providing evidence of construct validity.

Conclusion:

Both measures were found to be reliable and valid and provide brief measures for assessing these important outcomes. The Physical Functioning Subscale can be used as two subscales in adolescents with CFS.

Keywords

academicadolescentsCFSfunctioningphysicalsocial
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 48 , Issue 5 , September 2020 , pp. 546 - 556
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannon, R. W. (2011). Test-retest reliability of the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a systematic review of the literature involving adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25, 3205–3207. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234e59fCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bould, H., Collin, S. M., Lewis, G., Rimes, K. A., & Crawley, E. (2013). Depression in paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98, 425–428. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brigden, A., Beasant, L., Hollingworth, W., Metcalfe, C., Gaunt, D., Mills, N., … & Crawley, E. (2016). Managed Activity Graded Exercise iN Teenagers and pre-Adolescents (MAGENTA) feasibility randomised controlled trial: study protocol. BMJ Open, 6, e011255. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011255CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brigden, A., Loades, M., Abbott, A., Bond-Kendall, J., & Crawley, E. (2017). Practical management of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis in childhood. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102. archdischild-2016-310622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136–136.Google Scholar
Burgess, M., Andiappan, M., & Chalder, T. (2012). Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults: face to face versus telephone treatment – a randomized controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 175–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R. (1978). The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cella, M., Sharpe, M., & Chalder, T. (2011). Measuring disability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: reliability and validity of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 124–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalder, T., Berelowitz, G., Pawlikowska, T., Watts, L., Wessely, S., Wright, D., & Wallace, E. (1993). Development of a fatigue scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalder, T., Deary, V., Husain, K., & Walwyn, R. (2010). Family-focused cognitive behaviour therapy versus psycho-education for chronic fatigue syndrome in 11- to 18-year-olds: a randomized controlled treatment trial. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1269–1279. doi: 10.1017/S003329170999153XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawley, E., Gaunt, D. M., Garfield, K., Hollingworth, W., Sterne, J. A. C., Beasant, L., … & Montgomery, A. A. (2017). Clinical and cost-effectiveness of the Lightning Process in addition to specialist medical care for paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome: randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313375Google ScholarPubMed
Crawley, E., & Sterne, J. A. (2009). Association between school absence and physical function in paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 94, 752–756. doi: 10.1136/adc.2008.143537CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csuka, M., & McCarty, D. J. (1985). Simple method for measurement of lower extremity muscle strength. American Journal of Medicine, 78, 77–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Winter, J. D., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44, 147–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deale, A., Chalder, T., Marks, I., & Wessely, S. (1997). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 408–414.Google ScholarPubMed
Garralda, M. E., & Rangel, L. (2004). Impairment and coping in children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study with other paediatric disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 543–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, B. A., Knapman, L. M., & Lubitz, L. (2010). Graduated exercise training and progressive resistance training in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 24, 1072–1079. doi: 10.1177/0269215510371429CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: goodness-of-fit indices. Sociological Methods & Research, 11, 325–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, S., Chalder, T., & Rimes, K. A. (2012a). Family-focused cognitive behaviour therapy versus psycho-education for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: long-term follow-up of an RCT. Behavior and Research Therapy, 50, 719–725. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, S., Chalder, T., Sallis, H. M., & Rimes, K. A. (2012b). Telephone-based guided self-help for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a non-randomised cohort study. Behavior and Research Therapy, 50, 304–312. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, M., Emond, A., & Crawley, E. (2010). Phenotypes of chronic fatigue syndrome in children and young people. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95, 245–249. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.158162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E. Jr, & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. M. (2002). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 461–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, B., du Toit, S., & Spisic, D. (1997). Robust interference using weighted least squares and quadratic estimating equations in the latent variable modeling with categorical and continuous outcomes. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus userʼs guide (version 7). Los Angeles, CA, USA.Google Scholar
NICE (2007). Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): Diagnosis and management of CFS/ME in adults and children. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563329Google Scholar
Parslow, R. M., Harris, S., Broughton, J., Alattas, A., Crawley, E., Haywood, K., & Shaw, A. (2017). Childrenʼs experiences of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative studies. BMJ Open, 7, e012633. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarmby, L., Rimes, K. A., Deale, A., Wessely, S., & Chalder, T. (2007). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of outcomes within and outside the confines of a randomised controlled trial. Behavior and Research Therapy, 45, 1085–1094. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RCPCH (2004 ). Evidence Based Guideline for the Management of CFS/ME (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalopathy) in Children and Young People. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Retrieved from: http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/rcpch-guidelines-and-standards-clinical-practice#cfs-meGoogle Scholar
Sankey, A., Hill, C. M., Brown, J., Quinn, L., & Fletcher, A. (2006). A follow-up study of chronic fatigue syndrome in children and adolescents: symptom persistence and school absenteeism. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 126–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, M. C., Archard, L. C., Banatvala, J. E., Borysiewicz, L. K., Clare, A. W., David, A., … & Lane, R. J. (1991). A report – chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84, 118–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
StataCorp (2017). Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX, USA: StataCorp LLC.Google Scholar
Stulemeijer, M., de Jong, L. W., Fiselier, T. J., Hoogveld, S. W., & Bleijenberg, G. (2005). Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 330, 14. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38301.587106.63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thandi, G., Fear, N. T., & Chalder, T. (2017). A comparison of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) across different patient populations using Rasch analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 92, 45–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tollit, M., Politis, J., & Knight, S. (2018). Measuring school functioning in students with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of School Health, 88, 74–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomey, K. M., & Sowers, M. R. (2009). Assessment of physical functioning: a conceptual model encompassing environmental factors and individual compensation strategies. Physical Therapy, 89, 705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, P. D., Goldsmith, K. A., Johnson, A. L., Potts, L., Walwyn, R., DeCesare, J. C., … & Cox, D. (2011). Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. The Lancet, 377, 823–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahra, D., Qureshi, A., Henley, W., Taylor, R., Quinn, C., Pooler, J., … & Byng, R. (2014). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: reliability, sensitivity and value. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 18, 131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Loades et al. supplementary material

Loades et al. supplementary material

Download Loades et al. supplementary material(File)
File 115 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.