No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Motor unit architecture and interfiber matrix in sensorimotor partitioning
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989
References
REFERENCES
Letters “a” and “r” appearing before authors' initials refer to target article and response respectively.Google Scholar
Abbs, J. H. & Cole, K. J. (1982) Consideration of bulbar and suprabulbar afferent influences upon speech motor coordination and programming. In: Speech motor control, ed. Grillner, S., Lindblom, H., Lubker, J. & Persson, A.. Pergamon Press. [JHA]Google Scholar
Abbs, J. H., Gracco, V. L. & Blair, C. (1984) Functional muscle partitioning during voluntary movement: Facial muscle activity for speech. Experimental Neurology 85:469–79. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abraham, L. D. & Loeb, C. E. (1985) The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat. Patterns of normal use. Experimental Brain Research 58:580–93. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrahams, V. C. (1977) The physiology of neck muscles: Their role in head movement and maintenance of posture. Canadian journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 55:332–38. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrahams, V. C., Richmond, F. J. B. & Rose, P. K. (1975) Absence of monosynaptic reflex in dorsal neck muscles of the cat. Brain Research 92:130–31. [rUW, GEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, C. C. & Gottlieb, C. L (1985) Mathematical modeling and simulation of the postural control loop, part III. CRC Critical Reviews of Biomedical Engineering 12:49–93. [aUW]Google Scholar
Allum, J. H. J., Dietz, V. & Freund, H.-J. (1978) Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor. journal of Neurophyswlogy 41:557–71. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appelberg, B., Hulliger, M., Johansson, H. & Sojka, P.Actions on γmotoneurones elicited by electrical stimulation of group III muscle afferent fibres in the hind limb of the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 335:275–92. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appelberg, B., Johansson, H. & Sojka, P. (1986) Fusimotor reflexes in triceps surae muscle elicited by stretch of muscles in the contralateral hind limb of the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 373:419–41. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appenteng, K., O'Donovan, M. J., Somjen, G., Stephens, J. A. & Taylor, A. (1978) The projection of jaw elevator muscle spindle afferent to fifth nerve motoneurones in the cat. journal of Physiology (London) 279:409–23. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ariano, M. A., Amstrong, H. B. & Edgerton, B. H. (1972) Hindlimb muscle fiber populations of five mammals. journal of Histochemistry and Cytochesnistry 21:51–55. [AM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, J. B., Rose, P. K., Vanner, S.Bakker, C. J. & Richmond, F. J. H. (1988) Compartmentalization of motor units in the cat neck muscle, biventer cervicis. journal of Neurophysiology 60:30–45. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, R. B. (1980) Properties and distribution of fiber types in the locomotory muscles of mammals. In: Comparative physiology: Primitive mammals, ed. Schmidt-Nielson, K., Bolis, L. & Taylor, C. R.. Cambridge University Press. [aUW]Google Scholar
Athans, M., ed. (1971) Linear quadratic estimation and control problems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Special Issue AC-16. [GEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldissera, F., Hultbom, H. & Illert, M. (1981) Integration in spinal neuronal systems. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1, The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aUW, AWE]Google Scholar
Ball, E. E., Ho, R. K. & Goodman, C. S. (1985) Muscle development in the grasshopper embryo. 1. Muscles, nerves, and apodemes in the metathoracic leg. Developmental Biology 111:383–98. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, D., Emonet-Dénand, F., Harker, D. W., Jami, L. & Laporte, Y. (1977) Types of intra-and extrafusal muscle fibre innervated by dynamic skeleto-fusimotor axons in cat peroneus brevis and tenuissimus muscles, as determined bu the glycogen-deplction method. journal of Physiology 266:713–726. [LG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bässler, U. (1983) The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra. 3. Characteristics of the extensor motor neurons. Biological Cybernetics 46:159–65. [UB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawa, P., Binder, M. D., Ruenzel, P. & Henneman, E. (1984) Recruitment of inotoneurons in stretch reflexes is highly correlated with their axonal conduction velocity, journal of Ncurophysiology 52:410–20. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, M. R. & Ho, S. (1988) The formation of topographical maps in developing rat gaatrocnemius muscle during synapse elimination. Journal of Physiology (London) 396:471–96. [aUW, AWE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benninghoff, A. & Rollhäuser, H. (1952) Zur inneren Mechanik des gefiederten Muskels. Pflügers Archiv cier gesamten Physiologic 254:527–48. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beritoff, J. (1925) Uber die Kontraktionsfahigkeit der Skelettmuskeln, IV: Uber die physiologische Bedeutung des geflederten Baues der Muskeln. Pflügers Archiv der gesamlen Physiologic 209:763–78. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessou, P. & Laporte, Y. (1962) Responses from primary and secondary endings of the same neuromuscular spindle of the tenuissimus muscle of the cat. In: Symposium on muscle receptors, ed Barker, D.. Hong Kong University Press. [LJ]Google Scholar
Bilotto, C., Schor, R. H., Uchino, Y. & Wilson, V. J. (1982) Localization of proprioceptive reflexes in the splenius muscle of the cat. Brain Research 238:217–21. [arUW, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, M. D., Kroin, J. S., Moore, G. P., Stauffer, E. K. & Stuart, D. C. (1976) Correlation analysis of muscle spindle responses to single motor unit contractions, journal of Physiology (London) 257:325–36. [aUW, HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, M. G., Kroin, J. S., Moore, C. P. & Stuart, D. C. (1977) The response of Colgi tendon organs to single motor unit contractions. journal of Physiology (London) 271:337–49. [aUW, SCG, GEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, M. D. & Osborn, C. E. (1985) Interactions between motor units and Golgi tendon organs in the tibialis posterior muscle of the cat. journal of Physiology (London) 364:199–215. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, M. D. & Stuart, D. C. (1980 a) Response of la and spindle group II afferents to single motor-unit contractions, journal of Neurophysiology 43:621–29. [arUW, SCG, HJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, M. D. & Stuart, D. C. (1980 b) Motor-unit muscle receptor interactions: Design features of the neuromuscular control system. In: Progress in clinical neurophysiology, vol. 8: Spinal and ss, praspinal mechanisms of voluntary motor control and locomotion, ed. Karger, J. E. Desmedt. [aUW, DB, SCG]Google Scholar
Blevins, C. C. (1964) Studies on the innervation of the stapedius muscle of the cat. Anatomical Record 149:157–71. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodine, S. C., Carfinkel, A., Roy, H. R. & Edgerton, V. R. (1988) Spatial distribution of motor unit fibers in the cat soleus and tibialis anterior muscles: Local interactions, journal of Neuroscience 8:2142–52. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodine, S. C., Roy, R. H., Meadows, D. A., Zernicke, R. F., Sacks, R. D., Fournier, M. & Edgerton, V. H. (1982) Architectural, histoehemical, and contractile characteristics of a unique biarticular muscle: The cat semitendinosus. journal of Neurophysiology 48:192–201. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodine, S. C., Roy, R. R., Zernicke, R. F. & Edgerton, V. R. (1982) Intracontractile length changes in the proximal and distal compartments of the semitendinosus. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 8:948. [aUW]Google Scholar
Borg, T. K. & Caufield, J. B. (1980) Morphology of connective tissue in skeletal muscle. Tissue and Cell 12:197–207. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botterman, B. R., Binder, M. D. & Stuart, D. C. (1978) Functional anatomy of the association between motor units and muscle receptors. American Zoology 18:135–52. [aUW, JBM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botterman, B. H., Hamm, T. M., Reinking, H. M. & Stuart, D. G. (1983 a) Localization of monosynaptic la excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the motor nucleus of the cat biceps femoris muscle, journal of Physiology (London) 338:355–77. [aUW, DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botterman, B. H., Hamm, T. M., Reinking, H. M. & Stuart, D. G. (1983 b) Distribution of monosynaptic la excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the motor nucleus of the cat semitendinosus muscle, journal of Physiology (London) 338:379–93. [aUW, DB, GEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, I. A. (1985) Muscle spindles and stretch reflexes, In: Scientific basis of clinical neurology, ed, Swssh, M & Kennard, C., Churchill Livingstone. [HJ]Google Scholar
Boyd, I. A. & Gladden, M. H. (1985) Review. In: The muscle spindle, ed. Boyd, I. A. & Gladden, M. H., Macmillan, [HJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brink, E. E. (1988) Segmental organization of the upper cervical cord. In: Control of head movement, ed. Peterson, B. W. & Richmond, F. J. R.. Oxford University Press. [GEL]Google Scholar
Brink, E. E., Harrison, P. J., Jankowska, E., McCrea, D. A. & Skoog, B. (1983) Post-synaptic potentials in a population of motoneurones following activity of single interneurones in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 343:341–59. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brink, E. E., Jankowska, E., McCrea, D. A. & Skoog, B. (1983) Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group la and group lb alferents in the cat. journal of Physiology (London) 343:361–73, [rUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brink, E. E., Jinnai, K. & Wilson, V. J. (1981) Pattern of segmental monosynaptic input to cat dorsal neck motoneurons. journal of Neurophysiology 46:496–505, [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, T. S., Almdale, D. P. J., Lewis, J. L. & Rymer, W. Z. (1986) Characteristics of synergic relations during isometric contractions of human elbow muscles. journal of Neurophysiology 56:1225–41, [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, B. E. (1981) Motor units: Anatomy, physiology, and functional organization. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1, The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B., American Physiological Society. [aUW, SCG, LMM]Google Scholar
Burke, B. E. (1985) Integration of sensory information and motor commands in the spinal cord. In: Motor control: From movement trajectories to neural mechanisms, Short course 2 syllabus, organized by Stein, P. C. S., Society for Neuroscience. [rUW]Google Scholar
Burke, R. E, Rymer, W. Z. & Walsh, J. V. Jr,. (1976) Relative strength of synaptic input from short-latency pathways to motor units of defined type in cat medial gastrocnemius. journal of Neurophysiology 39:44758. [aUW, LMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, R. E., Strick, P. L., Kanda, K., Kim, C. C. & Walmsley, B. (1977) Anatomy of medial gastrocnemnius and soleus motor nuclei in cat spinal cord. journal of Neurophysiology 40:667–80. [aUW, LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buys, E. J., Lemon, H. N., Mantel, C. W. H. & Muir, R. B. (1986) Selective facilitation of different hand muscles by single corticospinal ncurones in the conscious monkey. journal of Physiology (London) 381:529–49. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, W. E., Binder, M. D., Botterman, B. R., Reinking, R. M. & Stuart, D. C. (1981) “Sensory partitioning” of cat medial gastrocncmius muscle by its muscle spindles and tendon organs. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:32–47, [aUW, SCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaday, C. & Stein, R. B. (1986) Amplitude modulation of the soleus H- reflex in the human during walking and standing. Journal of Neuroscience 6:1308–13. [rUW, JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaday, C. (1987) Difference in the amplitude of the human soleus H-reflex during walking and running. journal of Physiology (London) 392:513–22. [rUW, JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chanaud, C. & Macpherson, J. M. (1987) Independent activity of compartments of feline biceps femoris during postural responses to translations of the support surface. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 13:370. [aUW]Google Scholar
Chin, N. K., Cope, M. & Pang, M. (1962) Number and distribution of spindle capsules in seven hind limb muscles of the cat. In: Symposium on muscle receptors, ed. Barker, D.. Hong Kong University Press. [JBM]Google Scholar
Christakos, C. N. (1982) A study of the muscle force waveform using a population stochastic model of skeletal muscle. Biological Cybernetics 44:91–106. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christakos, C. N. & Windhorst, U. (1986) The information carried by spindle afferents on motor unit activity as revealed by spectral analysis. Brain Research 367:52–62. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clamann, H. P., Schelborn, T. B. & Binder-Macleod, S. A. (1986) Non-linear force production in electrically stimulated motor units. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 12:467. [aUW]Google Scholar
Clancie, B. & Bawa, P. (1985) Voluntary and reflexive recruitment of flexor carpi radialis motor units in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1194–1200. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancie, B. (1986) Limitations of the spike-triggered averaging technique. Muscle & Nerve 9:78–83. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancie, B. (1987) Motor-unit responses in human wrist flexor and extensor muscles to transcranial cortical stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology 58:1168–85. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, R. I. (1972) Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. Physiological Reviews 52:129–7 [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clough, J. F. M., Kernell, D. & Phillips, C. G. (1968) The distribution of monosynaptic excitation from the pyramidal tract and from primary spindle afferents to motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm. Journal of Physiology (London) 198:145–66. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A. H. (1988) Evolution of the vertebrate central pattern generator for locomotion. In: Neural control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates, ed. Cohen, A., Rossignol, S. & Crillner, S., John Wiley. [AHC]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. A. (1953) Localization of stretch reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology 16:272–85. [aUW, DB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, L. A. (1954) Organization of stretch reflex into two types of direct spinal arcs. journal of Neurophysiology 17:443–53. [aUW, DB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, W. F. IIIDavis, B. M. & Mendell, L. M. (1986) Amplitude modulation of EPSPs in motoneurons in response to a frequency- modulated train in single la siferent fibers. journal of Neuroscience 6:1463–68. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, W. F. (1988) Modulation of EPSP amplitude during high frequency stimulation depends on the correlation between potentiation, depression and facilitation. Brain Research 442:161–65. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, W. F. IIIHonig, M. & Mendell, L. M. (1984) Heterogeneity of group la synapses on homonymous γ motoneurons as revealed by high- frequency stimulation of Ia afferent fibers. journal of Neurophysiology 52:980–93. [LMM, JBM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, S. (1966) Muscle spindles and motor units. In: Control and innervation of skeletal muscle, ed. Andrews, B. L.. Thomson. [LJ]Google Scholar
Creed, R. S., Denny-Brown, D., Eceles, J. C., Liddell, E. G. T. & Shemngto, C. S. (1932) Reflex activity of the spinal cord. Oxford University Press (London). [JD]Google Scholar
Crowninshield, R. D. (1978) Use of optimization techniques to predict muscle forces. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 100:88–92. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, D. R. & Eccles, J. C. (1960) Synaptic action during and after repetitive stimulation. Journal of Physiology (London) 150:374- 98. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Datta, A. K. & Stephens, J. A. (1981) The effects of digital nerve stimulation on the firing of motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 318:501–10. [REB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debrodt, B. & Bässler, U. (in press) Responses of flexor motor neurones to stimulation of the femoral chordotonal organ of the phasmid Extatosoma tioratum. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abterlung fuer Àllgemeine Zoologie und Physologie der Tiere. [UB]Google Scholar
Demiéville, H. N. & Partridge, L. D. (1980) Probability of peripheral interaction between motor units and implications for motor control. American Journal of Physiology 238 (Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 7):R119–37. [aUW, VRE]Google ScholarPubMed
Denny-Brown, D. (1929) The histological features of striped muscle in relation to its functional activity. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 104:371–411. [aUW]Google Scholar
Denny-Brown, D. (1949) Interpretation of the electromyogram. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 61:99–128. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E., ed. (1978) Physiological tremor, pathological tremors, and clonus. Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 5. Karger. [aUW]Google Scholar
Desmedt, J. E. (1980) Patterns of motor commands during various types of voluntary movement in man. Trends in Neurosciences 3:265–68. [RP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmedt, J. E. & Godaux, E. (1981) Spinal motoneuron recruitment in man: Rank deordering with direction but not with speed of voluntary movement. Science 214:933–36. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessem, D., Iyadurai, O. D. & Taylor, A. (1988) The role of periodontal receptors in the jaw-opening reflex in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 406:315–30. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, H. C.Bootz, F., Dichgans, J. & Bruzck, W. (1983) Variability of postural “reflexes” in humans. Experimental Brain Research 52:423- 28. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietz, V., Quintern, J. & Berger, W. (1985) Afferent control of human stance and gait: Evidence for blocking of group I afferents during gait. Experimental Brain Research 61:153–63. [JD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, V., Schmidtbleicher, D. & Noth, J. (1979) Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion. journal of Neurophysiology 42:1212–22. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donselaar, Y., Kernell, D., Eerbeek, O. & Verhey, B. A. (1985) Sornatotopic relations between spinal motoneurones and muscle fibres of the cat's musculus peroneus longus. Brain Research 335:81–88. [CCAMC, DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dul, J., Townsend, M. A., Shiavi, R. & Johnson, C. E. (1984) Muscular synergism, II: A minimum-fatigue criterion between synergistic muscles. Journal of Biomechanics 17:675–84. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dum, R. P., Burke, R. E., O'Donovan, M. J., Toop, J. & Hodgson, J. A. (1982) Motor unit organization in flexor digitorum longus muscle of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 47:1108–25. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, D. C., Macpherson, J. M. & Inglis, J. T. (1988) Activity of lateral gastrocnemius compartments in the cat during postural corrections in the horizontal plane. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 14:63. [aUW]Google Scholar
Dutia, M. B. & Hunter, M. J. (1985) The sagittal vestibulocollic reflex and its interaction with neck proprioceptive afferents in the decerebrate cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 359:17–29. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duysens, J. & Loeb, G. E. (1980) Modulation of ipsi- and contralateral reflex responses in unrestrained walking cats. journal of Neurophysiology 44:1024–37. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duysens, J. & Pearson, K. C. (1976) The role of cutaneous afferents from the distal hindlimb in the regulation of the step cycle of thalamic cats. Experimental Brain Research 24:245–55. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, J. C., Eccles, R. M. & Chealy, C. N. (1962) An investigation into the effect of degenerating primary afferent fibers on the monosynaptic innervation of motoneurons. journal of Neurophysiology 25:544–58. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C., Eccles, R. M., Iggo, A. & Ito, M. (1961) Distribution of recurrent inhibition among motoneurones. journal of Physiology (London) 159:479–99. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, J. C., Eccles, R. M. & Lundberg, A. (1957 a) The convergence of monosynaptic excitatory afferents onto many different species of motoneurones. Journal of Physiology (London) 137:22–50. [aUW, HH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C., Eceles, R. M. & Lundberg, A. (1957 b) Synaptic actions on motoneurones caused by impulses in golgi tendon organ afferents. Journal of Physiology (London) 138:227–52. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, J. C., Eceles, R. M. & Lundberg, A. (1958) Integrative patterns of la synaptic actions on motoneurones of hip and knee muscles. journal of Physiology (London) 144:271–98. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C., Eceles, R. M. & Lundberg, A. (1959) Synaptic actions ts motoneurones by afferents which may evoke the flexion reflex. Arch. Ital. Biol 97:199–221. [JD]Google Scholar
Eldred, E., Bridgman, C. F., Swett, J. E. & Eldred, B. (1962) Quantitative comparisons of muscle receptors of the cat's medial gastrocnemius, soleus, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. In: Symposium on muscle receptors, ed. Barker, D.. Hong Kong University Press. [LJ]Google Scholar
Ellaway, P. H., Murphy, P. B. & Tripathi, A. (1982) Closely coupled excitation of γ-motoneurones by group III muscle afferents with low mechanical threshold in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 331:481- 98. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emonet-Dénand, F., Hunt, C. C., Petit, J. & Pollin, B. (1988) Proportion of fatigue resistant motor units in hindlimb muscles of the cat and their relation to axonal conduction velocity. Journal of Physiology 400:135–58. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emonet-Dénand, F. & Laporte, Y. (1975) Proportion of muscle spindles supplied by skeletofusimotor axons (B axons) in the peroneus brevis muscle of the cat. journal of Neurophysiology 38:1390–93. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y., Matthews, P. B. C. & Petit, J. (1977) On the subdivision of static and dynamic fusimotor actions on the primary ending of the cat muscle spindle. Journal of Physiology (London) 268:827–61. [MH, LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y. & Proske, U. (1971) Contraction of muscle fibres in two adjacent muscles innervated by branches of the same motor axon. Journal of Neurophysiology 34:132–38. [UP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, A. W. (1984) An electromyographic analysis of compartments in cat lateral gastrocnemius during unrestrained locomotion. Journal of Neurophysiology 52:114–25. [aUW, AWE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, A. W. & Letbetter, W. D. (1982 a) Anatomy and innervation patterns of cat lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles. American Journal of Anatomy 164:67–77. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, A. W. (1982 b) A histochemical analysis of identified compartments of cat lateral gastrocnemius muscle. Anatomical Record 204:123–30. [aUW, DK, JBM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, A. W. & Weeks, O. I. (1984) Compartmentalization of single muscle units in cat lateral gastrocnemius. Experimental Brain Research 56:361–68. [aUW, DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, A. W. & Weeks, O. I. (1987) An anatomical and functional analysis of cat biceps lemons and semitendinosus muscles. journal of Morphology 191:161–75. [AWE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enoka, R. M. & Stuart, D. C. (1984) Henneman's “size principle”: Current issues. Trends in Neurosciences 7:226–28. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enzure, K., Fukushima, K., Schor, R H. & Wilson, V. J. (1983) Compartmentalization of the cervicocollic reflex in cat splenius muscle. Experimental Brain Research 51:397–404. [aUW]Google Scholar
Eriksson, P.-O. & Thornell, L. -E. (1987) Relation to extrafusal fibre type composition in muscle spindle structure and location in the human masseter muscle. Archives of Oral Biology 32:483–91. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fetz, E., Jankowska, E., Johannisson, T. & Lipski, J. (1979) Autogenetic inhibition of motoneurones by impulses in group la muscle spindle siferents. Journal of Physiology (London) 293:173–95. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleshman, J. W., Lev-Tov, A. & Burke, B. E. (1984) Peripheral and central control of flexor digitorum longsis and flexor hallucis longus motoneiirons: The synaptic basis of functional diversity. Experimental Brain Research 54:133–49. [HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleshman, J. W., Munson, J. B. & Sypert, G. W. (1981) Homonymous projection of individual group la fibers to physiologically characterized medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the cat. journal of Neurophysiology 46:1339–48. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleshman, J. W., Munson, J. B. & Sypert, G. W. (1981 a) Rheobase, input resistance and motor unit type in medial gastrocnemius input resistance and motor unit type in medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiokigy 46:1326–38. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forssberg, H., Criliner, S. & Rossignol, S. (1975) Phase dependent reflex reversal during walking in chronic spinal cats. Brain Research 85:103–7. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, N. & Yamaguchi, T. (1985) Relationship between la input and force output in single motor units of the cat extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle. Neuroscience Letter. Supplement 22:S59. [aUW, HH]Google Scholar
Fritz, N., Illert, M. & Saggau, P. (1981) Does the la input of a motornucleus organize the neurones into functional subpools? Pflūgers Archiv 389:1121. [HH]Google Scholar
Fritz, N., Illert, M. & Wiedemann, E. (1985) EMG studies in the distal forelimb of the cat during locomotion and food taxing movements. Acta Physiologic Scand. 123:P75. [HH]Google Scholar
Fritz, N., Illert, M., de la Motte, S., Reeh, P. & Saggau, P. (1989) Pattern of monosynaptic la connections in the cat forelimb. Journal of Physiology (London) [HH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukami, Y. (1981) Responses of isolated Golgi tendon organs of the cat to muscle contraction and electrical stimulation. journal of Physiology 318:429–43. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandevia, S. C. & Rothwell, J. C. (1987) Knowledge of motor commands and the recruitment of human motoneurons. Brain 100:1117–30. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gans, C. (1982) Fiber architecture and muscle function. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 10:160–207. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gans, C. (1988) Muscle insertions do not incur mechanical advantage. Acta Zoologica Cracovienska, Festschrsft for Macian Minarski, 31[pt 11](25):615–24. [CG]Google Scholar
Gans, C. & Bock, W. J. (1965) The functional significance of muscle architecture: A theoretical analysis. Ergebnisse der Anatomic 38:115- 42. [aUW]Google ScholarPubMed
Gans, C. & De Vree, F. (1987) Functional bases of fiber length and angulation in muscle. journal of Morphology 192(1):63–85; 193(3):323. [CG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gans, C., Loeb, C. E. & de Vree, F. (1989) Architecture and physiological properties of the semitendinosus muscle in domestic goats. journal of Morphology 199:287–97. [CG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamett, R. & Stephens, J. A. (1980) The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseus muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation. journal of Physiology 303:351–64. [JD]Google Scholar
Gameti, R. & Stephens, J. A. (1981) Changes in the recruitment threshold of motor units produced by cutaneous stimulation in man. journal of Physiology (London) 311:463–73. [REB, CCAMG]Google Scholar
Gaunt, A. S. & Cans, C. (1988) Motor end-plate and myofiber arrangement in thigh muscles of chickens. American Zoology 28(4):90A. [CG]Google Scholar
Gielen, C. C. A. M., Ramaekers, L. & van Zuylen, E. J. (1988) Long-latency reflexes as co-ordinated functional responses in man. Journal of Physiology 407:275–92. [CCAMG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonyea, W. J. & Ericson, G. C. (1977) Morphological and histochemical organization of the flexor carpi radialis muscle in the cat. American journal of Anatomy 148:329–44. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, G. & Holbourn, A. H. S. (1949) The mechanical activity of single motor units in reflex contraction of skeletal muscle. journal of Physiology (London) 110:26–35. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, G. & Phillips, C. G. (1949) Slow and rapid components in a flexor muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 110:6P. [AT]Google Scholar
Gregor, R. J., Roy, R. R., Whiting, W. W., Lovely, R. G., Hodgson, J. A. & Edgerton, V. R. (1988) Mechanical output of the cat soleus during treadmill locomotion: In vivo vs in situ characteristics. journal of Biomechanics 21:721–32. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, J. E. & Proske, U. (1979) The responses of golgi tendon organs to stimulation of different combinations of motor units. journal of Physiology 295:251–62. [UP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grillner, S. (1981) Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1: The nervous system: vol. 2: Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [CS]Google Scholar
Grimby, L. & Hannerz, J. (1977) Firing rate and recruitment order of toe extensor motor units in different modes of voluntary contractions. journal of Physiology (London) 264:865–79. [REB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guinan, J. J. Jr, Joseph, M. P. & Norris, B. E. (in press) Brainstem facial-motor pathways from two distinct groups of stapedius motoneurons in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology. [MPM]Google Scholar
Guinan, J. J. Jr & McCue, M. P. (1987) Asymmetries in the acoustic reflexes of the cat stapedius muscle. Hearing Research 26:1–10. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haase, J., Cleveland, S. & Ross, H. G. (1975) Problems of postsynaptic autogenous and recurrent inhibition in the mammalian spinal cord. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology 73:73–129. [aUW]Google ScholarPubMed
Hamm, T. M. (1988) Recurrent inhibition to and from motoneurons innervating the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus in the cat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 14:794. [HH]Google Scholar
Hamm, T. M., Koehier, W., Stuart, D. G. & Vanden-Noven, S. (1985) Partitioning of monosynaptic la excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the motor nucleus of the cat semimembranosus muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 369:379–98. [aUW, DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamm, T. M., Sasaki, S., Stuart, D. G., Windhorst, U. & Yuan, C. S. (1987 a) The measurement of single motor axon recurrent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 388:631–51. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamm, T. M., Sasaki, S., Stuart, D. G., Windhorst, U. & Yuan, C. S. (1987 b) Distribution of single axon recurrent inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in a single spinal motor nucleus in the cat. journal of Physiology (London) 388:653–64. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardt, D. E. (1978) Determining muscle forces in the leg during normal human walking: An application and evaluation of optimization methods. Journal of Bionsechanical Engineering 100:72–78. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, P. J. & Jankowska, E. (1985 a) Sources of input to interneurones mediating group I non-reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 361:379–401. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, P. J. & Jankowska, E. (1985 b) Organization of input to the interneurones mediating group I non- reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 361:403–18. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, P. J., Jankowska, E. & Johannisson, T. (1983) Shared reflex pathways of group I afferents of different cat hindlimb muscles. journal of Physiology (London) 338:113–27. [aUW, GEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, P. J. & Taylor, A. (198) Individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials due to muscle spindle la siferents in cat triceps surae motoncurones. Journal of Physiology (London) 312:455–70. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, Z. & Stuart, D. C. (1984) Mammalian muscle receptors. In: Handbook of the spinal cord, vol. 2 & 3, Anatomy and physiology, ed. Davidoff, R. A.. Dekker. [aUW]Google Scholar
Hatze, H. & Buys, J. D. (1977) Energy-optimal controls in the mammalian neuromuscular system. Biological Cybernetics 27:9–20. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, J., Levine, W. S. & Loeb, G. E. (1988) The modeling of the neuromusculoskeletal control-system of a cat hindlimb. Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Arlington, VA. [GEL]Google Scholar
Henneman, E. (1957). Relations between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science 126:1345–46. [rUW, PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henneman, E.(1980) Organization of the motoneuron pool: The size principle. In: Medical physiology, ed. Mountcastle, V. B.. Mosby, C. V.. [MPM]Google Scholar
Henneman, E., Clamann, H. P., Cillies, J. D. & Skinner, R. D. (1974) Rank- order of motoneurons within a pool: Law of combination. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:1338–49. [PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennemass, E. & Mendell, L. M. (1981) Functional organization of motoneuron pool and its input. In: Handbook of physiology, Sec. 1, The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aUW, CS, AT]Google Scholar
Henneman, E., Somjen, G. & Carpenter, D. O. (1965) Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 28:560–80. [PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermanson, J. W., Lennard, P. R. & Takamoto, R. L. (1986) Morphology and histochemistry of the ambiens muscle of the red-eared turtle (Pseudomys scnpta). Journal of Morphology 187:39–49. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, S. W., Grimm, A. F. & Grimm, B. R. (1979) Functional heterogeneity in a multipinnate muscle. American Journal of Anatomy 154:563–75. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, S. W., Wineski, L. E. & Anapol, F. C. (1989) Neural organization of the masseter muscle in the pig. Journal of Comparative Neurology 280:563–76. [AWE, GS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffer, J. A., Loeb, G. E., Sugano, N., Marks, W. B., O'Donovan, M. J. & Pratt, C. A. (1987) Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion, III: Functional segregation in sartoriua. journal of Neurophysiology 57:554–62. [aUW, MPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hongo, T., Jankowska, E. & Lundberg, A. (1969) The rubrospinal tract, II: Facilitation of intemeuronal transmission in reflex paths to motoneurones. Experimental Brain Research 7:365–91. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honig, M., Collins, W. F. III & Mendell, L. M. (1983) Motoneuron EPSPs exhibit different frequency sensitivities to single la-afferent fiber stimulation. journal of Neurophysiology 49:886–901. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horcholle-Bossavit, G., Jami, L., Petit, J., Vejsada, R. & Zytnicki, D. (1988) Effects of muscle shortening on the responses of cat tendon organs to unfused contractions. journal of Neurophysiology 59:1510–23. [SCG, LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horcholle-Bossavit, G., Jami, L., Petit, J., Vejsada, R. & Zytnicki, D. (1989) Endcoding of muscle contractile tension by Colgi tendon organs. In: Stance and motion: Facts and concepts, ed. Gurfinkel, Y., Ioffe, M., Massion, J. & Roll, J. P.. Plenum Press. [LJ]Google Scholar
Horcholle-Bossavit, G., Jami, L., Thiesson, D. & Zytnicki, D. (1988) Motor nuclei of personeal muscles in the cat spinal cord. Journal of Comparative Neurology 277:430–40. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houk, J. C. & Henneman, E. (1967) Responses of Colgi tendon organs to active contraction of the soleus muscle of the cat. Journal of neurophysiology 30:466–81. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, J. D., Hoit, J. D., Enoka, R. M. & Hasan, Z. (1986) Relative activation of two human elbow flexors under isometric conditions: A cautionary note concerning flexor equivalence. Experimental Brain Research 62:199–202. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyle, G. (1978) Distribution of nerve and muscle fibre types in locust jumping muscle. Journal of Experimental Biology 73:205–33. [FD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huhle, R. (1985) Topographic studies relating distribution of Ia and γ-fibres in spinal cord and position of muscle spindles in cat tibialis anterior muscle. Brain Research 333:299–304. [aUW, MH, HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulliger, M. (1984) The mammalian muscle spindle and its central control. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology 101:1–110. [MH, HJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Hulliger, M., Matthews, P. B. C. & Noth, J. (1977) Effects of combining static and dynamic flisimotor stimulation on the response of the muscle spindle primary ending to sinusoidal stretching. journal of Physiology (London) 267:811–38. [MH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulliger, M., North, E., Thelin, A.-E. & Vallbo, A. B. (1979) The responses of afferent fibers from the glabrous skin of the hand during voluntary finger movements in man. Journal of Physiology 291:233–49. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hultborn, H., Jankowska, E. & Lindstrom, S. (1971 a) Recurrent inhibition from motor axon collaterals of transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathway to motoneurones. Journal of Physiology (London) 215:591–612. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hultborn, H., Jankowska, E. & Lindstrom, S. (1971 b) Recurrent inhibition of interneurones monosynaptically activated from group Ia afferents. Journal of Physiology (London) 215:613- 36. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hultborn, H., Jankowska, E. & Lindstrom, S. (1971 c) Relative contribution from different nerves to recurrent depression of la IPSPs in motoneurones. journal of Physiology (London) 215:637- 64. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliya, A. R. & Dum, R. P. (1984) Somatotopic relations between the motor nucleus and its innervated muscle fibers in the cat tibialis anterior. Experimental Neurology 86:272–92. [auW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inbar, G. F. & Ginat, T. (1983) Effects of muscle model parameter dispersion and multi-loop segmental interaction on the neuromuscular system performance. Biological Cybernetics 48:69–83. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inbar, G. F. & Joseph, P. J. (1976) Analysis of a model of the triceps surae muscle reflex control system. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-6:25–33. [aUW]Google Scholar
Jami, L., Murthy, K. S. K. & Petit, J. (1982) A quantitative study of skeletofusimotor innervation in the cat peroneus tertius muscle. Journal of Physiology 325:125–44. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jami, L. & Petit, J. (1976) Heterogeneity of motor units activating single Colgi tendon organs in cat leg muscles. Experimental Brain Research 24:485–93. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jami, L. & Petit, J. (1978) Fusimotor actions on sensitivity of spindle secondary endings to slow muscle stretch in cat peroneus tertius. journal of Ncurophysiology 41:860–69. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jami, L., Petit, J., Proske, U. & Zytnicki, D. (1985) Responses of tendon organs to unfused contractions of single motor unita. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:32–42. [SCC, LJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jami, L., Petit, J. & Scott, J. J. A. (1985) Activation of cat muscle spindles by Static skeletofusimotor axons. Journal of Physiology 369:323–35. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankowska, E. (1984) lnterneuronal organization of reflex pathways from proprioceptors. In: Frontiers in physiological research, ed. Carlick, D. C. & Korner, P. I.. Australian Academy of Sciences. [rUW, AT]Google Scholar
Jankowska, E. & Lundberg, A. (1981) Interneurones in the spinal cord. Trends in Neurosciences 4:230–33. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jankowska, E. & Odutola, A. (1980) Crossed and uncrossed synaptic actions on motoneurones of back muscles in the cat. Brain Research, 194:65–78. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, H. (1981) Reflex Control of γ-Motoneurones. Umea University Medical Dissertations, New Series No. 70. [HJ]Google Scholar
Johansson, H. (1985) Reflex integration in the γ-motor system. In: The muscle spindle. ed. Boyd, I. A. & Gladden, M. H.. Macmillan. [HJ]Google Scholar
Johansson, H. (1988) Bubrospinal and rubrobulbospinal influences on dynamic and static γ-motoneurones. Behavioural Brain Research 28:97–107. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, H., Sjölander, P. & Sojka, P. (1986) Actions on γ-motoneurones elicited by electrical stimulation of joint afferent fibres in the hind limb of the cat. journal of Physiology (London) 375:137–52. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, H., Sjölander, P. & Sojka, P. (1988) Fusimotor reflexes in triceps surae muscle elicited by natural and electrical stimulation of joint afferents. Neuro-Orthopedics 6:67–80. [HJ]Google Scholar
Johansson, H., Sjolander, P., Sojka, P. & Wadell, I. (1987) Fusimotor reflexes to antagonistic muscles simultaneously assessed by multi-alferent recordings from muscle spindle afferents. Brain Research 435:337–42. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(in press) Reflex actions on the γ-muscle-spindle systems of muscles acting at the knee joint elicited by stretch of the posterior cruciate ligament. Neuro-Orthopedics. [HJ]Google Scholar
Johansson, H. & Sojka, P. (1985) Actions on γ-motoneurones elicited by electrical stimulation of cutaneous afferent fibres in the hind limb of the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 366:343–63. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joseph, M. P., Guinan, J. J. Jr, Fullerton, B. C., Norris, B. E. & Kiang, N. Y. S. (1985) Number and distribution of stapedius motoneurons in cats. Journal of Comparative Neurology 232:43–54. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanda, K., Burke, B. E. & Walmsley, B. (1977) Differential control of fast and slow twitch motor units in the decerebrate cat. Experimental Brain Research 29:57–74. [REB, JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandou, T. W. A. & Kernell, D. (1986) Localization of intramuscular activity during centrally evoked contractions of the cat's M. peroneus bogus. Neuroscience Letters, Supplement 26:S81. [aUW]Google Scholar
Kandou, T. W. A. & Kernell, D. (1989) Distribution of activity within the cat's peroneus longus muscle when activated in different ways via the central nervous system. Brain Research 486:340–50. [DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kernell, D. & Eerbeek, O. (in press) Physiological effects of different patterns of chronic stimulation on muscle properties. In: Neuromuscular use and disuse: Basic concepts and clinical implications, ed. Rose, F. C. & Jones, B.. Chapman & Hall. [DK]Google Scholar
Kidokoro, Y., Kubota, K., Shuto, S. & Sumino, R. (1968) Reflex organisation of the cat masticatory muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology 31:695–708. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobler, J. B., Vacher, S. R. & Guinan, J. J. Jr (1987) The recruitment order of stapedius motoneurons in the acoustic reflex varies with sound laterality. Brain Research 425:372–75. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koehler, W. & Windhorst, U. (1980) Multi-loop representation of the segmental muscle stretch reflex: Its risk of instability. Biological Cybernetics 38:51–61. [aUW, MH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koehler, W. & Windhorst, U. (1981) Frequency response characteristics of a multi-loop representation of the segmental muscle stretch reflex. Biological Cybernetics 40:59–70. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuipers, U., Meyer-Lohmann, J. & Windhorst, U. (1986) Responses of cutaneous afferents and spinal interneurones to mechanical activity elicited by motor unit stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, Supplement 26:S363. [aUW]Google Scholar
LaBella, L. A., Kehler, J. P. & McCrea, D. A. (1989) A differential synaptic input to the motor nuclei of triceps surae from the caudal and lateral cutaneous sued nerves. Journal of Neurophysiology 61:291–301. [JD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, A. (1976) The projection patterns of the ventral horn to the hind limb during development. Developmental Biology 54:82–99. [HH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landmesser, L. (1978) The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb. journal of Physiology (London) 284:391–414. [HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laporte, Y., Emonet-Dénand, F. & Jami, L. (1981) The skeletofusimotor or B-innervation of mammalian muscle spindles. Trends in Neurosciences 4:97–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letbetter, W. D. (1974) Influence of intramuscular nerve branching on motor init organization in medial gastrocnemius muscle. Anatomical Record 178:402. [aUW]Google Scholar
Lev-Tov, A. & Tal, M. (1987) The organization and activity patterns of the aisterior and posterior head of the guinea pig digastric muscle. journal of Neuro physiology 58:496–509. [aUW]Google ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, D. P. C., Hunt, C. C. & Mcintyre, A. K. (1955) Transmission in fractionated monosynaptic spinal reflex systems. Journal of General Physiology 38:307–17.[aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, G. E. (1984) The control and responses of mammalian muscle spindles during normally executed motor tasks. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 12:157–204. [aUW, HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, G. E. (1985) Task groups: Coping with kinematic heterogeneity. journal of Experimental Biology 115:137–46. [aUW, JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, G. E. (1987) Hard lessons in motor control from the mammalian spinal cord. Trends in Neuroscicnces 10:108–13. [aUW, GEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeb, G. E. & Duysens, J. (1979) Activity patterns in individual hindlimb primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents during normal movements in unrestrained cats. journal of Neurophysialogy 43:968–85. [LMM]Google Scholar
Loeb, G. E., He, J. & Levine, W. S. (in press). Spinal cord circuits: Are they mirrors of musculoskeletal mechanics? journal of Motor Behavior.[GEL]Google Scholar
Loeb, G. E.. Pratt, C. A., Chanaud, C. M. & Richmond, F. J. R. (1987) Distribution and innervation of short, interdigitated muscle fibers in parallel-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb. journal of Morphology 191:1–15. [aUW, VRE, CG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, S. M. & Binder, M. D. (1984) Topographic factors in distribution of homonymous group Ia afferent input to cat medial gastrocnemius motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:50–63. [aUW, DB, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, S. M., Cope, T. C. & Binder, M. D. (1984) Analysis of individual Ia afferent EPSPs in a homonymous motoneuron pool with respect to muscle topography. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:64–74. [aUW, DB, SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundberg, A., Malmgren, K. & Schomberg, E. D. (1977) Cutaneous facilitation of transmission in reflex pathways from Ib afferents to motoneurones. journal of Physiology 265:763–80. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundberg, A., Maimgren, K. & Schomberg, E. D. (1987) Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents. 3. Secondary spindle afferents and the FRA: A new hypothesis. Experimental Brain Research 65:294–306. [AT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lüscher, H. -B., Ruenzel, P. & Henneman, E. (1980) Topographic distribution of terminals of Ia and group II fibers in spinal cord, as revealed by postsynaptic population potentials. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:968–85. [aUW, GEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyon, M. J. & Malmgren, L. T. (1982) A histochemical characterization of muscle fiber types in the middle ear muscles of the eat. Acta Otolaryngologica 94:99–109. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macpherson, J. M. (1988) Strategies that simplify the control of quadrupedal stance, II: Electromyographic activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:218–31. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maier, A. (1979) Occurrence and distribution of muscle spindles in masticatory and suprahyoid muscles of the rat. American journal of Anatomy 155:483–506. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maier, A. (1981) Characteristics of pigeon gastrocnemius and its muscle spindle supply. Experimental Neurology 74:892–906. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maler, A. & Eldred, E. (1974) Postnatal growth of extrafusal and intrafusal fibers in the soleus and medial gastrocnemius of the cat. American Journal of Anatomy 141:161–77.[AM]Google Scholar
Matthews, P. B. C. (1967) Vibration and the stretch reflex. In: Myotatic. kinesthetic and vestibular mechanisms, ed. de Reuck, A. V. S. & Kisight, J.. Churchill. [LJ]Google Scholar
Matthews, P. B. C. & Stein, R. (1969) The sensitivity of muscle spindle afferents to small sinusoidal changes of length. Journal of Physiology (London) 200:723–43. [LJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrea, D. A. (1986) Spinal cord circuitry and motor reflexes. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 14:105–42. [GEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MeCue, M. P. & Guinan, J. J. Jr (1988) Anatomical and functional segregation in the stapedius motoneuron pool of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:1160–80. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeon, B. & Burke, D. (1983) Muscle spindle discharge in response to contraction of single motor units. Journal of Neurophysiology 49:291–302. [aUW, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeon, B., Gandevia, S. & Burke, D. (1984) Absence of somatotopic projection of muscle siferents onto motoneurons of same muscle. journal of Neurophysiology 51:185–94. [aUW, DB, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melvill, Jones C. & Watt, D. C. D. (1971) Observations on the control of stepping and hopping movements in man. Journal of Physiology 219:709–27. [JD]Google Scholar
Mendell, L. M., Collins, W. F. & Koerber, H. R. (in press) How are Ia synapses distributed on spinal motoneurons to permit orderly recruitment? In: Segmental motor control, ed. Binder, M. D. & Mendell, L. M.. Oxford University Press. [LMM]Google Scholar
Merton, P. A. (1953) Speculations on the servo-control of movement. In: The spinal cord. ed. Wolstenholme, C. E.W.. Churchill. [AT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, H. B. & Yemm, R. (1973) The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 230:359–70. [PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muhl, Z. F. (1982) Active length-tension relstion and the effect of muscle pinnstion on fiber lengthening. Journal of Morphology 173:285–92. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munson, J. B., Fleshman, J. W., Zengel, J. E. & Sypert, C. W. (1984) Synaptic and mechanical coupling between type-identified motor units and individual spindle afferents of medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:1268–83. [aUW, JBM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nardone, A., Romano, C. & Schieppati, M. (1989) Selective recruitmen of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. journal of Physiology (London) 409:451–71. [REB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, S. G. & Mendell, L. M. (1978) Projectionof sngle knee flexor Ia fibers to homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons. journal of Neurophysiology 41:778–87. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemeth, P. M., (1989) Metabolic fiber types and influences on their transformation. In: Segmental motor systems, ed. Binder, M. D. & Mendell, L. M.. Oxford University Press. [aUW]Google Scholar
Ness, A. R. (1954) The mechanoreceptors of the rabbit mandibular incisor. Journal of Physiology (London) 126:475–93. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nichols, T. B. (1989) The organization of heterogenic reflexes among muscles crossing the ankle joint in the decerebrate cat. journal of Physiology (London) 410. [AWE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, T. H. & Houk, J. C. (1976) Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex. journal of Neurophysiology 39:119–42. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niemann, U., Windhorst, U. & Meyer-Lohmann, J. (1986) Linear and nonlinear effects in the interactions of motor units and muscle spindle afferents. Experimental Brain Research 63:639–49. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Donovan, M. J., Pinter, M. J., Dum, R. P. & Burke, R. E. (1982) Actions of FDL and FHL muscles in intact cats: Functional dissociation between anatomical synergists. Journal of Neurophysiolagy 47:1126–43. [aUW, HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ounjian, M., Roy, R. R., Eldred, E. & Edgerton, V. R. (1987) Muscle fiber lengths within single motor units in the cat tibialis anterior muscles. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 13:1213. [VRE]Google Scholar
Parsons, D. W. (1982) The leg flexor muscle of Carcinus. I. Innervation and excitatory neuromuscular physiology. journal of Experimental Zoology 224:157–68. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, D. W. & Mosse, P. R. L. (1982) The leg flexor muscle of Carcinus. II. Distribution of muscle fiber types. Journal of Experimental Zoology 224:169–75. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partridge, L. D. & Benton, L. A. (1981) Muscle, the motor. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1, The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aUW]Google Scholar
Person, R. S. (1974) Rhythmic activity of a group of human motoneurones during voluntary contraction of a muscle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 36:585–95. [aUW. HP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Person, R. S. (1985) Spinal mechanisms of muscle contraction control. Nsuka. (In Russian.) [RP]Google Scholar
Person, B. S. & Kozhina, G. V. (1978) Study of orthodromie and antidromic effects of nerve stimulation on single motoneurones of human hand muscles. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 18:437–56. [RP]Google ScholarPubMed
Person, B. S. & Kozhina, C. V. (1979) Study of spinal reflexes of human hand muscles on single motor units. Agrezsologie 20B:139–40. [HP]Google Scholar
Person, B. S. & Kozhina, C. V. (1986) Presynaptic inhibition and dis-inhibition of monosynaptic reflex in man, In: sMotor control, ed. Gantchev, G. N., Dimitrov, B. & Gatev, P.. Plenum Press. [HP]Google Scholar
Pette, D. & Staron, B. S. (1988) Molecular basis of the phenotypic characteristics of mammalian muscle fibres. In: Plasticity of the neuromuscular system. Ciba Foundation Symposium 138. Wiley. [AM]Google Scholar
Pette, D. & Tyler, K. R. (1983) Response of succinate dehydrogenase activity in fibres of rabbit tibialis anterior muscle to chronic nerve stimulation. Journal of Physiology (London) 338:1–9. [AM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pette, D. & Vrbová, G. (1985) Neural control of phenotypic expression in mammalian muscle fibres. Muscle & Nerve 8:676–89. [DK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, C. E. (1980) An arthropod muscle innervated by nine excitatory motor neurons. journal of Experimental Biology 88:249–58. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polit, A. & Bizzi, E. (1979) Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements m monkeys. journal of Neurophysiology 42:183–94. [AHC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, C. A., Yee, W. J., Chanauà, C. M. & Loeà, G. E. (1984) Organization of the cat sartorious motoneuron pool. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 10:629. [REB, GEL]Google Scholar
Proehazka, A. & Hulliger, M. (1983) Muscle afferent function and its significance for motor control mechanisms during voluntary movements in cat, monkey and man. In: Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven. [rUW]Google Scholar
Prochazka, A., Hulliger, M., Trend, P., Llewellyn, M. & Durmuller, N. (1989) Muscle afferent contribution to control of paw shakes in normal cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 61:550–62. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochazka, A., Westerman, R. A. & Ziccone, S. P. (1976) Discharge of single hindlimb afferents in the freely moving cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:1090–1104. [LMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proske, U. & Morgan, D. L. (1984) Stiffness of cat soleus muscle and tendon during activation of part of muscle. Journal of Neurophysiology 52:459–68. [UP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rack, P. M. H. (1981) Limitations of somatosensory feedback in control of posture and movement. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1, The nervous systme, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aUW]Google Scholar
Reichmann, H. & Pette, D. (1983) A comparative microphotometric study of succinate dehydrogenase activity levels in Type I, IIA and IIB fibres of mammalian and human muscles. Histochemistry 70:27–41. [AM]Google Scholar
Reichmann, H. & Pette, D. (1984) Glycerolphosphate oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in IIA and IIB fibres of mouse and rabbit tibialis anterior muscles. Hitochemistry 80:429-43. [AM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R. & Abrahams, V. C. (1975) Morphology and enzyme histochemistry of dorsal muscles of the cat neck. journal of Neuro physiology 38:1312–21. [aUW]Google ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R. & Abrahams, V. C. (1975 a) Morphology and distribution of muscle spindles in dorsal muscles of the cat neck. Journal of Neurophysiology 38:1322–39. [GEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R. & Armstrong, J. B. (1988) Fiber architecture and histochemistry in the cat neck muscle, biventer cervicis. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:46–59. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R. & Bakker, D. A. (1982) Anatomical organization and sensory receptor content of soft tissues surrounding upper cervical vertebrae in the cat. journal of Neurophysiology 48:49–62. [GEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R., MacGillis, D. R. R. & Scott, D. A. (1985) Muscle fiber compartmentalization in cat splenius muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:868–85. [aUW, VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, F. J. R. & Stuart, D. G. (1985) Distribution of sensory receptors in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat. journal of Morphology 183:1–13. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, R. W. D. (1981) Morphology of perimysial and endomysial connective tissue in skeletal muscle. Tissue and Cell 13:681–90. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowlerson, A., Mascarello, F., Barker, D. & Saed, H. (1988) Muscle-spindle distribution in relation to fibre-type composition of masseter in mammals. Journal of Anatomy 161:37–68. [JBM]Google ScholarPubMed
Russell, C. J., Dunbar, D. C., Rushmer, D. S., Macpherson, J. M. & Phillips, J. O. (1982) Differential activity of innervation subcompartments of cat lateral gastrocnemius during natural movements. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 8:948. [aUW]Google Scholar
Sacks, R. D. & Roy, R. R. (1982) Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: Functional significance. Journal of Morphology 173:185–95. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmons, S. & Henriksson, J. (1981) The adaptive response of skeletal muscle to increased use. Muscle & Nerve 4:94–105. [DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schieppati, M. & Crenna, P. (1984) Natural cutaneous stimulation induces late and long-lasting facilitation of extensor motoneurones in the cat. Brain Research 293:259–67. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwestka, R., Windhorst, U. & Schamberg, R. (1981) Patterns of parallel signal transmission between multiple α-efferents and multiple Ia afferents in the cat semitendinosus muscle. Experimental Brain Research 43:34–46. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J. C. & Mendell, L. M. (1976) Individual EPSPs produced by single triceps surae la afferent fibers in homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:679–91. [aUW, JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. J. A. & Young, H. (1987) The number and distribution of muscle spindles and tendon organs in the peroneal muscles of the cat. journal of Anatomy 151:143–55. [LJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Shefchyk, S. J., Stein, R. B. & Jordan, L. M. (1984) Synaptic transmission from muscle afferents during fictive locomotion in the mesencephalic cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:986–97. [rUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrington, C. S. (1910) Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension reflex, and reflex stepping and standing. Journal of Physiology (London) 40:28–121. [aUW, HH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinoda, Y., Yokota, J.-I. & Futami, T. (1981) Divergent projection of individual corticospinal axons to motorneurones of multiple muscles in the monkey. Neuroscience Letters 23:7–12. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjöström, M., Downham, D. Y. & Lexell, J. (1986) Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: Why is there a difference within a fascicle? Muscle & Nerve 9:30–36. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Moore, C. A. & Pratt, C. A. (1985) Distribution of the human jaw stretch reflex response elicited by percutaneous, localized stretch of jaw- closing muscles. Experimental Neurology 88:544–61. [DB, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A., Zimmermann, G. N. & Abbas, P. J. (1981) Recruitment patterns of motor units in speech production. Speech and Hearing Research 24:567–76. [RP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J. L., Betts, B., Edgerton, R. & Zernicke, R. F. (1980) Rapid ankle extension during paw shakes: Selective recruitment of fast ankle extensors. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:612–20. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sojka, P., Johansson, H., Sjölander, P., Lorentzon, R. & Djupsjöbacka, M. (1989) Fusimotor neurones can be reflesly influenced by activity in receptor afferents from the posterior cruciate ligament. Brain Research 483:177–83. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spector, S. A., Gardiner, P. F., Zernicke, R. F., Roy, R. F. & Edgerton, V. R. (1980) Muscle architecture and the force velocity characteristics of the cat soleus and medial gastrocnemius: Implications for motor control. journal of Neurophysiology 44:951–60. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, R. B. & Lee, R. G. (1981) Tremor and clonus. In: Handbook of physiology, sec. 1, The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, part 1, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aUW]Google Scholar
Stein, R. B. & Očuztörehi, M. N. (1976) Tremor and other oscillations in neuro-muscular systems. Biological Cybernetics 22:147–57. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, J. A., Reinking, R. M. & Stuart, D. G. (1975) The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: Electrical and mechanical properties as a function of muscle length. Journal of Morphology 146:495–512. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, J. A. & Usherwood, T. P. (1977) The mechanical properties of human motor units with special reference to their fatiguability and recruitment threshold. Brain Research 125:91–97. [PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stokes, D. R., Vitale, A. J. & Morgan, C. R. (1979) Enzyme histochemistry of the mesocoxal muscles of Periplaneta americana. Cell and Tissue Research 198:175–89. [FD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, D. G. (1987) Muscle receptors, mammalian, spinal actions. In: Encyclopedia of neuroscience, vol. 2, ed. Adelman, G.. Birkhauser. [rUW]Google Scholar
Stuart, D. G. & Enoka, R. M. (1983) Motoneurons, motor units, and the size principle. In: The clinical neurosciences, vol. 5, Neurobiology, ed. Rosenberg, R. N.. Churchill Livingstone. [aUW]Google Scholar
Stuart, D. G., Hamm, T. M. & Vanden, Noven S. (1988) Partitioning of monosynaptic la excitation to motoneurons according to neuromuscular topography: Generality and functional implications. Progress in Neurobiology 30:437–47. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swett, J. E. & Eldred, E. (1960) Distribution and numbers of stretch receptors in medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. The Anatomical Record 137:453–60. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swett, J. E., Eldred, E. & Buchwald, J. S. (1970) Somatotopic cord-to-muscle relations in efferent innervation of cat gastroenemius. American Journal of Physiology 219:762–66. [DK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Székely, G. & Antal, M. (1980) Significance of the dendritic pattern in the function of the neuron. In: Advances in physiological sciences, vol. 30: Neural communication and control, ed. Székehy, C.Lábos, & Damjanovich, S.. Pergamon Press and Akadémial Kiadó (Budapest). [CS]Google Scholar
Székely, G. & Czéh, G. (1971) Muscle activities of partially innervated limbs during locomotion in Ambystoma. Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40:268–86. [GS]Google ScholarPubMed
Székely, G. & Czéh, G. (1976) Organization of locomotion. In: Frog neurobiology. ed. Lhinás, R & Precht, W.. Springer-Verlag. [GS]Google Scholar
Székely, G., Matesz, C. & Antal, M. (1980) Different dendritic arborization patterns of motoneurons in various places of the rat's lumbosacral spinal cord. Acta Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31:305–19. [GS]Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A. (1981) Proprioception in the strategy of jaw movement control. In: Oral-facial and sensory functions, ed. Kawamura, Y. & Dubner, R.. Tokyo: Quintessence. [AT]Google Scholar
Taylor, A., Cody, F. W. J. & Bosley, M. A. (1973) Histochemical and mechanical properties of the jaw muscles of the cat. Experimental Neurology 38:99–109. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teig, E. & Dahl, H. A. (1972) Actomyosin ATPase activity of middle ear muscles in the cat. Histochemie 29:1–7. [MPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ter, Haar Romeny B. M., Denier, van der Con J. J. & Gielen, C. C. A. M. (1982) Changes in recruitment order of motor units in the human biceps muscle. Experimental Neurology 78:360–68. [aUW, CCAMG, RP]Google Scholar
ter, Haar Romeny B. M., Denier, van der Con J. J. & Gielen, C. C. A. M. (1984) Relation between location of a motor unit in the human biceps brachii and its critical firing level for different tasks. Experimental Neurology 85:631–50. [aUW, CCAMG, DK]Google Scholar
Theophilidis, G. & Burns, M. D. (1983) The innervation of the mesothoracic flexor tibiae muscle of the locust. journal of Experimental Biology 105:373–88. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theriault, E. & Diamond, J, (1988 a) Nociceptive cutaneous stimuli evoke localized contractions in a skeletal muscle. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:446–62. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theriault, E. & Diamond, J (1988 b) Intrinsic organization of the rat cutaneous trunci motor nucleus. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:463–77. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, C. K., Ross, B. H. & Calancie, B. (1987) Human motor unit recruitment during isometric contractions and repeated dynamic movements. journal of Neurophysiology 57:311–24. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, C. K., Ross, B. H. & Stein, R. B. (1986) Motor unit recruitment in human first dorsal interosseus muscle for static contractions in three different directions. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:1017–29. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. S., Schmidt, E. M. & Hambrecht, F. T. (1978) Facility of motor unit control during tasks defined directly in terms of unit behaviors. Experimental Neurology 59:384–95. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tidball, J. G. & Daniel, T. L. (1986) Elastic energy storage in rigored skeletal muscle cells under physiological loading conditions. American Journal of Physiology 250 (Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 19):R56–64. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trotter, J. A., Samora, A., Hsi, K. & Wofsy, C. (1987) Stereological analysis of the muscle-tendon junction in the aging mouse. The Anatomical Record 218:288–93. [VRE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vacher, S. R., Kobler, J. B. & Guinan, J. J. Jr. (1987) Brainstem locations of physiologically characterized stapedius motoneurons in the cat: Single unit labeling. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 13:549. [MPM]Google Scholar
Vacher, S. R., Guinan, J. J. Jr & Kobler, J. B. (in press) Intracellularly labeled stapedius-motoneuron cell bodies in the cat are spatially organized according to their physiologic responses. Journal of Comparative Neurology. [MPM]Google Scholar
Vanden, Noveis S., Hamm, T. M. & Stuart, D. G. (1986) Partitioning of monosynaptic Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the motor nucleus of the cat lateral gastroenemius muscle. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:569–86. [aUW, DB, SCG, GEL, LMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van, der Wal J. C. & Drukker, J. (1988) The occurrence of muscle spindles in relation to the architecture of the connective tissue in the lateral cubital region of the rat. In: Mechanoreceptors: Development, structure and function, ed. Hnik, P., Soukup, T., Vejsada, R. & Zelena, J.. Plenum. [AM]Google Scholar
van, der Wal J. C., Strassman, T., Drukker, J. & Halata, Z. (1988) Sensory nerve endings in the deep lateral cubital region: A topographical and ultrastructural study in the rat. In: Mechanoreceptors: Development, structure and function, ed. Hnik, P., Soukup, T., Vejsada, H. & Zelena, J.. Plenum. [AM]Google Scholar
van, Zuylen E. J., Gielen, C. C. A. M. & Denier, van der Gon J. J. (1988) Coordination and inhomogeneous activation of human arm muscles during isometric torques. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:1523–48. [REB, CCAMG]Google Scholar
Walmsley, B., Hodgson, J. A. & Burke, R. E. (1978) Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:1203–61. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weeks, O. I. & English, A. W. (1985) Compartmentalization of the cat lateral gastrocnemius motor nucleus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 235:255–67. [DK, GEL, JBM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westling, G. & Johansson, R. S. (1984) Factors influencing the force control during precision grip. Experimental Brain Research 53:277–84. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilder, B. J., Kenaston, T. C., Mabe, P. A. Jr, Dulin, T. L., Gergan, J. A., Hook, F. R. Jr, Williams, M. & Markee, J. E. (1953) Observations on fatigue patterns of anterior tibial muscles. American Journal of Physical Medicine 32:331–37. [aUW]Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J. A. (1979) The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. I. Anatomy, Journal of Neurobiology 10:41–65. [FD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windhorst, U. (1973) Das dynamische Verhalten deefferentierter primarer Muskelspindelendigungen aus pratibislen Flexoren der Katze in Abhangigkeit von ihrem statischen Verhalten. Medizinische Dissertation, University of Göttingen. [aUW]Google Scholar
Windhorst, U. (1978) Considerations on mechanisms of focused signal transmission in the multi-channel muscle stretch reflex system. Biological Cybernetics 31:81–90. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windhorst, U. (1979 a) Auxiliary spinal networks for signal focusing in the segmental stretch reflex system. Biological Cybernetics 34:125–35. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windhorst, U. (1979 b) A possible partitioning of segmental muscle stretch reflex into incompletely de-coupled parallel loops. Biological Cybernetics 34:205–13. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windhorst, U. (1984) Neural activity states in different forms of physiological tremor: Facts and hypotheses. Biological Cybernetics 50:143–54. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windhorst, U. (1986) The role of proprioceptive and recurrent inhibitory feedback into motor control. Neuroscience Letters, Supplement 26:S363. [aUW]Google Scholar
Windhorst, U. (1988) How brain-like is the spinal cord? Interacting cell assemblies in the nervous system. Springer-Verlag. [aUW]Google Scholar
Windhorst, U. & Meyer-Lohmann, J. (1977) The influence of extrafusal muscle activity on the discharge patterns of primary muscle spindle endings. Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 372:131–38. [HJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woittiez, R. D., Huijing, P. A. & Rozendal, R. H. (1983) Influence of muscle architecture on the length-force diagram of mammalian muscle. Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 399:275–79. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yellin, H. (1969) A histochemical study of muscle spindles and their relationship to extrafusal fiber types in the rat. American Journal of Anatomy 125:31–46. [AM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajac, F. E. & Faden, J. S. (1985) Relationship among recruitment order, axonal conduction velocity, and muscle unit properties of type-identified motor units in cat plantaris muscle. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1303–22. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajac, F. E. & Gordon, M. E. (1989) Determining muscle's force and action in multi-articular movement. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 17:187–230. [GEL]Google ScholarPubMed
Zenker, W., Sandoz, P. A. & Neuhuber, W. (1988) The distribution of anterogradely labeled I-IV primary afferents in histochemically defined compartments of the rat's sternomsstoid muscle. Anatomy and Embryology 177:235–43. [aUW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed