Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T11:49:40.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Précis of The Intentional Stance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Daniel C. Dennett
Daniel C. Dennett
Affiliation:
Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, Mass. 02155
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The intentional stance is the strategy of prediction and explanation that attributes beliefs, desires, and other “intentional” states to systems – living and nonliving – and predicts future behavior from what it would be rational for an agent to do, given those beliefs and desires. Any system whose performance can be thus predicted and explained is an intentional system, whatever its innards. The strategy of treating parts of the world as intentional systems is the foundation of “folk psychology,” but is also exploited (and is virtually unavoidable) in artificial intelligence and cognitive science more generally, as well as in evolutionary theory. An analysis of the role of the intentional stance and its presuppositions supports a naturalistic theory of mental states and events, their content or intentionality, and the relation between “mentalistic” levels of explanation and neurophysiological or mechanistic levels of explanation. As such, the analysis of the intentional stance grounds a theory of the mind and its relation to the body.

Keywords

artificial intelligencebelief attributioncognitionevolutionexplanationintentionalitymaterialismmental representationmental statesrationality
Type
Target article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , September 1988 , pp. 495 - 505
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amundson, R. (forthcoming) Doctor Dennett and Doctor Pangloss: Perfection and selection in biology and psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.Google Scholar
Au, T. K. (1986) A verb is worth a thousand words: The causes and consequences of interpersonal events implicit in language. Journal of Memory and Language 25:104–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1962) Sense and sensibilia. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1976) Linguistic behavior. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bever, T. G. (1984) The road from behaviorism to rationalism. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S..Google Scholar
Bradley, M. C. (1964) Critical notice of J. J. C. Smart's Philosophy and scientific realism. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 42:262–83.Google Scholar
Brentano, F. (1925) Psychologic von empirischen Standpunkt. Meiner.Google Scholar
Brooks, R. (forthcoming) Intelligence without representation. In: Artificial Intelligence Journal, special edition on Foundations of AI, ed. Kirsh, D.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Brown, P. & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-pack. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. & Fish, D. (1983) The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition 14:237–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burge, T. (1979) Individualism and the mental. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 4:73–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burge, T. (1986) Individualism and psychology. The Philosophical Review 95(1):3–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (forthcoming) Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. K. (1970) Body and mind. Doubleday Anchor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, S. (1985) Conceptual change in childhood. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983) How the laws of physics lie. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1985) Vervet monkey alarm calls: Manipulation through shared information? Behaviour 94:150–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. (in press) Truth and deception in animal communication. In: The minds of other animals, ed. Ristau, C. A. & Marler, P.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. (1956) Sentences about believing. Aristotelian Society Proceedings 56:125–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chisholm, R. (1966) On some psychological concepts and the “logic” of intentionality. In: Intentionality, minds, and perception, ed. Castaneda, H. N.. Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. (1976) Person and object. Open Court Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representation. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1970) The logical character of action-explanations. Philosophical Review 79:214–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific realism and the plasticity of mind. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1981) Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 78:67–90.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1984) Matter and consciousness: A contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified theory of mind/brain. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (in press) Reply to Corballis. Biology and Philosophy.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. & Churchland, P. M. (1981) Stalking the wild epistemic engine. Nous 17:5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clement, J. (1982) Students' preconceptions in introductory mechanics. American Journal of Physics 50:66–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. R. (1874) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Lovell, Coryell.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1970) Mental events. In: Experience and theory, ed. Foster, L. & Swanson, J.. University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1973) Radical interpretation. Dialectica 27:313–28. Reprinted in D. Davidson (1984) Inquiries into truth and interpretation. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, D. (1975) Thought and talk. In: Mind and language: Wolfson College lectures, 1974. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1969) Content and consciousness. Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1973) Mechanism and responsibility. In: Essays on freedom of action, ed. Honderich, T.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Dennett (1978).Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1975) Why the law of effect will not go away. Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior 5:169–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1976) Conditions of personhood. In: The identities of persons, ed. Rorty, A.. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1980) Passing the buck to biology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1982) How to study human consciousness empirically: Or, nothing comes to mind. Synthese 53:159–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983a) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90. (Reprinted as chapter 7 of The Intentional Stance.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983b) Taking the intentional stance seriously. (Response to Griffin). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1984a) Elbow room: The varieties of free will worth wanting. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1984b) Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of AI. In: Minds, machines and evolution, ed. Hookway, C.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1985) When does the intentional stance work? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:763–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1986a) Is there an autonomous 'knowledge level? In: Meaning and cognitive structure: Issues in the computational theory of mind, ed. Pylyshyn, Z. W. & Demopoulos, W.. Ablex. (Commentary on Newell, same volume.)Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1986b) The logical geography of computational approaches: A view from the east pole. In: The representation of knowledge and belief, ed. Harnish, R. & Brand, M.. University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1987a). The intentional stance. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1987b) Eliminate the middletoad! Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:372–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) The intentional stance in theory and practice. In: Machiavellian intelligence, Ed. Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (forthcoming a) A route to intelligence: Oversimplify and self-monitor. In: Can intelligence be explained?, ed. Khalfa, J.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (forthcoming b) Cognitive ethology: Hunting for bargains or a wild goose chase? In: Explanation of goal-seeking behavior, ed. Montefiore, A. & Noble, D.. Hutchinsons.Google Scholar
Dietterich, T. G. (1986) Learning at the knowledge level. Machine Learning 1:287–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dretske, F. (1985) Machines and the mental. Western Division APA Presidential Address. In: The proceedings and addresses of the APA, vol. 59, no. 1.Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1986) Misrepresentation. In: Belief, ed. Bogdan, R.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1988) Explaining behavior: Reasons in a world of causes. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Endlcr, J. (1983) Natural and sexual selection on color patterns in poeciliid fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9:173–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endlcr, J. (1986) Natural selection in the wild. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, G. (1980) Understanding demonstratives. In: Meaning and understanding, ed. Parret, H. & Bouveresse, J.. Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ewert, J.-P. (1987) Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:337–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. Harvester Press; Crowell.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1980) Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:63–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. (1981) Representations. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press/Bradford Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. (1986) Why parameeia don't have mental representations. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 10:3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. (1987) Psychosemantics. MIT Press/Bradford Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frege, G.Grundlagen dcr Arithmetik (Foundations of Arithmetic).Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gardiner, M. (1970) Mathematical games. Scientific American 223(4):120–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1983) Lloyd Morgan's canon in evolutionary context. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:362–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilovich, T. & Regan, D. T. (1986) The actor and the experiencer: Divergent patterns of causal attribution. Social Cognition 4:342–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1980) The pandas thumb. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society B205:581–98.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. S. (1982) Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleohiology 8:4–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1983) Thinking about animal thoughts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1984) Animal thinking. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (forthcoming) Neural networks. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gyger, M., Karakashian, S. J. & Marler, P. (1986) Avian alarm calling: Is there an audience effect? Animal Behaviour 34:1570–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugeland, J. (1981) Mind design. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1962) Being and time (translated by Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E.). Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Hobart, R. B. (1934) Free will as involving determination and inconceivable without it. Mind 43(169):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husserl, E. (1931) Ideas (translated by Gibson, W. R. Boyce). Allen & Unwin: Macmillan. (The German original, Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, was published in 1913.)Google Scholar
Jennings, H. S. (1906/1923) Behavior of the lower organisms. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1983) Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39:341–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, D. (1968) Quantifying in. Synthese 19:178–214. Reprinted in D. Davidson & J. Hintikka, eds. (1969) Words and objections. Reidel. (1980) Demonstratives. The John Locke Lectures, Oxford University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, R. (1974) Zombies vs. materialists. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 48:135–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1987) “Why Not The Best?” In: The latest on the best: Essays on optimality and evolution, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Konolige, K. (1986) A deduction model of belief. Pitman/Morgan Kaufman.Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1982) Wittgenstein on rules and private language. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs. In: Criticism and the growth of knowledge, ed. Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A.. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levesque, H. J. (1984) Foundations of a functional approach to knowledge representation. Artificial Intelligence 23:155–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindauer, M. (1971) Communication among social bees. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, J. W. (1987) Foundations of logic programming (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (1987) Consciousness. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (1988) Judgment and justification. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (in press) Ideas of representation. In: Mind, value and culture: Essays in honor of E. M. Adams, ed. Weissbord, D.. Rowman & Allanheld.Google Scholar
MacLennan, B. J. (1988) Logic for the new AI. In: Aspects of artificial intelligence, ed. Fetzer, J. H.. Kluwer.Google Scholar
Marler, P., Dufty, A. & Pickert, R. (1986) Vocal communication in the domestic chicken: II. Is a sender sensitive to the presence and nature of a receiver? Animal Behaviour 34:188–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. MIT Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J. (1979) Ascribing mental qualities to machines. In: Philosophical perspectives in artificial intelligence, ed. Ringle, M.. Humanities Press.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E., eds. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (2 vols). MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E. & Hinton, G. E. (1986) The appeal of parallel distributed processing. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
McCloskey, M. (1983) Intuitive physics. Scientific American 248:122–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MeDermott, D. (1976) Artificial intelligence meets natural stupidity. SICART Newsletter No. 57. Reprinted in J. Haugeland, ed., (1981) Mind design. MIT Press/Bradford Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millikan, R. G. (1984) Language, thought and other biological categories. MIT Press/Bradford Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monod, J. (1971) Chance and necessity. Knopf. (Originally published in France as Le Hasard et la Necessite, Editions du Sueil, 1970.)Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1894) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986) The view from nowhere. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:135–83.Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1982) The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence 18:81–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A. (1986) The knowledge level and the symbol level. In: Meaning and cognitive structure: Issues in the computational theory of mind, ed. Pylyshyn, Z. W. & Demopoulos, W.. Ablex.Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1987) Unified theories of cognition. The William James Lectures, Harvard University. (Available on videocassette from Harvard Psychology Department.)Google Scholar
Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1976) Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search. Communications of the ACM 19(3):113–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolis, G. & Prigogine, I. (1977) Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations. Wiley.Google Scholar
Nilsson, N. J. (1980) Principles of artificial intelligence. Tioga.Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1981) Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review 88:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parfit, D. (1984) Reasons and persons. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Perry, J. (1977) Frege on demonstratives. Philosophical Review 86:474–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, J. (1979) The problem of the essential indexical. Nous 13:3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1929) The child's conception of the world. Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Popper, K. & Eccles, J. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer-International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D. (1988) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? revisited. In: Machiavellian intelligence, ed. Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:515–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature. Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1974) Comment on Wilfred Sellars. Synthese 27:445–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of “meaning.” In: Mind, language and reality (Philosophical Papers, vol. 2), ed. Putnam, H.. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1978) Meaning and the moral sciences. Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1981) Reason, truth and history. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1983) Computational psychology and interpretation theory. In: Realism and reason (Philosophical Papers, vol. 3). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1986) Information and the mental. In: Truth and interpretation: Perspectives on the philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. Lepore, E.. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1956) Quantifiers and propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 50:177–86. Reprinted in Quine (1966) The ways of paradox. Random House. (1960) Word and object. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1938) Experience and prediction. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1987) Introduction to comparative cognition. Freeman.Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (in press) A cognitive action theory of learning. In: Systems with learning and memory abilities, ed. Delacour, J. & Levy, J. C. S.. Elsevier. (in preparation) Monism, connectionism, and a hierarchical action theory of learning. (Invited chapter in Systems that learn, ed. J. Delacour.)Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S., eds. (1984) Animal cognition. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. & Herman, L. M. (in press) Animal thinking. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Thinking, ed. Topping, D. M., Kobayashi, V. N. & Crowell, D. C.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1883/1977) Animal intelligence. University Publications of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R. (1982) Contemporary philosophy of mind. Synthese 53:323–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1986a) Intentional psychology and evolutionary biology. Part 1: The uneasy analogy. Behaviorism 14:15–27.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1986b) Intentional psychology and evolutionary biology. Part 2: The crucial disanalogy. Behaviorism 14:125–38.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, P. S., Laird, J. E. & Newell, A. (1987) Knowledge-level learning in Soar. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufman.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. (1982) The myth of the computer: An exchange. The New York Review of Books 06 24:56–57.Google Scholar
Searle, J. (forthcoming) Turing the Chinese Room. Artificial Intelligence.Google Scholar
Sechenov, I. M. (1863/1965) Reflcksy Golovnogo Nozga. Petersburg, St.. Translated: Reflexes of the brain. Originally published 1863. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1954) Some reflections on language games. Philosophy of Science 21:204–28. (Reprinted with revisions in Sellars 1963.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellars, W. (1956) Empiricism and the philosophy of mind. In: The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 1, cd. Feigl, H. & Scriven, M.. University of Minnesota Press. (Reprinted in Sellars 1963.)Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1963) Science, perception and reality. Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1974) Meaning as functional classification: A perspective on the relation of syntax to semantics. Synthese 27:417–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1964) Behaviorism at fifty. In: Behaviorism and phenomenology: Contrasting bases for modern psychology, ed. Wann, T. W.. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond freedom and dignity. Knopf.Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1985) What enables a machine to understand? In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on AI, ed. Joshi, A.. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1986) Reference without causal links. In: Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on AI, ed. Steels, L., Boulay, B. Du & Hogg, D.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1987) Motives, mechanisms and emotions. Cognition and Emotion 1(3):21733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. P. (1986) Sphexishness, epistemic bounds, and a priori psychology. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Elrbaum.Google Scholar
Stalnaker, R. (1984) Inquiry. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Stieh, S. (1978) Beliefs and sub-doxastic states. Philosophy of Science 45:499–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stieh, S. (1981) Dennett on intentional systems. Philosophical Topics 12:38–62.Google Scholar
Stieh, S. (1983) From folk psychology to cognitive science: The case against belief. MIT Press/Bradford Books.Google Scholar
Van Kleeck, M. H., Hillger, L. A. & Brown, R. (in press) Pitting verbal schemas against information variables in attribution. Social Cognition.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1986) Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1988) Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (2):233–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969) Automaintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent nonreinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:511–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wimmer, H. & Pemer, J. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winograd, T. (1975) Frame representations and the declarative/procedural controversy. In: Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science, ed. Bobrow, D. G. & Collins, A. M.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1979) Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 7:333–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar