Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:27:11.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The real problem with constructivism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Paul Bloom  and
Karen Wynn
Paul Bloom
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. [email protected] and [email protected]
Karen Wynn
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. [email protected] and [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Article Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , December 1994 , pp. 707 - 708
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alibali, M. W. & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993) Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: What the hands reveal about a child's state of mind. Cognitive Psychology 25:468–523. [SG-M]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1980) Cognitive psychology and its implications. Freeman. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1982) Acquisition of cognitive skills. Psychological Review 89:369–406. [SO]Google Scholar
Armstrong, S., Gleitman, L. & Gleitman, H. (1983) What some concepts might not be. Cognition 13:263–308. [PBI]Google Scholar
Baillargcon, R. (1986) Representing the existence and the location of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6- and 8-month-old infants. Cognition 23:21–41. [JCR]Google Scholar
Barnes, D. P. & Hampson, P. J. (1993a) Learning to learn: The contribution of behaviour analysis to connectionist models of inferential skills in humans. In: Neural computing: Research and applications, ed. Orchard, G.. Adam Hilger. [PJH]Google Scholar
Barnes, D. P. & Hampson, P. J. (1993b) Stimulus equivalence and connectionism: Implications for behaviour analysis and cognitive science. Psychological Record 43:617–38. [PJH]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1932) Remembering. Cambridge University Press. [SO]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & Etman, J. L. (1993) Connectionism and the study of change. In: Rrain development and cognition: A reader, ed. Johnson, M. H.. Blackwell. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & MacWhinney, B. (1987) Competition, variation and language learning. In: Mechanisms of language acquisition, ed. MacWhinney, B.. Erlbamn. [uAK-S]Google Scholar
Bechtel, W. & Abrahamscn, A. (1991) Connectionism and the mind: An introduction to parallel processing in networks. Blackwell. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Bellugi, U., Marks, S., Bihrle, A. M. & Sabo, H. (1988) Dissociation between language and cognitive functions in Williams syndrome. In: Language development in exceptional circumstances, ed. Bishop, D. & Mogford, K.. Churchill Livingstone. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Berns, C. S., Dayau, P. & Sejuowski, T. J. (1993) A correlational model for the development of disparity selectivity in visual cortex that depends on prenatal and postnatal phases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90:8277–81. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Bickhurd, M. H. (1978) The nature of developmental stages. Human Development 21:217–33. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhurd, M. H. (1980a) Cognition, convention, and communication. Praegcr. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhurd, M. H. (1980b) A model of developmental and psychological processes. Ccnetic Psychology Monographs 102:61–116. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhurd, M. H. (1992) Commentary on “The Age 4 Transition.” Human Development 35:182–92. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhurd, M. H. (1993) Representational content in humans and machines. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 5:285–333. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhnrd, M. H. & Campbell, R. L. (1989) Interactivism and genetic cpistemology. Archives dc Psychologic 57:99–121. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhnrd, M. H. & Campbell, R. L. (1992) Some foundational questions concerning language studies: With a focus on categorial grammars and model theoretic possible worlds semantics. Journal of Pragmatics 17:401–33. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhnrd, M. H. & Ritchie, D. M. (1983) On the nature of representation: A case study of James Gibson's theory of perception. Praeger. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (1994a) Recent controversies in the study of language acquisition. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics, ed. Gernsbacher, M. A.. Academic Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (1994b) Cenerativity within language and other cognitive domains. Cognition 51:177–89. [PBI]Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (in press) Theories of word learning: Rationalist alternatives to associationism. In: Handbook of language acquisition, ed. Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie, W. C.. Academic Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Bodcn, M. A. (1990) The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [MAB]Google Scholar
Brnine, M. D. S. (1994) Is nativism sufficient? Journal of Child Language 21:9–31. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Braincrd, C. (1978) The stage question in cognitive-developmental theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:173–82. [LS]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. (1966) Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard University Press. [SO]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. & Haste, H., eds. (1987) Making sense: The child's construction of the world. Methuen. [PBo]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. & Lucariello, J. (1989) Monologue as narrative recreation of the world. In: Narratives from the crib. ed. Nelson, K.. Harvard University Press. [PBo]Google Scholar
Burge, T. (1986) Individualism and psychology. Philosophical Review 95:3–45. [ML]Google Scholar
Byrnes, J. & Duff, M. (1988) Young children's comprehension of modal expressions. Cognitive Development 4:369–87. [LS]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. (1992) A shift in the development of natural-kind categories. Human Development 35:156–64. [RLC]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1986) Knowing levels and developmental stages. Karger. [RLC]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1992a) Clearing the ground: Foundational questions once again. Journal of Pragmatics 17:557–602. [RLC]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1992b) Types of constraints on development: An interactivist approach. Developmental Review 12:311–38. [RLC]Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1985) Conceptual changein childhood. MIT Press. [arAK-S, PBI]Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1988) Conceptual differences between children and adults. Mind and Language 3:167–81. [PBI]Google Scholar
Carmichael, L. (1925) Heredity and environment: Are they antithetical? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 20:245–60. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Case, R. (1985) Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. Academic Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Chandler, M. & Hala, S. (1994) The role of personal involvement in the assessment of early false-belief skills. In: Children's early understanding of mind, ed. Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Erlbaum. [NHF]Google Scholar
Changeux, J. P. (1985) Neuronal man: The biology of mind. Pantheon. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1957) Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton. [TD]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Columbia University Press.. [RLC, SRQ]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on government and binding. Foris. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1988) Language and problems of knowledge. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Church, R. B. & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1986) The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge. Cognition 23:43–71. [SG-M]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S., Ramachandran, V. S. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1994) A critique of pure vision. In: Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain, ed. Koch, C. & Davis, J.. MIT Press. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Clark, A. C. (1989) Microcognition: Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Clark, A. C. (1993) Associative engines: Connectionism, concepts and representational change. MIT Press. [TD]Google Scholar
Clark, A. C. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1993) The cognizer's innards: A psychological and philosophical perspective on the development of thought. Mind and Language 8(3):487–568. [aAK-S, TD]Google Scholar
Clements, W. & Punier, J. (1994) Implicit understanding of false belief. Presentation at the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Section of the British Psychological Society, Cambridge, 09. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
Cohen, A., Chien, Y. C. & Wexler, K. (1990) Children's knowledge of locality conditions in binding as evidence for the modularity of syntax and pragmatics. Language Acquisition 1:225–95. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Cromer, R. F. (1991) Language and thought in normal handicapped children. Basil Blackwell. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (1992) After Lamington: Artificial intelligence, creativity and representational redescription. Artifwial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior Quarterly 81:35–39. [TD]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (1993) AI, creativity, representational redescription, intentionality, mental life: An emerging picture. In: American Association of Artifwial Intelligence technical report on artificial intelligence and creativity. American Association of Artificial Intelligence Press. [TD]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (1994) Creativity, thought and representational redescription. In: Artifwial intelligence and creativity: An interdisciplinary approach, ed. Dartnall, T. H.. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [TD]Google Scholar
Davies, M. (1991) Individualism and perceptual content. Mind 100:461–84. [ML]Google Scholar
Davis, H. & Párusse, R. (1988) Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:561–615. [LS]Google Scholar
de Gelder, B. & Vroomen, J. (1991) Phonological deficits: Beneath the surface of reading-acquisition problems. Psychological Research 53:88–97. [BdG]Google Scholar
de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J. & Bertelson, P. (1993) Effects of alphabetic reading competence on language representation in bilingual Chinese subjects. Psychological Research 55:315–21. [BdG]Google Scholar
Demetriou, A., Shayer, M., Efklides, A. (1992) The nco-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. Routledge. [LS]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1993) Learning and labeling. Peer commentary on Clark & Karmiloff-Smith “The cognizer's innards.” Mind and Language 8(3):540–48. [aAK-S, TD]Google Scholar
Dent, C. H. (1990) An ecological approach to language development: An alternative functionalism. Developmental Psychobiology 23:679–703. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Diamond, A. (1990) Developmental time course in human infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of inhibitory control in reaching. In: The development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions, ed. Diamond, A.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 608:637–76. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1991) Origins of the modern mind. Harvard University Press. [MD]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1993a) What we were, what we are becoming: Cognitive evolution. Social Research 60:143–70. [MD]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1993b) Precis of Origins of the modern mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:737–91. [MD]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1980) The intentionality of cognitive states. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5:280–95. [TD]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1981) Knowledge and the flow of information. MIT Press. [TD]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. (1992) Bright air, brilliant fire: On the matter of the mind. Basic Books. [TD]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M., Reeke, G. N., Gall, W. E., Tononi, G., Williams, D. & Spoms, O. (1992) Synthetic neural modelling applied to a real-world artifact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 89:7267–71. [TD]Google Scholar
Ellis, H. D. (1989) The distinction between object recognition and picture recognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:81–82. [NHF]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1990) Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science 14:179–211. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
(1991) Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Machine Learning 7:195–225. [MAB, ML]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1993) Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of starting small. Cognition 48 1:71–99. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L., Bates, E., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. & Plunkett, K. (in press) Rethinking innateness: Connectionism in a developmental framework. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Evans, G. (1982) The varieties of reference. Oxford University Press. [JCR]Google Scholar
Fahlman, S. E. & Lebiere, C. (1990) The cascade-correlation learning architecture. In: Advances in neural information processing systems 2, ed. Touretzky, D.. Morgan Kaufmann. [TRS]Google Scholar
Fifer, W. P. & Moon, C. (1988) Auditory experience in the fetus. In: Behavior of the fetus, ed. Smotherman, W. P. & Robinson, S. R.. Telford Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. Thomas Crowell. [arAK-S, AC]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1980) Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:63–73. [ML]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1981) The present status of the innateness controversy. In: Representations, ed. Fodor, J. A.. MIT Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [aAK-S, PBo, SO]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1985) Précis of The modularity of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1): 1–46. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1987) Psychosemantics. MIT Press. [ML]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28:3–71. [AC]Google Scholar
Foster-Cohen, S. (1994) Exploring the boundary between syntax and pragmatics: Relevance and the binding of pronouns. Journal of Child Language 21(1):237–55. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H. (1994) Associations and dissociations in theories of mind. In: Children's early understanding of mind, Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Erlbaum. [NHF]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H. (1995) The emergence of a framework theory of pictorial reasoning. In: Drawing and looking, ed. Lange-Keuttner, C. & Thomas, G.. Harvester, in press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H., Lewis, C. & Doherty, M. (1991) Preschoolers’ grasp of a desire for knowledge in false-belief prediction: Practical intelligence and verbal report. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 9:139–57. [rAK-S, NHF]Google Scholar
Frith, U. (1989) Autism: Explaining the enigma. Blackwell. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Frost, D. O. & Metin, C. (1985) Induction of functional retinal projections to the somatosensory system. Nature 317:162–64. [SO, SRQ]Google Scholar
Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., Brooks, P. J. & Samuels, M. C. (submitted-a) Inference and action in early causal reasoning. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D. & Palfai, T. (submitted-b) The cognitive basis of children's theory of mind. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Garber, P., Alibali, M. W. & Goldin-Meadow, S. (in preparation) Does gesture reflect implicit knowledge? [SG-M]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind. Basic Books. [SO]Google Scholar
Gelman, R. (1990a) Structural constraints on cognitive development. Cognitive Science 14:39. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Gelman, R. (1990b) First principles organize attention to and learning about relevant data: Number and the animate-inanimate distinction as examples. Cognitive Science 14:79–106. [RLC]Google Scholar
Gelman, R. & Gallistel, C. R. (1978) The child's understanding of number. Harvard University Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science 7:155–70. [rAK-S, PBI]Google Scholar
Gergely, G. (1992) Developmental reconstructions: Infancy from the point of view of psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 15:3–55. [PBo]Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, S., Alibali, M. W. & Church, R. B. (1993) Transitions in concept acquisition: Using the hand to read the mind. Psychological Review 100(2):279–97. [SG-M]Google Scholar
Gopnik, A. & Wellman, H. (1992) Why the child's theory of mind really is a theory. Mind and Language 7:145–71. [NHF]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1976) The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In: Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system, vol. 3: Neural and behavioral specificity, ed. Gottlieb, G.. Academic Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1981) Roles of early experience in species-specific perceptual development. In: Development of perception, vol. 1, ed. Aslin, R. N., Alberts, J. R. & Peterson, M. P.. Academic Press. [rAK-S] ‘Google Scholar
Graham, G. & Stephens,.C. L. (1994) Mind and mine, In: Philosophical psychopathology, ed. Graham, G. & Stephens, G. L.. MIT Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E. & Wallace, C. S. (1987) Experience and brain development. Child Development 58:539–59. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Grimshaw, J. & Rosen, S. (1990) Knowledge and obedience: The developmental status of the binding theory. Linguistic Inquiry 21:187–222. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Grodzinsky, J. & Reinhart, T. (1993) The innateness of binding and coreference. Linguistic Inquiry 24:69–101. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Halford, G. S. (1982) The development of thought. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Hamad, S. (1990) The symbol grounding problem. Physica D 42:335–46. [rAK-SRLC, TD]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, F., Klahr, P. & Mostow, D. (1981) Advice taking and knowledge refinement: An iterative view of skill acquisition. In: Cognitive skills and their acquisition, ed. Anderson, J.. Erlbaum. [SO]Google Scholar
Heckhausen, H. & Beckmann, J. (1990) Intentional action and action slips. Psychological Review 97:36–48. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Heil, J. (1983) Perception and cognition. University of California Press, Berkeley. [TD]Google Scholar
Hennessy, S. (1986) The role of conceptual knowledge in the acquisition of arithmetic algorithms. Ph.D. dissertation, University College London. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Hermelin, B. & O'Connor, N. (1986) Idiot savant calendrical calculators: Rules and regularities. Psychological Medicine 16:885–93. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Hermelin, B. & O'Connor, N. (1989) Intelligence and musical improvisation. Psychological Medicine 19:447–57. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Hogrefe, G. J., Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1986) Ignorance versus false belief: A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development 57:567–82. [NHF]Google Scholar
Ishiguro, H. (1972) Leibniz's philosophy of logic and language. London: Duckworth. [LS]Google Scholar
Ito, M. (1984) The cerebellum and neural control. Raven Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. (1988) Memories of mother. New Scientist 18:60–62. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. (1990) Cortical maturation and the development of visual attention in early infancy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2:81–95. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. (1993) Constraints on cortical plasticity. In: Brain development and cognition: A reader, ed. Johnson, M. H.. Blackwell. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. & Bolhuis, J. J. (1991) Imprinting, predispositions and filial preference in the chick. In: Neural and behavioral plasticity, ed. Andrew, R. J.. Oxford University Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) Can neural selectionism be applied to cognitive development and its disorders? New Ideas in Psychology 10:35–46. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. & Morton, J. (1991) Biology and cognitive development: The case of face recognition. Blackwell. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1987) The persistence of dichotomies in the study of behavioral development. Developmental Review 7:149–82. [rAK-S, TDJ]Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. (1928) Contributions to analytical psychology. Kegan Paul. [PBo]Google Scholar
Kaelbling, L. P. (1993) Learning in embedded systems. MIT Press. [ML]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1787/1933) Critique of pure reason. 2d ed. Macmillan. [TD, LS]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979a) A functional approach to child language: A study of determiners and reference. Cambridge University Press. [RLC]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979b) Micro- and macro-developmental changes in language acquisition and other representational systems. Cognitive Science 3:81–118. [DE]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1981) Getting developmental differences or studying child development? Cognition 10:151–58. [aAK-S, RLC]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1983) A new abstract code or the new possibility pf multiple codes? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6(1):149–50. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1984) Children's problem solving. In: Advances in developmental psychology, vol. 3, ed. Lamb, M. E., Brown, A. L. & Rogoff, B.. Erlbaum. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1986) From mctaprocesses to conscious access: Evidence from children's metalinguistic and repair data. Cognition 23:95–147. [RLC]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1987) A developmental perspective on human consciousness. Invited Address, British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Sussex. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992a) Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. MIT Press. [aAK-S, LS]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992b) Nature, nurture and PDP: Preposterous developmental postulates? Connection Science 4(3/4):253–69. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992c) Abnormal behavioural phenotypes and the challenges they pose to connectionist models of development. Technical Reports in Parallel Distributed Processing and Cognitive Neuroscience, TR.PDP.CNS.92.7, Carnegie Mellon University. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1993) Is creativity domain-specific or domain general? Clues from normal and abnormal development. In: Special issue on artificial intelligence and creativity, ed. Dartnall, T. H.. AISB Quarterly (Autumn):26–31. [TD]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A., Klima, E., Bellugi, U., Grant, J. & Baron-Cohen, S. (in press) Is there a social interaction module? Language, face processing and theory of mind in subjects with Williams syndrome. journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. & Clark, A. (1993) What's special about the human mind/brain? A reply to Abrahamsen, Bechtel, Dennett, Plunkett, Scutt & O'Hara. Mind and Language 8(3):569–82. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Kawato, M. (1990) Computational schemes and neural network models for formation and control of multijoint arm trajectory. In: Neural networks for control, ed. Miller, W. T. III, Sutton, R. & Werbos, P.. MIT Press. [RC]Google Scholar
KaWato, M., Furukawa, K. & Suzuki, R. (1987) A hierarchical neural network model for the control and learning of voluntary movement. Biological Cybernetics 57:169–85. [RG]Google Scholar
Keil, F. C. (1989) Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development. MIT Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Kirsh, D. (1991) Today the earwig, tomorrow man? Artificial Intelligence 47:161–84. [JCR]Google Scholar
Klahr, D. (1992) Information-processing approaches to cognitive development. In: Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook, 3d ed., ed. Bornstein, M. H. & Lamb, M. E.. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Klahr, D. & Dunbar, K. (1988) Dual search space during scientific reasoning. Cognitive Science 12:148. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Klahr, D., Langlcy, P. & Ncches, R., eds. (1987) Production system models of learning and development. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. & Hatfield, G. (1984) Representation without symbol systems. Social Research 51:1019–45. [RLC]Google Scholar
Kuhn, D. (1991) The skills of argument. Cambridge University Press. [DK]Google Scholar
Kuhn, D., Amsel, E. & O'Loughlin, M. (1988) The development of scientific thinking skills. Academic Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Kuhn, D. & Phelps, E. (1982) The development of problem-solving strategies. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 17, ed. Reese, H.. Academic Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1921) Giving up instincts in psychology. Journal of Philosophy 18:645–64. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1924) A psychology without heredity. Psychological Review 31:427–48. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Langley, P., Simon, H. A., Bradshaw, G. L. & Zytkow, J. M. (1987) Scientific discovery: Computational explorations of the creative processes. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Lehrman, D. S. (1953) A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology 28:337–63. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (1987) Pretense and representation: The origins of theory of mind. Psychological Review 94:412–26.Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (1992) Pretense, autism and the theory of mind module. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1:18–21. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Levitt, P. & O'Leary, D., eds. (1993) Mechanisms of cortical specification. Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology 1(2):63–113. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Lewis, C. (1994) Events, episodes, and narratives in the child's understanding of mind, ed. Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Erlbaum. [rAK-S, NHF]Google Scholar
Macnamara, J. (1976) Stomachs assimilate and accommodate, don't they? Canadian Psychological Review 17:167–73. [PBI]Google Scholar
Mdes, P., ed. (1990) Designing autonomous agents. MIT Press. [JCR]Google Scholar
Maffei, L. & Galli-Resta, L. (1990) Correlation in the discharges of neighboring rat retinal ganglion cells during prenatal life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87:2861–64. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Mandlcr, J. M. (1988) How to build a baby: On the development of an accessible representational system. Cognitive Development 3:113–36. [rAK-S, JCR]Google Scholar
Mandlcr, J. M. (1992) How to build a baby II: Conceptual primitives. Psychological Review 99(4):587–604. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Mareschal, D. & Shultz, T. R. (1993) A connectionist model of the development of seriation. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [TRS]Google Scholar
Marler, P. (1991) The instinct to learn. In: Epigenesis of the mind: Essays in biology and knowledge, ed. Carey, S. & Gelman, R.. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [JCR]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1984) Multiple perspectives on modularity. Cognition 17:209–42. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Maturana, H. R. & Varela, F. (1980) Atttopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Reidel. [RLC]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1991) Paper given at meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
(submitted) The interaction of nature and nurture in development: A parallel distributed processing perspective. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Jenkins, E. (1990) Nature, nurture and connectionism: Implications for connectionist models for cognitive development. In: Architectures for intelligence, ed. van Lehn, K.. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumclhart, D. E. (1986) A distributed model of human learning and memory. In: Parallel distributed processing, ed. McClelland, J. & Rumelhart, D.. MIT Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
McKee, C. (1992) A comparison of pronouns and anaphors in Italian and English acquisition. Language Acquisition 2:21–54. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
McNeill, D. (1992) Hand and mind. University of Chicago Press. [SG-M]Google Scholar
Meek, W. H. & Church, R. M. (1983) A mode control model of counting and timing processes. journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9:320–34. [PBI]Google Scholar
Meister, M., Wong, R., Baylor, D. & Shatz, C. J. (1991) Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina. Science 252:939–43. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Mel, B. (1988) MURPHY: A robot that learns by doing. In: Neural information processing systems, ed. Anderson, D.. American Institute of Physics, New York. [RG]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1990) Towards a developmental cognitive science: The implications of cross-modal matching and imitation for the development of memory in infancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 608:1–37. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Merzenich, M. M. & Sameshima, K. (1993) Cortical plasticity and memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3:187–96. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Montague, P. R., Dayan, P., Nowlan, S. J., Pouget, A. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1993) Using a periodic reinforcement for directed self-organization during development. In: Advances in neural information processing systems 5, ed. Giles, C. L., Hanson, S. J. & Cowan, J. D.. Morgan Kaufmann. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Morais, J., Bertelson, P., Cary, L. & Alegria, J. (1986) Literacy training and speech segmentation. Cognition 24:45–64. [DRO]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1986) Developmental contingency modelling. In: Theory building in developmental psychology, ed. van Geehrt, P.. Elsevier. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Mounoud, P. & Hauert, C. A. (1982) Development of sensorimotor organization in young children: Grasping and lifting objects. In: Action and thought: From sensorimotor schemes to thought operations, ed. Forman, G. E.. Academic Press. [JCR]Google Scholar
Mozer, M. & Smolensky, P. (1989) Using relevance to reduce network size automatically. Connection Science 1:3–17. [MAB]Google Scholar
Nelson, K. (1986) Event knowledge, structure and function in development. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Nelson, K. (1989) Monologue as the linguistic construction of self in time. In: Narratices from the crib, ed. Nelson, K.. Harvard University Press. [PBo]Google Scholar
Neville, H. J. (1991) Neurobiology of cognitive and language processing: Effects of early experience. In: Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives, ed. Gibson, K. R. & Peterson, A. C.. Aldine de Gruyter. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1982) The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence 18:87–127. [AC]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1990) Unified theories of cognition. Harvard University Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Nguyen, D. & Widrow, B. (1989) The truck backer-upper: An example of self learning in neural networks. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks II. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Press. [RC]Google Scholar
Nijhout, H. F. (1990) Metaphors and the role of genes in development. BioEssays 12:441–46. [rAK-S, TDJ]Google Scholar
Norris, D. (1992) Connectionism: A new breed of bottom-up model? In: Connectionist approaches to language processing, ed. Sharkey, N. & Reiley, R.. Erlbaum. [BdG]Google Scholar
Ohlsson, S. & Rees, E. (1991) The function of conceptual understanding in the learning of arithmetic procedures. Cognition and Instruction 8:103–79. [rAK-S, SO]Google Scholar
Olson, D. R. (1994) The world on paper: The conceptual and cognitive implications of writing and reading. Cambridge University Press. [DRO]Google Scholar
Oyama, S. (1985) The ontogeny of information: Developmental systems and evolution. Cambridge University Press. [arAK-S, TDJ]Google Scholar
Parisi, D. (1990) Connectionism and Piaget's sensory-motor intelligence. Paper presented at conference on Evolution and Cognition: The Heritage of Jean Piaget's Epistemology, Bergamo, Italy. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Perner, J. (1991) Understanding the representational mind. MIT Press. [aAK-S, NHF]Google Scholar
Perner, J., Leekam, S. & Wimmer, H. (1987) 3-year-olds' difficulty in understanding false belief: Cognitive limitation, lack of knowledge or pragmatic misunderstanding. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 5:125–37. [NHF]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P. (in press) Learning from complex rule-governed environments: On the proper functions of nonconscious and conscious processes. In: Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing, ed. Umiltà, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MIT Press. [AV]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1923) Le langage et la pensée chez penfant. Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestle. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1926) La représentation du monde chez l'enfant. Paris: Alcan. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1936) La naissance de intelligence chez l'enfant. Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestle. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1946) La formation du symbole chez l'enfant. Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestle. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1952) The child's conception of number. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [LS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1955) The child's construction of reality. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1960) The general problems of the psychobiological development of the child. In: Discussions of child development, vol. 4, ed. Tanner, J. & Inhelder, B.. London: Tavistock. [LS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1967a) Biologie et connaissance. Gallimard. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1967b) Logique et connaissance scentifique. Encyclopédie de la Pleiade. Paris: Gallimard. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970) Psychologie et épistemologie. Paris: Denoel. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1976) The grasp of consciousness. Harvard University Press. [PBo]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1977) Recherches sur l'abstraction réfléchissante [Studies in reflecting abstraction], 2 vol. Presses Universitaires de France. [RLC]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1977/1995) Etudes sociologiques. Geneva: Droz/Sociological studies. London: Routledge (in press). [LS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1978) Success and understanding. Harvard University Press. [EKS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1985) The equilibration of cognitive structures. University of Chicago Press. [SO]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) A special case of inferential symmetry: Reading a road map upside down. In: Morphisms and categories, ed. Piaget, J., Henriques, G. & Ascher, E.. Erlbaum. [LS]Google Scholar
Piatelli-Palmerini, M. (1989) Evolution, selection, and cognition: From “learning” to parameter setting in biology and the study of language. Cognition 31:1–44. [aAK-S, SRQ]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1984) Language learnability and language development. Harvard University Press. [PBI]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Mehler, J., eds. (1988) Connectionism and symbol systems: Special edition. Cognition 28. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Marchman, V. (1991) U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multilayered perception: Implications for child language acquisition. Cognition 38:43–102. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Sinha, C. (1992) Connectionism and developmental theory. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 10:209–54. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
Poizner, H., Klima, E. S. & Bellugi, U. (1987) What the hands reveal about the brain. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1963) Back to the presocratics. In: Conjectures and refutations. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [TD]Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. J. & deBlois, S. (1992) Young children's (Homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others. Journal of Comparative Psychology 106:228–38. [rAK-S, NHF]Google Scholar
Prato Previde, E., Colombetti, M., Poli, M. & Cenami Spada, E. (1992) The mind of organisms: Some issues about animal cognition. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 6:79–100, 116–19. [AC]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1975) Putting a face together. Science 188:228–36. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1986) Cavagail Or the future history of the animal language controversy. MIT Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1991) “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?” revisited. In: Machiavellian intelligence, ed. Byrne, R. & Whiten, A.. Oxford Science Publications. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of “meaning.” Mind, language and reality: Philosophical papers, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. [ML]Google Scholar
Quartz, S. R. (1993) Nativism, neural networks, and the plausibility of constructivism. Cognition 48:123–44. [rAK-S, SRQ]Google Scholar
Read, C. (1971) Pre-school children's knowledge of English phonology. Harvard Educational Review 41(1):1–34. [DRO]Google Scholar
Read, C., Zhang, Y., Nie, H. & Ding, B. (1986) The apility to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic reading. Cognition 24:31–44. [DRO]Google Scholar
Reddy, V. (1991) Playing with others' expectations: Teasing and mucking about in the first year. In: Natural theories of mind, ed. Whiten, A.. Blackwell. [ML]Google Scholar
Reeke, C. N. Jr, Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. (1996a) Synthetic neural modelling: The Darwin series of recognition automata. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 78(9): 1498–1530. [TD]Google Scholar
Reeke, G. N. Jr, Finkel, L. H., Sporns, O. & Edelmdn, G. M. (1990b) Synthetic neural modelling: A multilevel approach to the analysis of brain complexity. In: Signal and sense: Local and global order in perceptual maps, ed. Edelman, C. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. Wiley. [TD]Google Scholar
Rhue, J. W. & Lynn, S. J. (1991) Fantasy proneness, fyypnotizability, and multiple personality. In: Human suggestibility, ed, Schumaker, J. F.. Routledge. [GG]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. & Mervis, C. B. (1975) Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of concepts. Cognitive Psychology 7:573–605. [PBI]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D. A. (1985) Representation of knowledge. In: Issues in cognitive modeling, ed. Aitkenbcad, A. M. & Slack, J. M.. Erlbaum. [AC]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D., Smolensky, P., McClelland, J. L. & Hinton, G. (1986) Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructurc of cognition, vol. 2: Psychological and biological models, ed. McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D.. MIT Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1984) Explaining infant perception: Insights from artificial intelligence. Cognitive Studies Research Paper 005. University of Sussex. [ML]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1988) Perception, action and representation in infancy: A computational approach. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sussex. [ML]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1991) Looking for ‘constraints’ in infants' perceptual-cognitive development. Mind and Language 6:215–38. [JCR]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1993a) Ontogenetic constraints on scaling up sensory-motor systems. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Artificial Life 2:97079. [JCR]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1993b) The computational infant: Looking for developmental cognitive science. Harvester Wheatsheaf. [ML, JCR]Google Scholar
Sacks, O. (1989) Seeing voices. Picador. [TD]Google Scholar
Sainsbury, M. (1991) Logical forms. Blackwell. [LS]Google Scholar
Sayre, K. M. (1986) Intentionality and information processing: An alternative model for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:121–66. [TD]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. & Abelson, R. P. (1977) Plans, goals aiid understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Schauble, L. (1990) Belief revision in children: The role of prior knowledge and strategies for generating evidence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1:31–57. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Schlaggar, B. L. & O'Leary, D. D. M. (1991) Potential of visual cortex to develop an array of functional units unique to somatosensory cortex. Science 252:1556–60. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Schneider, W. (1987) Connectionism: Is it a paradigm shift for psychology? Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments and tiomputcrs 19(2):73–83. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Schwarz, G. (1927) Uber Ruckfalligkeit bei Umgewohnung: 1. Tiel: Ruckfalltendenz und Verwechselungsgefahr [On relapse during relcarning: Part 1: The tendency to relapse and confound elements]. Psychologische Forschung 9:86–158. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality. Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Sejnowski, T. & Rosenberg, C. (1986) NETtalk: A parallel network that learns to read aloud. Johns Hopkins Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technical Report JHU/EEC-86/01. [TD]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & St. John, M. F. (1994) Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17(3):367–447. [rAK-S, AV]Google Scholar
Shastri, L. & Ajjanagadde, V. (1993) From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:417–94. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R. (1991) Simulating stages of human cognitive development with connectionist models. In: Machine learning: Proceedings of the eighth international workshop, ed. Birnbaum, L. & Collins, G.. Morgan Knufmann. [arAK-S]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R., Buckingham, D. & Oshima-Takane, Y. (1994a) A connectionist model of the teaming of personal pronouns in English. In: Computational learning theory and natural learning systems, ed. Hanson, S. J., Kearns, M., Petsche, T. & Rivest, R. L.. MIT Press. [TRS]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R., Marcschal, D. & Schmidt, W. C. (1994b) Modeling cognitive development on balance scale phenomena. Machine Learning. [TRS]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R. & Schmidt, W. C. (1991) A cascade-correlation model of balance scale phenomena. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [TRS]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R., Schmidt, W. C., Buckingham, D. & Mareschal, D. (in press) Modeling cognitive development with a generative connectionist algorithm. In: Developing cognitive competence: New approaches to process modeling, ed. Simon, T. & Halford, G.. Erlbaum. [TRS]Google Scholar
Siegler, R. S. & Crowley, K. (1991) The microgenetic method: A direct means for studying cognitive development. American Psychologist 46(6):606–20. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Siegler, R. S. & Robinson, M. (1982) The development of numerical understanding. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 16, ed. Reese, H. W. & Lipsett, L. P.. Academic Press. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Singleton, J. L., Goldin-Meadow, S. & McNeill, D. (in press) The cataclysmic break between gesticulation and sign: Evidence against an evolutionary continuum of manual communication. In: Language, gesture, and space, ed. Emmorey, K. & Reilly, J.. Erlbaum. [SG-M]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F., (1953) Science and human behaviour. Macmillan. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Smith, L. (1993) Necessary knotvlcdge: Piagetian perspectives on constructivism. Erlbaum. [LS]Google Scholar
Smolcnsky, P. (1988) On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:1–74. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S. (1990) Principles of object perception. Cognitive Science 14:29–56. [RLC, JCR]Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S. (1991) Physical knowledge in infancy: Reflections on Piaget's theory. In: Epigcncsis of the mind: Essays in biology and knowledge, ed. Carey, S. & Gelman, R.. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986) Relevance: Communication and cognition. Harvard University Press. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1987) Précis of Relevance: Communication and cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:697–754. [SHF-C]Google Scholar
Stephens, G. L. & Crnham, G. (1994) Self-consciousness, mental agency, and the clinical psychopathology of thought-insertion. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology I. [C.G]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. (1992) Buy low and sell high: An investment approach to creativity. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1:1–5. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Stich, S. (1983) From folk psychology to cognitive science. Cambridge University Press. [ML]Google Scholar
Sur, M. (1994) Cortical specification: Microcircuits, perceptual identity and an overall perspective. Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology 1(2):109–13. [rAK-S]Google Scholar
Sur, M., Garraghty, P. E. & Roe, A. W. (1988) Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex. Science 242:1437–41. [SRQI]Google Scholar
Sur, M., Pallas, S. L. & Roe, A. W. (1990) Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: Differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex. Trends in Neuroscience 13(6):227–33. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Thelen, E. (1989) Self-organization in developmental processes: Can systems approaches work? In: Systems and development. Minnesota symposium in child psychology, vol. 22, ed. Gunnar, M. & Thelen, E.. Erlbaum. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1983) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press. [PJH]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985) Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology 26:1–12. [PJH]Google Scholar
Van Geehrt, P. (1991) A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth. Psychological Review 98:3–53. [aAK-S]Google Scholar
Vinter, A. (in press) Hierarchy between graphic production rules in the drawing of elementary figures. In: Advances in handwriting and drawing: A multidisciplinary approach, ed. Faure, C., Keuss, P., Lorette, G. & Vinter, A.. Paris: Europia. [AV]Google Scholar
von Hofsten, C. & Spelke, E. S. (1985) Object perception and object-directed reaching in infancy. journal of Experimental Child Psychology 114:192–212. [JCR]Google Scholar
Walsh, C. & Cepko, C. L. (1988) Clonally related cortical cells show several migration patterns. Science 241:1342–45. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Walsh, C. & Cepko, C. L. (1992) Widespread dispersion of neuronal clones across functional regions of the cerebral cortex. Science 255:434–40. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1987) Neuroanatomy of memory and amnesia: A case for multiple memory systems. Human Neurobiology 6:93–105. [BdG]Google Scholar
Wcxler, K. & Culicover, P. (1980) Formal principles of language acquisition. MIT Press. [SRQ]Google Scholar
Wollheim, R. (1993) The mind and its depths. Harvard University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Wynn, K. (1990) Children's understanding of counting. Cognition 36:155–93. [PB1]Google Scholar
Wynn, K. (1992a) Children's acquisition of the number words and the counting system. Cognitive Psychology 24:220–51. [PBI]Google Scholar
Wynn, K. (1992b) Evidence against empiricist accounts of the nature of numerical knowledge. Mind and Language 7:315–32. [PBI, LS]Google Scholar
Yoon, M. G. & Yoon, M. (1993) Correct prediction of intentional action develops earlier than attribution of false belief in three-year-olds. Unpublished manuscript, Dalhousie University. [NHF]Google Scholar
Zelazo, N. A., Zelazo, P. R., Cohen, K. & Zelazo, P. D. (1993) Specificity of practice effects on elementary neuromotor patterns. Developmental Psychology 29:686–91. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D., Frye, D. & Reznick, J. S. (1993) Age-related changes in the execution of explicit rules: The roles of logical complexity and executive function. Submitted. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D. & Reznick, J. S. (1991) Age-related asynchrony of knowledge and action. Child Development 62:719–35. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D. & Spinazzola, J. F. (1992) Representational flexibility and response control in a search task. Infant Behavior and Development (special International Conference on Infant Studies) 15:785. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. R., Weiss, M. J. & Leonard, E. (1989) The development of unaided walking: The acquisition of higher-order control. In: Challenges to developmental paradigms, ed. Zelazo, P. R. & Barr, R.. Erlbaum. [PDZ]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. R., Zelazo, N. & Kolb, S. (1972) “Walking” in the newborn. Science 176:314–15. [PDZ]Google Scholar