We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)
References
Aljure, E., Day, J. W. & Bennett, M. V. L. (1980) Postsynaptic depression of Mauthner cell-mediated startle reflex, a possible contributor to habituation. Brain Research188:261–68. [JTH]Google Scholar
Altman, J. S. & Kien, J. (in press) Functional organisation of the suboesophageal ganglion in insects and other arthropods. In: Arthropod brain; Its evolution, development structure and functions, ed. Gupta, A. P.. John Wiley. [JK]Google Scholar
Arch, S., Earley, P. & Smock, T. (1976) Biochemical isolation and physiological identification of the egg-laying hormone from Aplysia californica. Journal of General Physiology68:197–210. [TS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arch, S., Lupatkin, J., Smock, T. & Beard, M. (1980) Evidence for an exocrine function of the Aplysia atrial gland. Journal of Comparative Physiology141:131–37. [TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arch, S. & Smock, T. (1977) Egg-laying behavior in Aplysia californica. Behavioral Biology19:45–54. [TS]Google Scholar
Arch, S., Smock, T. & Earley, P. (1976) Precursor and product processing in the bag cell neurons uf Aplysia californica. Journal of General Physiology68:211–25. [TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arch, S., Smock, T., Gurvis, G. & McCarthy, C. (1978) Atrial gland induction of the egg-laying response of Aplysia californica. Journal of Comparative Physiology128:67–70. [TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, P. R., McCrohan, C. R. & Rose, R. M. (1981) Higher order interneurons which initiate and modulate feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. In: Neurobiology of invertebrates, mechanisms of integration, ed. Salanki, J.. Pergamon Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Bennett, M. V. L. (1978) Command neurons: Know and say what you mean. Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:13–15. [JLL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowerman, R. F. & Larimer, J. L. (1974) Command fibres in circumoesophageal connectives of crayfish. 1. Tonic fibres. Journal of Experimental Biology60:95–117. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, T. H. (1947) Problems in invertebrate electrophysiology. Physiological Reviews27:643–64. [RCE]Google Scholar
Bullock, T. H. (1961) The problem of recognition in an analyzer made of neurons. In: Sensory communication, ed. Rosenblith, W. A.. M.I.T. Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Cochran, S. L., Hackett, J. T. & Brown, D. L. (1980) The anuran Mauthner cell and its synaptic bed. Neuroscience5:1629–46. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croll, R. P., Kovac, M. P., Davis, W. J. & Matera, E. M. (1985) Neural mechanisms of motor program switching in the molusc Pleurobranchaea. III. Journal of Neuroscience5:64–71. [JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, W. J. (1976) Organizational concepts in the central motor networks of invertebrates. Advances in Behavioural Biology18:265–92. [JK]Google Scholar
Davis, W. J. (1977) The command neuron. In: Identified neurons and arthropod behavior, ed. Hoyle, G.. Plenum Press. [RCE, RC]Google Scholar
Davis, W. J. (1978) On the trail of the command neuron. Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:17–19. [JLL]Google Scholar
Davis, W. J. (1984) Non-hierarchical central organisation of rhythmic invertebrate motor systems. In: Feedback and motor control. Society for Experimental Biology Symposium, Glascow, U.K. [RCM]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C. (1984) Neural mechanisms of startle behavior. Plenum Press. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, R. C. & Bombardieri, R. A. (1978) Behavioral functions of the Mauthner neuron. In: Neurobiology of the Mauthner cell, ed. Faber, D. S. & Korn, H.. Raven Press. [RCE, RG]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Bombardieri, R. A. & Meyer, D. L. (1977) The Mauthner-initiated startle response in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology66:65–81. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, R. C. & DiDomenico, R. (in press) Command and the neural causation of behavior: A theoretical analysis of the necessity and sufficiency paradigm. Brain Behavior and Evolution. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C. & Farley, R. D. (1975) Mauthner neuron field potential in newly hatched larvae of the zebra fish. Journal of Neurophysiology38:502–12. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Farley, R. D., Kimmel, C. B. & Schabtach, E. (1977) Functional development in the Mauthner cell system of embryos and larvae of the zebra fish. Journal of Neurobiology8:151–72. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, R. C. & Hackett, J. T. (1984) The role of the Mauthner cell in fast-starts involving escape in teleost fishes. In: Neural mechanisms of startle behavior, ed. Eaton, R. C.. Plenum Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C. & Kimmel, C. B. (1980) Directional sensitivity of the Mauthner cell system to vibrational stimulation in zebrafish larvae. Journal of Comparative Physiology A140:337–42. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Lavender, W. A. & Wieland, C. M. (1981) Identification of Mauthner-initiated response patterns in goldfish: Evidence from simultaneous cinematography and electrophysiology. Journal of Comparative Physiology A144:521–31. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Lavender, W. A. & Wieland, C. M. (1982) Alternative neural pathways initiate fast-start responses following lesions of the Mauthner neuron in goldfish. Journal of Comparative Physiology A145:485–96. [RCE, JTH]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Nissanov, J. & Wieland, C. M. (1984) Differential activation of Mauthner and non-Mauthner startle circuits in the zebrafish: Implications for functional substitution. Journal of Comparative Physiology A155:813–20. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, R., Wieland, C. M. & DiDomenico, R. (1986) Is the Mauthner cell a Kupfermann & Weiss command neuron? Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [TS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evoy, W. H. & Kennedy, D. (1967) The central nervous organization underlying control of antagonistic muscles in the crayfish. I. Types of command fibers. Journal of Experimental Zoology165:223–38. [JLL, RCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1978) On the sufficiency of command neurons. Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:20 [TS]Google Scholar
Getting, P. A. (1975) Tritonia swimming: Triggering a fixed action pattern. Brain Research96:128–33. [RRH]Google Scholar
Getting, P. A. (1977) Neuronal organization of escape swimming in Tritonia. Journal of Comparative Physiology121:325–42. [JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getting, P. A., Lennard, P. R. & Hume, R. I. (1980). Central pattern generator mediating swimming in Tritonia. I. Identification and synaptic interactions. Journal of Neurophysiology44:151–64. [RG]Google Scholar
Gillette, M. U. & Gillette, R. (1983) Bursting neurons command consummatory feeding behavior and coordinated visceral receptivity in the predatory mollusk Pleurobranchaea. Journal of Neuroscience3:1791–1806. [RG]Google Scholar
Gillette, R., Kovac, M. P. & Davis, W. J. (1978) Command neurons in Pleurobranchaea receive synaptic feedback from the motor network they excite. Science199:798–801. [RC]Google Scholar
Gillette, R., Kovac, M. P. & Davis, W. J. (1982) Control of feeding motor output by paracerebral neurons in brain of Pleurobranchaea californica. Journal of Neurophysiology47:885–908. [RG]Google Scholar
Granzow, B. & Kater, S. (1977) Identified higher-order neurons controlling the feeding motor program of Helisoma. Journal of Neuroscience2:1049–63. [RG]Google Scholar
Hackett, J. T. & Faber, D. S. (1983) Mauthner axon networks mediating supraspinal components of the startle response in the goldfish. Neuroscience8:317–31. [RCE, JTH, RRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyle, G. (1978) Where did the notion of “command neurons” come from?Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:10–11. [RCM]Google Scholar
Hughes, G. M. & Wiersma, C. A. C. (1960) Neuronal pathways and synaptic connexions in the abdominal nerve cord of the crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology37:291–307. [JLL]Google Scholar
Jellies, J. A. (1984) Premotor interneurons involved in abdominal-positioning in crayfish: Synaptic interactions, sensory receptive fields, and activity during spontaneous movements. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. [JLL]Google Scholar
Jellies, J. & Larimer, J. L. (1983) Synaptic interactions between flexion-producing interneurons in crayfish. Society for Nueroscience Abstracts9:382. [JLL]Google Scholar
Jellies, J. & Larimer, J. L. (1984) Tactile activation of interneurons which produce abdominal movements in crayfish. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts10:626. [JLL]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R. (1976) Cellular basis of behavior: An introduction to behavioral neurobiology. W. H. Freeman. [RCE]Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. (1969) The control of output by central neurons. In: The interneuron, ed. Brazier, M. A. B.. University of California Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. & Davis, W. J. (1977) Organization of invertebrate motor systems. In: Handbook of physiology, vol. 1, part 2, ed. Geiger, S. R., Kandel, E. R., Brookhart, J. M. & Mountcastle, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [RCM]Google Scholar
Kennedy, D., Evoy, W. H., Dane, B. & Hanawalt, J. T. (1967) The central nervous organization underlying control of antagonistic muscles in the crayfish. II. Coding of position by command fibers. Journal of Experimental Zoology165:239–48. [JLL]Google Scholar
Kien, J. (1983) The initiation and maintenance of walking in the locust: An alternative to the command concept. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B219:137–74. [RG, JK]Google Scholar
Kien, J. & Altman, J. S. (1984) Descending interneurons from the brain and suboesophageal ganglia and their role in the control of locust behaviour. Journal of Insect Physiology30:59–72. [JK]Google Scholar
Kimmel, C. B., Eaton, R. C. & Powell, S. L. (1980) Decreased fast-start performance of zebrafish larvae lacking Mauthner neurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology A140:343–50. [RCE, JTH]Google Scholar
Kimmel, C. B., Patterson, J. & Kimmel, R. O. (1974) The development and behavioral characteristics of the startle response in the zebra fish. Developmental Psychobiology7:47–60. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimmel, C. B., Powell, S. L. & Metcalfe, W. K. (1982) Brain neurons which project to the spinal cord in young larvae of the zebrafish. Journal of Comparative Neurology205:112–27. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koester, J., Mayari, E., Liebeswar, G. & Kandel, E. R. (1974) Neural control of circulation in Aplysia. II. Interneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology37:476–96. [RG]Google Scholar
Kovac, M. (1974) Abdominal movements during backward walking in crayfish. I. Properties of the motor program. Journal of Comparative Physiology95:61–78. [RCM]Google Scholar
Krasne, F. B. & Wine, J. J. (1977) Control of crayfish escape behavior. In: Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods, ed. Hoyle, G.. Plenum. [RG]Google Scholar
Krasne, F. B. & Wine, J. J. (1984) The production of crayfish tailflip escape responses. In: Neural mechanisms of startle behavior, ed. Eaton, R. C.. Plenum Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Kristan, W. B. (1983) The neurobiology of swimming in the leech. Trends in Neurosciences6:84–88. [JK]Google Scholar
Kristan, W. B.Jr. & Weeks, J. C. (1983) Neurons controlling the initiation, generation and modulation of leech swimming. In: Neural origin of rhythmic movements, ed. Roberts, A. & Roberts, B. L.. Society for Experimental Biology Symposium37:243–60. [JCW]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. (1970) Stimulation of egg laying by extracts of neuroendocrine cells (bag cells) of abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology33:877–81. [TS]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, R. W. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:3–39. [RCE, RRH, JTH, JK, JLL, RCM, JCW, TS]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, R. W. (1978r) Quis imperat? A panorama of perspectives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences1:37–39. [RCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larimer, J. L. (1976a) Command interneurons and locomotor behavior in crustaceans. In: Neuronal control of locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G. & Stuart, D. G.. Plenum Press. [RCM]Google Scholar
Larimer, J. L. (1976b) Command interneurons and locomotor behaviour in crustaceans. Advances in Behavioural Biology18:293–325. [JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larimer, J. L. & Gordon, W. H. (1977) Circumoesophageal interneurons and behavior in crayfish. In: Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods, ed. Hoyle, G.. Plenum Press. [JLL]Google Scholar
Larimer, J. L. & Jellies, J. (1983) The organization of flexion-evoking interneurons in the abdominal nerve cord of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Journal of Experimental Zoology226:341–51. [JLL, RCM]Google Scholar
Larimer, J. L. & Kennedy, D. (1969) The central nervous control of complex movements in the uropods of crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology51:135–50. [RCM]Google Scholar
London, J. A. & Gillette, R. (1984) Functional role and circuitry in an inhibitory pathway to feeding command neurones in Pleurobranchaea. Journal of Experimental Biology. 113:423–46. [RG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1970) Taxis and instinctive behaviour pattern in egg-rolling by the Greylag goose. In: Studies in animal and human behavior, ed. Lorenz, K., transl. Martin, R. D.. Harvard University Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Mayeri, E. (1979) Local hormonal modulation of neural activity in Aplysia. Federation Proceedings38:2103–8. [TS]Google ScholarPubMed
Mayeri, E., Koester, J., Kupfermann, I., Liebeswar, G. & Kandel, E. R. (1974) Neural control of circulation in Aplysia. I. Motorneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology37:458–75. [RG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miall, R. C. & Larimer, J. L. (1982) Interneurons involved in abdominal posture in crayfish: Structure, function and command fiber responses. Journal of Comparative Physiology148:159–73. [RG, RCM]Google Scholar
Miller, J. P. & Selverston, A. I. (1979) Rapid killing of single neurons by irradiation of intracellularly injected dye. Science206:702–04. [JCW]Google Scholar
Miller, J. P. & Selverston, A. I. (1982) Mechanisms underlying pattern generation in lobster stomatogastric ganglion as determined by selective inactivation of identified neurons. IV. Network properties of pyloric system. Journal of Neurophysiology48:1416–32. [RG]Google Scholar
Moiseff, A. & Hoy, R. R. (1983) Sensitivity to ultrasound in an identified auditory interneuron in the cricket. Journal of Comparative Physiology152:155–67. [RRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen, T. G. & Hoy, R. R. (1984) Initiation of behavior in single neurons: The role of behavioral context. Science226:992–94. [RRH]Google Scholar
Olson, G. C. & Krasne, F. B. (1981) The crayfish lateral giants as command neurons for escape behavior. Brain Research214:89–100. [RCE, RRH]Google Scholar
Orban, G. (1984) Neuronal operations in the visual cortex. Springer. [JK]Google Scholar
Pinsker, H. & Dudek, F. E. (1977) Bag cell control of egg-laying in freely behaving Aplysia. Science197:490–93. [TS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prugh, J. I. P., Kimmel, C. B. & Metcalfe, W. K. (1982) Noninvasive recording of the Mauthner neurone action potential in larval zebrafish. Journal of Experimental Biology101:83–92. [RCE]Google Scholar
Reichert, H. & Wine, J. J. (1983) Coordination of lateral giant and non-giant systems in crayfish escape behavior. Journal of Comparative Physiology A153:3–15. [RCE]Google Scholar
Rock, M. K. (1980) Functional properties of Mauthner cell in the tadpole Rana catesbeiana. Journal of Neurophysiology44:135–50. [RCE]Google Scholar
Rock, M. K., Hackett, J. T. & Brown, D. L. (1981) Does the Mauthner cell conform to the criteria of the command neuron concept?Brain Research204:21–27. [RCE, JTH]Google Scholar
Roeder, K. D. (1948) Organization of the ascending giant fiber system in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Journal of Experimental Zoology108:243–61. [RCE]Google Scholar
Roeder, K. D. (1967) Nerve cells and insect behavior. Harvard University Press. [RRH]Google Scholar
Rose, R. M. & Benjamin, P. R. (1981) Interneuronal control of feeding in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. I. Journal of Experimental Biology92:187–201. [JK]Google Scholar
Russell, D. F. (1976) Rhythmic excitatory inputs to the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Brain Research101:582–88. [RG]Google Scholar
Schlesinger, D. H., Babirak, S. B. & Blankenship, J. E. (1981) In: Symposium on neurohypophyseal peptide hormones and other biologically active peptides, ed. Schlesinger, D. H.. Elsevier. [TS]Google Scholar
Sigvardt, K. A., Hagiwara, G. & Wine, J. J. (1982) Mechanosensory integration in the crayfish abdominal nervous system: Structural and physiological differences between interneurons with single and multiple spike initiation sites. Journal of Comparative Physiology148:143–57. [JLL]Google Scholar
Thompson, C. S. & Page, C. H. (1981) Interneuronal control of postural motoneurons in the lobster abdomen. Journal of Neurobiology12:87–91. [RCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford University Press. [TS]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. (1978) Fast-start performance and body form in seven species of teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology74:211–26. [RCE]Google Scholar
Weeks, J. C. (1981) Neuronal basis of leech swimming: Separation of swim initiation, pattern generation and intersegmental coordination by selective lesions. Journal of Neurophysiology45:698–723. [JCW]Google Scholar
Weeks, J. C. (1982a) Segmental specialization of a leech swim-initiating interneuron, cell 205. Journal of Neuroscience2:972–85. [JCW]Google Scholar
Weeks, J. C.(1982b) Synaptic basis of swim initiation in the leech. I. Connections of a swim-initiating neuron (cell 204) with motor neurons and pattern-generating “oscillator” neurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology148:253–63. [RG, JCW]Google Scholar
Weeks, J. C.(1982c) Synaptic basis of swim initiation in the leech. II. A pattern-generating neuron (cell 208) which mediates motor effects of swim-initiating neurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology148:265–79. [JCW]Google Scholar
Weeks, J. C. & Kristan, W. B.Jr. (1978) Initiation, maintenance and modulation of swimming in the medicinal leech by the activity of a single neurone. Journal of Experimental Biology77:71–88. [JCW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, K. R. & Kupfermann, I. (1976) Homology of the giant sertonergic neurons (metacerebral cells) in Aplysia and pulmonate molluses. Brain Research117:33–49. [RG]Google Scholar
Wieland, C. M. & Eaton, R. C. (1984) Evidence for Mauthner derived inhibition of non-Mauthner escape responses in goldfish. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts10:402. [RCE, JTH]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G. (1938) Function of the giant fibers of the central nervous system of the crayfish. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, United States of America38:661–62. [RCE]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G. (1958) On the functional connections of single units in the central nervous system of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii Girard. Journal of Comparative Neurology110:421–71. [JLL]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G. & Ikeda, K. (1964) Interneurons commanding swimmeret movements in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology12:509–25. [RCE, RCM]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G. & Mill, P. J. (1965) “Descending” neuronal units in the commissure of the crayfish central nervous system; and their integration of visual, tactile and proprioceptive stimuli, Journal of Comparative Neurology125:67–94. [JLL]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G., Ripley, S. H. & Christensen, E. (1955) The central representation of sensory stimulation in crayfish, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology46:307–26. [JLL]Google Scholar
Wine, J. J. & Krasne, F. B. (1972) The organization of escape behavior in the crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology56:1–18. [RRH]Google Scholar
Wine, J. J. & Krasne, F. B. (1982) The cellular organisation of crayfish escape behaviour. In: The biology of Crustacea, vol. 4, ed. Bliss, D. E.. Academic Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Yasargil, G. M. & Diamond, J. (1968) Startle-response in teleost fish: An elementary circuit for neural discrimination. Nature220:241–43. [RCE]Google Scholar
Zottoli, S. J. (1977) Correlation of the startle reflex and Mauthner cell auditory responses in unrestrained goldfish. Journal of Experimental Biology66:243–54. [RCE]Google Scholar