Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:45:54.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Précis of O'Keefe & Nadel's The hippocampus as a cognitive map

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

John O'Keefe  and
Lynn Nadel
John O'Keefe
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England
Lynn Nadel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada B3H 4J1
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Theories of spatial cognition are derived from many sources. Psychologists are concerned with determining the features of the mind which, in combination with external inputs, produce our spatialized experience. A review of philosophical and other approaches has convinced us that the brain must come equipped to impose a three-dimensional Euclidean framework on experience – our analysis suggests that object re-identification may require such a framework. We identify this absolute, nonegocentric, spatial framework with a specific neural system centered in the hippocampus.

A consideration of the kinds of behaviours in which such a spatial mapping system would be important is followed by an analysis of the anatomy and physiology of this system, with special emphasis on the place-coded neurons recorded in the hippocampus of freely moving rats. A tentative physiological model for the hippocampal cognitive map is proposed. A review of lesion studies, in tasks as diverse as discrimination learning, avoidance, and extinction, shows that the cognitive map notion can adequately explain much of the data.

The model is extended to humans by the assumption that spatial maps are built in one hemisphere, semantic maps in the other. The latter provide a semantic deep structure within which discourse comprehension and production can be achieved. Evidence from the study of amnesic patients, briefly reviewed, is consistent with this extension.

Keywords

cognitive maphippocampusmemoryspatial representation
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , December 1979 , pp. 487 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adey, W. R. (1967) Role of hippocampus in attention and learning. In: Adey, W. R., and Tokizane, T. (eds.), Structure and function of the limbic system: Progress in brain research, vol. 27. New York: Elsevier. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adey, W. R., Dunlop, C. W., and Hendrix, C. E. (1960) Hippocampal slow waves: Distribution and phase relationships in the course of learning. Archives of Neurology, 3: 74–90. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, J., Brunner, R. L., & Bayer, S. A. (1973) The hippocampus and behavioral maturation. Behavioral Biology, 8: 557–596. [AA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babb, T. L., Carr, E., and Crandall, P. H. (1973) Analysis of extracellular firing patterns of deep temporal lobe structures in man. Electroencephalogra-phy and Clinical Neurophysiology-EEG Journal, 34: 247–257. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D., and Warrington, E. (1970) Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9: 176–189. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, J. S. (1970) Vestibular and non-dominant parietal lobe disorders. Diseases of the Nervous System, 31: 667–673. [RJD]Google ScholarPubMed
Barnes, C. A. (1979) Memory deficits associated with senescence: A neurophy-siological and behavioral study in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 93: 74–104. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, C. A., Nadel, L., and Honig, W. K. (in press) Spatial memory deficits in senescent rats. Canadian Journal of Psychology. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1932) Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Becker, J. T., Olton, D. S., Anderson, C. A., & Mayolier, R. S. (1979) Both object and spatial reversal are impaired after frontal or hippocampal system damage in rats. Neuroscience Abstracts 5: 113. [RH]Google Scholar
Berger, T. W., Alger, B. E., and Thompson, R. F. (1976) Neuronal substrate of classical conditioning in the hippocampus. Science, 192: 483–485. [TWB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T. W., Laham, R. I., and Thompson, R. F. (1979) Hippocampal unit-behavior correlations during classical conditioning. Unpublished manuscript. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, T. W., and Thompson, R. F. (1978a) Neuronal plasticity in the limbic system during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: I. The hippocampus. Brain Research, 145: 323–346. [TWB, JBR, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T. W., and Thompson, R. F. (1978b) Identification of pyramidal cells as the critical elements in hippocampal neuronal plasticity during learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Wash.), 75: 1572–1576. [TWB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beritoff (Beritashvili), I. S. (1965) Neural mechanisms of higher vertebrate behavior (Liberson, W. T., ed. and trans.). Boston: Little, Brown. [RJD, PE, JO'K]Google Scholar
Beritashvili, I. S. (1971) Vertebrate memory: Characteristics and origins. New York: Plenum Press. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, S. D., & Thompson, R. F. (1978) Prediction of learning rate from the hippocampal EEC. Science, 200: 1298–1300. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, M. R., and Best, P. J. (1976) The effects of state of consciousness and latent inhibition on hippocampal unit activity in the rat. Experimental Neurology, 51: 564–573. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowen, F. P., Hoehn, M. and Yahr, M. D. (1972) Alterations in spatial orientation as determined by a route-walking test. Neuropsychologia, 10: 355–361. [FBB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, A. H., Nadel, L., and O'Keefe, J. (1977) Hippocampal function in avoidance learning and punishment. Psychological Bulletin, 84: 1107–1129. [JAG, JWM, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J., Lee, E. M. C., & Fukunaga, K. K. (1977) Movement arrest and the hippocampus. Physiological Psychology, 5: 331–335. [DCB, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., and Fial, R. A. (1970) Hippocampal lesions in rats and their effect on activity, avoidance and aggression, journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 71: 92–102. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J. and Fial, R. A. (1968) Effects of limbic lesions on passive avoidance and reactivity to shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66: 606–612. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliss, T. V. P. and Lømo, T. (1970) Plasticity in a monosynaptic cortical pathway. Journal of Physiology (London), 207: 61P. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Blodgett, H. G., McCutchan, K., and Mathews, R. (1949) Spatial learning in the T-maze: The influence of direction, turn, and food location. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39: 800–809. [JO'K, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branch, M. H., Olton, D. S., and Best, P. J. (1976). Spatial characteristics of hippocampal unit activity. Neuroscience Abstracts, 2: 368. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Bresnan, J. (1978) A realistic transformational grammar. In: Halle, M. L., Bresnan, J., and Miller, G. (eds.) Linguistic theory and psychological reality, pp. 1–59. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. [RJ]Google Scholar
Butters, N., and Cermak, L. S. (1974) Some comments on Warrington and Baddeley's report of normal short-term memory in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 12: 283–285. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, N., and Cermak, L. S. (1975) Some analyses of amnesic syndromes in brain-damaged patients. In: Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H. (eds.), The hippocampus, vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press. [RPK]Google Scholar
Butters, N., Soeldner, C., and Fedio, P. (1972) Comparison of parietal and frontal lobe spatial deficits in man: Extrapersonal vs personal (egocentric) space. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 34: 27–34. [RPK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caul, W. F., Jarrard, L. E., Miller, R. E., & Korn, J. H. (1969) Effects of hippocampal lesions on heart rate in aversive conditioning. Physiology and Behavior, 4: 917–922. [RH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press. [O'K, RJ]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1972) Studies on semantics in generative grammar. The Hague: Mouton. [RJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C. V. H., & Isaacson, R. L. (1965) Effect of bilateral hippocampal ablation on DRL performance. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 59: 137–140. [PE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, R. E., and Scoville, W. B. (1965) Performance on delayed match following lesions of medial temporal lobe structures. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 80: 360–367. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corsi, P. M. (1972) Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Unpublished doctoral thesis. McGill Univ. Dept. of Psychology. [LRS]Google Scholar
Critchley, M. (1953) The parietal lobes. New York: Hafner. [RPK]Google Scholar
Crowne, D. P., Konow, A., Drake, K. J., and Pribram, K. H. (1972) Hippocampal electrical activity in the monkey during delayed alternation problems. EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology, 33: 567–578. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dashiell, J. F. (1930) Direction orientation in maze running by the white rat. Comparative Psychology Mongraphs., 7: 1–72. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Deadwyler, S. A., West, M., and Lynch, G. (1979) Activity of dentate granule cells during learning: Differentiation of perforant path input. Brain Research, 169: 29–43. [JBR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, P. (1974) The effect of inferotemporal lesions on memory for visual stimuli in rhesus monkeys. Brain Research, 77: 451–469. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dick, A. O. (1976) Spatial abilities. In: Whitaker, M. and Whitaker, H. A. (eds.), Studies in neurolinguistics, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. [RPK]Google Scholar
Disterhoft, J. F., Kwan, H. H., & Lo, W. D. (1977) Nictitating membrane conditioning to tone in the immobilized albino rabbit. Brain Research, 137: 127–143. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, R. J. (1966a) Cues for spontaneous alternation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 62: 171–183. [RJD, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, R. J. (1966b) Spontaneous alternation and middle ear disease. Psychonomic Science, 4: 243–244. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1967) The hippocampus and behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 67: 416–442. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, R. J. (1972) Pavlovian conditioning and the brain. In: Boakes, R. and Halliday, M. (eds.), Inhibition and learning, pp. 529–553. London: Academic Press. [AA, RJD]Google Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1975) The development of hippocampal function: Implications for theory and for therapy. In: Isaacson, R. and Pribram, K. (eds. ), The hippocampus, II. pp. 327–361. New York: Plenum Press. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J., Mitchell, D., and Del Valle, R. (1974) Angle between choice alleys as a critical factor in spontaneous alternation. Animal Learning and Behavior, 2: 218–220. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J., and Pribram, K. H. (1966) Learning and limbic lesions. Neuropsychologia, 4: 197–220. [RH.RPK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, R. M., and Stea, D. (1977) Maps in minds: Reflections on cognitive mapping. New York: Harper and Row. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Ellen, P., & Aitken, W. G. Jr (1970) Absence of overresponding on a DRL schedule by hippocampally-lesioned rats. Physiology & Behavior, 5: 489–495. [PE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellen, P., Aitken, W. G. jr & Walker, R. (1973) Pretraining effects on performance of rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 81, 622–628. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellen, P., Wilson, A. S., & Bruell, E. W. (1964) Septal inhibition and training behavior in the rat. Experimental Neurology, 10: 120–132. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evarts, E. V. (1964) Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 27: 152–171. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fillmore, C. J. (1968). The case for case. In Bach, E. E., and Harms, R. T. (eds.), Universals in linguistic theory, pp. 1–88. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Fillmore, C. J. (1971). Types of lexical information. In Steinberg, D. D. and Jakobovits, L. A. (eds.), Semantics, pp. 370–392. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (in press) Mental imagery acuity in the peripheral visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [SP]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A. & Schmidt, M. J. (1977) Orientation-specific color aftereffects following imagination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3: 599–606. [SP]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Crowell. [RJ]Google Scholar
Gaffan, D. (1977) Monkey's recognition memory for complex pictures and the effect of fornix transection. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29: 505–514. [HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Glazer, H. I. (1974) Instrumental conditioning of hippocampal theta and subsequent response persistence. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86: 267–273. [AA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleitman, H. (1955) Place learning without prior performance. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48: 77–79. [PE, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gormezano, I., Schneiderman, N., Deaux, E., & Fuentes, I. (1962) Nictitating membrane: Classical conditioning and extinction in the albino rabbit. Science, 138: 33–34. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grastyan, E., Lissak, K., Madarasz, I., and Donhoffer, H. (1959) Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditioned reflexes. EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology, 11: 409–430. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1970) Sodium amobarbital, the hippocampal theta rhythm, and the partial reinforcement extinction effect. Psychological Review, 77: 465–480. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects of fear and frustration: Possible limbic site of action of minor tranquilizers. In: Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H. (eds.), Handbook of psychopharmacology: 8. Drugs, neurotransmitters & behavior. New York & London: Plenum Press. [AA]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Owen, S., and McNaughton, N. (1978) The role of the septo-hippocampal system and its noradrenergic afferents in behavioural responses to nonreward. In: Elliott, K., and Whelan, J. (eds.), Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, Ciha Foundation Symposium No. 58 (n.s.), pp. 275–300. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Green, J. D. and Arduini, A. (1954) Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal. Journal of Neurophysiology, 17: 533–557. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, R. M. (1971) Frequency changes in hippocampal electrical activity during movement and tonic immobility. Physiology and Behavior, 7: 55–58. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1968) Concerning imagery. Psychological Review, 75: 466–477. ESP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henke, P. G. (1974) Persistence of runway performance after septal lesions in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86: 760–767. [AA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J., and Boring, E. G., eds. (1966). A source book in the history of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Hill, A. J. (1976). Neuronal activity in hippocampus during a spatial alternation task. Neuroscience Abstracts, 2: 388. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Hirsh, R. (1974) The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory. A theory. Behavioral Biology, 12: 421–444. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoehler, F. K., & Thompson, R. F. (1980) The effect of temporal single-alternation on learned increases in hippocampal unit activity in classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Physiological Psychology, in press. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. E., and Adey, W. R. (1960) Electrical activity of the entorhinal cortex during conditioned behavior. American Journal of Physiology, 199: 741–744. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horel, J. A. (1978) The neuroanatomy of amnesia: A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. Brain, 101: 403–445. [JAH, JO'K, LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubel, D., and Wiesel, T. (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction, and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology, 160: 106–154. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, C. L. (1932) The goal gradient hypothesis and maze learning. Psychological Review, 39: 25–43. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1934) The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning, I. Psychological Review, 41: 33–54. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutt, S. J., and Hutt, C. (1970) Direct observation and measurement of behavior. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas.Google Scholar
Hyvarinen, J., and Poranen, A. (1974) Function of the parietal associative area 7 as revealed from cellular discharges in alert monkeys. Brain, 97: 673–692. [HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inglis, J. (1970) Shock, surgery and cerebral asymmetry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117: 143–148. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isseroff, A. (1979) Limited recovery of spontaneous alternation after extensive hippocampal damage: Evidence for a memory impairment. Experimental Neurology, 64: 284–294. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jabbur, S. J. and Towe, A. L. (1961) Cortical excitation of neurons in dorsal column nuclei of cat, including an analysis of the pathways. Journal of Neurophysiology, 24: 499–509. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, C. F., and Nissen, H. W. (1937) Studies of cerebral function in primates: IV. The effect of frontal pole lesions on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 23: 101–112. [GJT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1972) Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. [RJ]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1976) Toward an explanatory semantic representation. Linguistic Inquiry, 7: 89–150. [RJ, JO'K]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1978) Grammar as evidence for conceptual structure. In: Halle, M., Bresnan, J., and Miller, G. (eds.) Linguistic theory and psychological reality, pp. 201–228. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. [RJ]Google Scholar
(in preparation) Semantics and Cognition. [RJ]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. (1975) The role of interference in retention by rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89: 400–408. [LEJ, HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E. (1976) Anatomical and behavioral analysis of hippocampal cell fields. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 90: 1035–1050. [LEJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E. (1978a) Selective hippocampal lesions: Differential effects on performance by rats of a spatial task with preoperative versus postoperative training. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 92: 1119–1127. [LEJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E. (1978b) Selective hippocampal lesions and spatial discrimination in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 3: 222. [LEJ]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. & Becker, J. T. (1977) The effects of selective hippocampal lesions on DRL behavior in rats. Behavioral Biology, 21: 393–404. [LEJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E., and Isaacson, R. L. (1965). Hippocampal ablation in rats: Effects of intertriai interval. Nature (London) 207: 109–110. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones-Gotman, M., & Milner, B. (1978) Right temporal-lobe contribution of image-mediated verbal learning. Neuropsychologia, 16: 61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaada, B. R., Rasmussen, E. W., and Kveim, O. (1961) Effects of hippocampal lesions on maze learning and retention in rats. Experimental Neurology, 3: 333–355. [HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandel, E. R. (1976) The cellular basis of behavior. San Francisco: Freeman press. [RFT]Google Scholar
Kesner, R. P. (1980) An attribute analysis of memory: The role of the hippocampus. Physiological Psychology, in press. [RPK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilmer, W. L., and McLardy, T. (1970) A model of hippocampal CA3 circuitry. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1: 107–112. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilmer, W. L., and McLardy, T. (1971) A diffusely preprogrammed but sharply trainable hippocampus model. International Journal of Neuroscience, 2: 241–248. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimble, D. P.Hippocampus and internal inhibition. (1968) Psychological Bulletin, 70: 285–295. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimble, D. P. (1969) Possible inhibitory functions of the hippocampus. Neuropsychologia, 7: 235–244. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, D. P. (1975) Choice behavior in rats with hippocampal lesions. In: Isaacson, R. L., and Pribram, K. H. (eds.), The hippocampus, vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Klüver, H., and Bucy, P. C. (1939) Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 5: 33–54. [JAH]Google Scholar
Køhler, C. (1976a) Habituation of the orienting response after medial and lateral septal lesions in the albino rat. Behavioral Biology, 16: 63–72. [HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Køhler, C. (1976b) Habituation after dorsal hippocampal lesions: A test dependent phenomenon. Behavioral Biology, 18: 89–110. [HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M., & Reiser, B. J. (1978) Visual images preserve metric spatial information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4: 47–60. [SP]Google ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., Pinker, S., Smith, G., & Shwartz, S. P. (1979) On the demystification of mental imagery. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2: 535–581. [JO'K, SP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1971) On generative semantics. In: Steinberg, D., and Jakobovits, L. (eds.) Semantics: An interdisciplinary reader, pp. 232–296. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. [RJ]Google Scholar
Landfield, P. W. (1976) Function of synchronous EEG rhythms. In: Gispen, W. H. (ed.), Molecular and functional neurobiology. New York: Elsevier. [JEH]Google Scholar
Linton, M. (1975) Memory for real-world events. In: Norman, D. A., Rumelhart, D. E., and the LNR Research Group, Exploration in cognition. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Livesey, P. J. (1975) Fractionation of hippocampal function in learning. In: Isaacson, R. L., and Pribram, K. H., (eds.), The hippocampus: 2. Neurophysiology and behavior, pp. 279–301. New York: Plenum Press. [HU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotze, H. (1886). Outlines of psychology: Dictated portions of the lectures of Hermann Lotze (trans Ladd, G. T.). Boston: Ginn. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Mach, E. (1897). Contributions to the analysis of the sensations (trans. Williams, C. M.). Chicago, Ill.: Open Court. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKellar, P. The investigation of mental images. (1965) In: Baret, S. A., and McLaren, A. (eds. ), Penguin Science Survey B (Biological Sciences). New York: Penguin Books. [SP]Google Scholar
McLardy, T. (1960) Neurosyncytial aspects of the hippocampal mossy fibre system. Confina Neurologica, 20: 1–17. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, H. J., Long, J. B., and Wike, E. L. (1956) Learning without response under two conditions of external cues. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49: 477–480. [DE, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahut, H. (1971) Spatial and object reversal learning in monkeys with partial temporal lobe ablations. Neruopsychologia, 9: 409–424. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahut, H., and Cordeau, J. (1963) Spatial reversal deficit in monkeys with amygdalohippocampal ablations. Experimental Neurology, 7: 426–434. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marr, D. (1971) Simple memory: A theory for archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) [Biological Science], 262: 23–81. [O'K, TVPB]Google ScholarPubMed
Marr, D., & Nishihara, H. K. (1978) Visual information processing: Artificial intelligence and the sensorium of sight. Technology Review, 81: 1–23. [SP]Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., and Teuber, H.-L. (1975) Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from newsphoto-graphs. Neuropsychologia, 13: 353–364. [JO'K, LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzel, E. W. Cognitive mapping in chimpanzees. (1978) In: Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H., and Honig, W. K. (eds.), Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [JO'K, GJT]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M., Van Hoesen, G. W., Pandya, D. N., and Geschwind, N. (1977) Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: A study with a new method for horseradish peroxy-dase. Brain Research 136: 393–414. [HH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G., and Johnson-Laird, P. (1976) Language and perception. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. [RJ, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1965) Visually-guided maze learning in man: Effects of bilateral hippocampal, bilateral, frontal, and unilateral cerebral lesions. Neuropsy-chologia, 3: 317–338. [HH, JO'K, LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1968a) Preface: Material specific and generalized memory loss. Neuropsychologia, 6: 175–179. [RPK, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1968b) Visual recognition and recall after right temporal-lobe excision in man. Neuropsychologia, 6: 191–209. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1972) Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man. Clinical Neurosurgery, 19: 421–446. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M. (1954) Visual discrimination performance following partial ablations of the temporal lobe: II. Ventral surface vs. hippocampus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 147: 187–193. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1978) Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature, 273: 297–298. [HU, LRS]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M., and Oubre, J. L. (1976) Dissociation of deficits on visual memory tasks after inferior temporal and amygdala lesions in monkeys. Neuroscience Abstracts, II, pt. 2: p. 1127. [JAH]Google Scholar
Mitchell, S., and Ranck, J. B. Jr (1977) Firing patterns and behavioral correlates of neurons in entorhinal cortex of freely moving rats. Neuroscience Abstracts 3: 202. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Moore, J. W. (1980) Information processing in space time by the hippocampus. Physiological Psychology, in press. [JO'K, RFT]Google Scholar
Morris, R. G. M., Black, A. H., and O'Keefe, J. (1976). Hippocampal EEG during a ballistic movement (abstract). Neuroscience Letters, 39: 102. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B. (1976) The world around us: Neural command functions for selective attention. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 14, suppl.: 1–47. [HH]Google ScholarPubMed
Mountcastle, V. B. (1978) Some neural mechanisms for directed attention. In: Buser, P. A., and Rougeul-Buser, A. (eds.), Cerebral correlates of conscious experience, IN-SERM Symposium. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. [HH]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B., Lynch, J. C., Georgopoulos, A., Sakata, H., and Acuna, C. (1975) Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. Journal of Neuro-physiology, 38: 871–908. [HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myhrer, T. (1975) Locomotor, avoidance, and maze behavior in rats with selective disruption of hippocampal output. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89: 759–777. [LEJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadel, L. (1977) Amnesia and cognitive mapping in humans. Paper presented at the Society for Neuroscience Seventh Annual Meeting, Anaheim, Calif. [AJN]Google Scholar
Nadel, L. (1979a) Cognitive maps: At the choice point again. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meetings, New York. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Nadel, L. (1979b) Working memory won't work. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4. [LN, JO'K, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, L. (in press) Cognitive and neural maps. In: Juscyzk, P. W., and Klein, R. (eds.), Essays on the nature of thought: A symposium in honor of D. O. Hebb. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. JO'K]Google Scholar
Nadel, L., and O'Keefe, J. (1974) The hippocampus in pieces and patches: An essay on modes of explanation in physiological psychology. In: Bellairs, R. and Gray, E. G. (eds.), Essays on the nervous system. A Festschrift for Prof. J. Z. Young. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [LN, JO'K]Google Scholar
Nadel, L., O'Keefe, J., and Black, A. H. (1975) Slam on the brakes: A critique of Altman, Brunner and Bayer's response inhibition model of hippocampal function. Behavioral Biology, 14: 151–162. [LNJO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadel, L., and Willner, J. (in press) Context and conditioning: A place for space. Physiological Psychology. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Nonneman, A. J., and Isaacson, R. L. (1973). Task dependent recovery after early brain damage. Behavioral Biology, 8: 143–172. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, D. A., and Rumelhart, D. E. (1975) Explorations in cognition. San Francisco: Freeman. [LRS]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1976) Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Experimental Neurology, 51: 78–109. [TWBJO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J. (1979a) Hippocampal function: Does the working memory hypothesis work? Should we retire the cognitive map theory? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4. [LN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1979b) A review of the hippocampal place cells. Progress in Neurobiology 13: 419–34. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J., and Black, A. H. (1978) Single unit and lesion experiments on the sensory inputs to the hippocampal cognitive map. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 179–192. Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Dostrovsky, J. (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map: Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Research, 34: 171–175. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J., Nadel, L., Keightley, S., and Kill, D. (1975) Fornix lesions selectively abolish place learning in the rat. Experimental Neurology 48: 152–66. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1974) Maps in the brain. New Scientist, 62: 749–751. [RFT]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [JO'K, RET et al]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., Nadel, L., and Willner, J. (1979) Turning out irrelevancy? Comments on Solomon's temporal mapping view of hippocampus. Psychological Bulletin. 86: 1280–9 [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, J. (1965) Opérant conditioning of single unit responses. Proceedings of the 23rd Congress of Physiological Sciences. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series., no. 87: 372–380. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Olds, J. (1972) Learning and the hippocampus. Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 31: 215–238. [AA]Google ScholarPubMed
Olds, J., Disterhoft, J. F., Segal, M., Kornblith, C. L. and Hirsh, R. (1972) Learning centers of rat brain mapped by measuring latencies of conditioned unit responses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 35: 202–219. [TWB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olton, D. S. (1969) Fear, hippocampal lesions and avoidance behaviour. Communications in Behavioral Biology A 3: 259–262. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1978) Characteristics of spatial memory. In: Hülse, S. H., Honig, W. K., and Fowler, H. (eds.), Cognitive processes in animal behavior, pp. 341–373. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1979) Mazes, maps, and memory. American Psychologist, 34: 583–596. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olton, D. S., Becker, J. T., and Handelmann, G. E. (1979) Hippocampus, space, and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4. [RJD, JAG, AJN, JO'K, DSO, HU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Isaacson, R. L. (1968) Hippocampal lesions and active avoidance. Physiology and Behavior, 3: 719–724. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Papas, B. C. (in press) Spatial memory and hippocampal function. Neuropsychologia. [LEJ]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Samuelson, R. J. (1976) Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology – Animal Behavior Processes, 2: 97–116. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbach, J., Milner, M., and Rasmussen, T. (1960) Learning and retention in monkeys after amygdala-hippocampus resection. Archives of Neurology, 3: 230–251. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborne, B., and Black, A. H. (1978) A detailed analysis of behavior during the transition from acquisition to extinction in rats with fornix lesions. Behavioral Biology, 23: 271–290. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearlman, C. A. (1979) REM sleep and information processing: Evidence from animal studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 3: 57–68. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penfield, W. (1958) The excitable cortex in conscious man. Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Penfield, W., and Mathieson, G. (1974) Memory: Autopsy findings and comments on the role of hippocampus in experiential recall. Archives of Neurology, 31: 145–154. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkel, D. H., and Bullock, T. H. (1968) Neural coding. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 6. [TWB]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1979) The representation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. [SP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. and Finke, R. A. (in press) Emergent two-dimensional patterns in images rotated in depth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [SP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. and Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) The representation and manipulation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Journal of Mental Imagery, 2: 69–84. [SP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. and Kosslyn, S. M. (in press) Mental imagery and the third dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [SP]Google Scholar
Pohl, W. (1973) Dissociation of spatial discrimination deficits following frontal and parietal lesions in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 82: 227–239. [RPK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poincaré, H. (1913) The foundations of science (trans. Halsted, G. B.). Lancaster, Pa.: Science Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Pond, F. J., and Schwartzbaum, J. S. (1972) Interrelationships of hippocampal EEG and visual evoked responses during appetitive behavior in rats. Brain Research, 43: 119–137. [CHV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranck, J. B. Jr (1973) Studies on single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats: I. Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires. Experimental Neurology, 41: 461–531. [TWB, JEH, JO'K, RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranck, J. B. Jr (1975) Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires of neurons in the dorsal hippocampal formation and septum of unrestrained rats. In: Isaacson, R. L., & Pribram, K. H. (eds.), The hippocampus, II. New York: Plenum Press. [JO'K, RFT]Google Scholar
Ranck, J. B. Jr (1978) Hippocampal units and theta activity (General Discussion II). In Ciba Foundation Symposium 58 (new series), Functions of the septo-hippo-campal system, pp. 309–319. Amsterdam: Elsevier /Excerpta Medica/ North-Holland. [RFT]Google Scholar
Rawlins, J. N. P. (1979) Advancing memorial theories of hippocampal function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawlins, J. N. P., Feldon, J., and Gray, J. A. (in press) The effects of hippocam-pectomy and of fimbria section upon the partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats. Experimental Brain Besearch. [JAG, JO'K]Google Scholar
Restie, R. (1957) Discrimination of cues in mazes: A resolution of the “place-vs.-response” question. Psychological Review, 64: 217–228. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D. L., and Goldberg, M. E. (1978) Sensory and behavioral properties of neurons in posterior parietal cortex of the awake, trained monkeys. Federation Proceedings, 37: 2258–2261. [HH]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. L., Goldberg, M. E., and Stanton, G. B. (1978) Parietal association cortex in the primate: Sensory mechanisms and behavioral modulations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41: 910–932. [HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roesen, D. L., and Van Hoesen, G. W. (1977) Hippocampal efferente reach widespread areas of cerebral cortex and amygdala in the Rhesus monkey. Science, 198: 315–317. [HH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1966a) The effect of preliminary training conditions upon DRL performance in the hippocampectomized rat. Physiology & Behavior, 1: 175–182. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1966b) Retention of a DRL 20 schedule by hippocampectomized and partially neodecorticate rats. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 62: 128–132. [PE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1968) The effect of blindness on DRL 20 performance exhibited by animals with hippocampal destruction. Psychonomic Science, 11: 241–242. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Theios, J. (1972) Acquisition and extinction of a classically conditioned response in hippocampectomized rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus). Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 79: 328–333. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segal, M. (1973) Flow of conditioned responses in limbic telencephalic system of the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 36: 840–854. [TWB, JBR, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semmes, J., Weinstein, S., Ghent, L., and Teuber, H.-L. (1955) Spatial orientation in man after cerebral injury: I. Analysis by locus of lesions. Journal of Psychology, 39: 227–244. [RJD, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semmes, J., Weinstein, S., Ghent, L., and Teuber, H.-L. (1963) Correlates of impaired orientation in personal and extrapersonal space. Brain, 86: 747–772. [RJD, JO'K, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychologist, 33: 125–137. [SP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N., and Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171: 701–703. [SP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silveira, J. M., and Kimble, D. P. (1968) Brightness discrimination and reversal in hippocampally lesioned rat. Physiology and Behavior, 3: 625–630. [RH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, P. R. (1977) Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 91: 407–417. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, P. R. (1980) Temporal versus spatial information processing theories of hippocampal function. Psychological Bulletin, in press. [JWM, RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, P. R., and Moore, J. W. (1975) Latent inhibition and stimulus generalization of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus) following dorsal hippocampal ablations. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 89: 1192–1203. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1980) The neuropsychology of amnesia: An approach to the study of memory and aging. In: Fozard, J., and Poon, L. (eds.), Memory and aging. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., and Cohen, N. (1979) Memory and amnesia: Resistance to disruption develops for years after learning. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 25: 115–215. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., and Moore, R. Y. (1979) Dorsal thalamic lesion in a noted case of chronic memory dysfunction. Annals of Neurology, in press. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R., & Schlapfer, W. T. (1980) Biochemical aspects of learning, memory and its disorders. In: Praag, H. M. van, Lader, M. H., Rafaelsen, O. J., & Sachar, E. J. (eds.), Handbook of biological psychiatry: II. Brain mechanisms and abnormal behavior. New York: Marcel Dekker, [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., & Slater, P. C. (1978a) Bilateral and unilateral ECT: Effects on verbal and nonverbal memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 11: 1316–1320. [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., & Slater, P. C. (1978b) Anterograde and retrograde memory impairment in chronic amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 16: 313–322. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Slater, P. C., & Chace, P. M. (1975) Retrograde amnesia: Temporal gradient in very long-term memory following electroconvulsive therapy. Science, 187: 77–79. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Slater, P. C., & Miller, P. (1980) Retrograde amnesia following ECT: Long-term follow-up studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, in press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Sundberg, H., and Køhler, C. (1979) Orienting and habituation after lesions of the medial entorhinal cortex in the albino rat. University of Bergen, in preparation. [HU]Google Scholar
Stein, D. G., Rose, J. J., Graziadei, J., Mishkin, D., & Brink, J. (1969) Central nervous system: recovery of function. Science, 166: 528–530. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, A., Augerinos, G., and Black, A. H. (in press) Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight arm maze in rats. Learning and motivation.Google Scholar
Talland, G. (1965) Deranged memory. New York: Academic Press. [JO'K, LRS]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behaviour in animals and men. New York: Century. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55: 189–208. [PE, JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teitelbaum, H. (1964) A comparison of the effects of orbito-frontal and hippocampal lesions upon discrimination learning and reversal in the cat. Experimental Neurology, 9: 284–289. [RH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G. J. (1978) Delayed alternation in rats after pre- or post-commissural fornicotomy. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 92: 1128–1136. [GJT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, G. J., & Brito, G. N. O. (in preparation) Medial prefrontal cortex, sep-to-hippocampal circuitry and T-maze alternation in rats. [GJT]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F., & Berger, T. W. (1979) Responses of single hippocampal neurons during classical conditioning. Neuroscience Abstracts, 5: 722. [RFT]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F., Berger, T. W., Cegavske, C. F., Patterson, M. M., Roemer, R. A., Teyler, T. J., & Young, R. A. (1976) The search for the engram. American Psychologist, 31: 209–227. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F., & Glanzman, D. G. (1976) Neural and behavioral mechanisms of habituation and sensitization. In: Leaton, R. N., & Tighe, T. J. (eds.), Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior, and neurophysiology. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [RFT]Google Scholar
Towe, A. L. (1973) Motor cortex and the pyramidal system. In: Maser, J. D. (ed.), Efferent organization and the integration of behavior. New York: Academic Press. [RFT]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972) Episodic and semantic memory. In: Tulving, E., and Donaldson, W. (eds.), Organization of memory, New York: Academic Press. [RPK]Google Scholar
Ungher, J., & Sirian, S. (1971) Vestibular short-term memory deficits due to behavior disturbances induced by fornix lesions in cat. Review of Roumanian Neurology, 8: 407–417. [PE]Google ScholarPubMed
Ursin, H., Dalland, T., Ellertsen, B., Herrmann, T., Johnsen, T. B., Livesey, P., Zaidi, Z., and Wahl, H. (1978) Multivariate analysis of the septal syndrome. Ciba Foundation, Symposium on Functions of the septo-hippo-campal system. London [HU]Google Scholar
Ursin, R., Ursin, H., and Olds, J. (1966) Self-stimulation of hippocampus in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 61: 353–359. [HU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1969) Hippocampal electrical activity and voluntary movement in the rat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 26: 407–418. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1971) Limbic-diencephalic mechanisms of voluntary movement. Psychological Review, 78: 83–113. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1975) Neocortical and hippocampal activation in relation to behaviour: Effects of atropine, eserine, phenothiazines and amphetamine. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88: 300–323. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderwolf, C. H., Bland, B. H., and Whishaw, I. Q. (1973) Diencephalic hippocampal and neocortical mechanisms in voluntary movement. In: Maser, J. D., (ed.), Efferent organization and the integration of behaviour, pp. 229–262. New York: Academic Press. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H., and Heron, W. (1964) Electrocephalographic waves with voluntary movement: Study in the rat. Archives of Neurology, 11: 379–384. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H., Kramis, R., & Robinson, T. E. (1978) Hippocampal electrical activity during waking behavior and sleep: Analyses using centrally acting drugs. In: Elliott, K., and Whelan, J. (eds.), Functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 58, pp. 199–221. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [CHV]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S. (1970) Registration of information and the limbic system. In: Horn, G., and Hinde, R. A. (eds.), Short-term changes in neural activity and behaviour, pp. 95–140. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. [JO'K]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S. (1975) Functional organization of the limbic system in the process of registration of information: Facts and hypotheses. In: Isaacson, R. L., & Pribram, K. H. (eds.), The hippocampus, vol. II. New York: Plenum Press. [JO'K, RFT]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S., and Brazhnik, E. S. (1978) Neuronal aspects of septo-hip-pocampal relations. In: Elliott, K., and Whelan, J. (eds.), Functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 58 (n.s), pp. 145–177. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1973) An analysis of short-term and long-term memory defects in man. In: Deutsch, J. A. (ed.), The physiological basis of memory. New York, Academic Press. [RPK]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1901) Kinaesthetic and organic sensations: Their role in the reactions of the white rat to the maze. Psychological Review, monogr. suppl. 33, pp. 43–142. [RJD]Google Scholar
Webster, D. B., and Voneida, T. J. (1964) Learning deficits following hippo-campal lesions in split-brain cats. Experimental Neurology, 10: 170–182. [AG, RHJO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q., and Vanderwolf, C. H. (1973) Hippocampal EEG and behavior: Changes in amplitude and frequency of RSA (theta rhythm) associated with spontaneous and learned movement patterns in rats and cats. Behavioral Biology, 8: 461–484. [JO'K, CHV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1979) Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome and the hippocampal arousal system. Psychological Review, 86: 44–60. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wikmark, R. G. W., Divac, I., & Weiss, R. (1973) Retention of spatial delayed alternation in rats with lesions in the frontal lobes. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 8: 329–339. [GJT]Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. D. (1977) Search: Some observations on the process of retrieval from very long term memory. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, San Diego. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winocur, G., and Breckenridge, C. B. (1973) Cue-dependent behavior of hippocampally damaged rats in a complex maze. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 82: 512–522. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winocur, G., and Olds, J. (1978) Effects of context manipulation on memory and reversal learning in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 92: 312–321. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winson, J. (1972) Interspecies differences in the occurrence of theta. Behavioral Biology, 7: 479–487. [JEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winson, J. (1976a) Hippocampal theta rhythm. I. Depth profiles in the curarized rat. Brain Research 103: 57–70. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winson, J. (1976b) Hippocampal theta rhythm. II. Depth profiles in the freely moving rabbit. Brain Research 103: 71–80. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winson, J. (1976c) Topographic patterns of hippocampal theta rhythm in freely moving rat and rabbit. In De France, J. F. (ed.), The septal nuclei, pp. 463–480. New York: Plenum Press. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winson, J. (1978) Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat. Science, 201: 160–163. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodruff, M. L., and Bailey, S. D. (1979) Hippocampal lesions and immobility responses in the rat. Physiological Psychology, 7: 254–258. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodruff, M. L., Hatton, D. C., and Meyer, M. E. (1975) Hippocampal ablation prolongs immobility response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88: 329–334. [JO'K]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed