Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:26:31.814Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Linear and circular causal sequences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

H. C. Plotkin  and
F. J. Odling-Smee
H. C. Plotkin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England
F. J. Odling-Smee
Affiliation:
Departments of Applied Biology and Psychology, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , December 1984 , pp. 493 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, C. D. & Dickinson, A. (1981) Actions and habits: Variations in associative representations during instrumental learning. In: Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Erlbaum [WKH]Google Scholar
Ashby, W. R. (1952) Design for a brain. Wiley & Sons. [TJG]Google Scholar
Ashby, W. R. (1956) An introduction to cybernetics. Chapman and Hall. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baerends, G. P. (1941) Fortpflanzungsverhalten und Orientierung der Grabwespe Ammophilia campestris Jur. Tijdschrift Entomologie 84:68–275. [GWB]Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. M. (1896). A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist 30:441–51. [JS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. M. (1900) Mental development in the child and race. Macmillan. [TJG]Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1963). The role of somatic change in evolution. Evolution 17:359–69. [JS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, P. (1980) Optimal outbreeding and the development of sexual preferences in Japanese quail. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 53:231–44. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borowsky, R. (1978) Social inhibition of maturation in natural populations of Xiphophorus viriatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Science 201:933–35. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1980) Sociobiology, culture and economic theory. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1:97–121. [TJG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16:661–64. [WKH, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1956) Perception as substitute trial and error. Psychological Review 63:330–42. [RCB, TJG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400. [WKH, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1974a) Downward causation in hierarchically organized biological systems. In: Studies in the philosophy of biology, ed. Ayala, F. J. & Dobzhansky, T.. Macmillan. [HCP]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1974b) Evolutionary epistemology. In: The philosophy of Karl Popper, ed. Schlipp, P. A.. Open Court Publishing Co. [TJG]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1975) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caswell, H. (1983) Phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits: Demographic effects and evolutionary consequences. American Zoologist 23:35–46. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Feldman, M. W. (1973) Models for cultural inheritance. Theoretical Population Biology 4:42–55. [TJG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Feldman, M. W. (1981) Cultural transmission and evolution: A quantitative approach. Princeton University Press. [TJG, SCS]Google ScholarPubMed
Chomsky, N. (1959) A review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language 35:26–58. [BD, JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1966) Cartesian linguistics. Harper & Row. [JWD]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980a) Discussion of Putnam's comments. In: Language and learning: The debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Harvard University Press. [JWD]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980b) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–15. [JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloak, F. T. (1975) Is a cultural ethology possible? Human Ecology 3:161–82. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colwell, R. K. (1981) Group selection is implicated in the evolution of female-biased sex ratios. Nature 290:401–4 [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, F., ed. (1888) The life and letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 3. Murray. [JWD]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [BD, SCS, WV]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1978) Replicator selection and the extended phenotype. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47:61–76. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. W. H. Freeman. [RD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C., (1978a) Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [AR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C., (1978b) Skinner skinned. In: Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [BD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C., (1978c) Why the law of effect will not go away. In: Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [BD, JS]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C., (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 6:343–55. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahoe, J. W., Crowley, M. A., Millard, W. J. & Stickney, K. A. (1982) A unified principle of reinforcement. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 2 Matching and maximizing accounts, ed. Commons, M. L., Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [JWD]Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Models in paleobiology, ed. Schopf, T. J. M.. Freeman, Cooper & Co. [CBGC]Google Scholar
Ellegård, A. (1958) Darwin and the general reader. Göteborgs Universitets Årsskrift. [JWD]Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1974) The evolutionary advantage of sexual recombination. Genetics 78:737–56. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1975) Schedules of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rBFS]Google Scholar
Garcia, J., McGowan, B. K., & Green, K. F. (1972) Biological constraints on conditioning. In: Classical conditioning, vol. 2, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. H.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PRS]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1973) Darwin and evolutionary psychology. Science 179:964–68. [TJG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghiselin, M. T. (1980) Natural kinds and literary accomplishments. Michigan Quarterly Review 29:73–88. [MTG]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1981) Categories, life, and thinking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:269–83. [TJG, MTG, AR, JS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1982) On the mechanisms of cultural evolution, and the evolution of language and the common law. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:11. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phytogeny. Harvard University Press. [WW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205:581–98. [BD, AR]Google Scholar
Green, S. & Marler, P. (1979) The analysis of animal communication. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 3, Social behavior and communication, ed. Marler, P. & Vandenbergh, J. G.. Plenum Press. [GWB]Google Scholar
Grene, M. (1959) Two evolutionary theories. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 9:110–27, 185–93. [BD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1964) The genetical theory of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1967) Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477–88. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, W. (1972) Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:193–232. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1980) Sex versus non-sex versus parasite. Oikos 35:282–90 [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, S. J. & Timberlake, W. (1983) Regulation during challenge: A general model of learned performance under schedule constraint. Psychological Review 90:261–82. [WT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M. (1964) The nature of cultural things. Random House. [MH]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1979) Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. Random House. [MH]Google Scholar
Helmholtz, H. von (1852) On the theory of compound colors. Philosophical Magazine 4:519–34. [PRS]Google Scholar
Honig, W. K. (1981) Working memory and the temporal map. In: Informal processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Erlbaum. [WKH]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1972) Darwinism and historiography. In: The comparative reception of Darwinism, ed. Glick, T. F.. University of Texas Press. [JWD]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1980) Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:311–32. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, V. H. & Maness, J. D. (1979) The role of behavior in temperature acclimation and tolerance in ectotherms. American Zoologist 19:367–84. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, J. S. (1942) Evolution: The modern synthesis. Allen and Unwin. [SCS]Google Scholar
Jacobs, H. L. & Sharma, K. N. (1969) Taste versus calories: Sensory and metabolic signals in the control of food intake. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 157:1084–1125. [WW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Henry Holt and Company. [JS]Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. M. & Moore, B. R. (1973) The form of the autoshaped response with food and water reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:163–81. [WKH, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G. & Mayr, E. (1949) Genetics, paleontology, and evolution. Princeton University Press. [CBGC]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D. (1981) Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. Garland Press. [SCS]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1969) Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. MAppleton-Century-Crofts. [WKH]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R. (1976) Cellular basis of behavior. W. H. Freeman. [PRS]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. (1982) Molecular biology of learning: Modulation of transmitter release. Science 218:433–42. [AR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kate, J. L. & Bever, T. G. (1976) The fall and rise of empiricism. In: An integrated theory of linguistic ability, ed. Bever, T. G., Katz, J. L. & Langendoen, D. T.. Crowell. [JWD]Google Scholar
Katz, M. J. (1983) Ontophyletics: Studying evolution beyond the genome. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 26:323–33. [MJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, M. J. & Grenander, U. (1982) Developmental matching and the numerical matching hypothesis for neuronal cell death. Journal of Theoretical Biology 98:501–17. [MJK]Google ScholarPubMed
Keller, F. S. & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950) Principles of psychology: A systematic text in the science of behavior. Irvington. [MH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettlewell, H. B. (1961) The phenomenon of industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 6:245–62. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. & Lenneberg, E. (1975) Foundations of language development, vols. 1 & 2. Academic Press. [GWB]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1970) The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systetnatics 1:1–18. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1982) Organism and environment. In: Learning, development and culture: Essays in evolutionary epistemology, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley & Sons. [HCP]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z. (1966) Evolution and modification of behavior. Methuen. [RD]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1966) On the causal and functional significance of displacement activities. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 23:217–35. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard Smith, J. (1964) Group selection and kin selection: A rejoinder. Nature 201:1145–47. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1978) The evolution of sex. Cambridge University Press. [SCS]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1961) Cause and effect in biology. Science 134:1501–6 [HCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. (1976a) Evolution and the diversity of life. Harvard University Press. [WV]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1976b) Typological versus population thinking. In: Evolution and the diversity of life, ed. Mayr, E.. Harvard University Press. [JWD]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Harvard University Press. [BD, JWD, HCP]Google Scholar
Müller, M. (1872) Max Müller on Darwin's philosophy of language. Nature 1:145. [JWD]Google Scholar
Paley, W. (1836) Natural theology. Charles Knight. [JS]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned reflexes. Oxford University Press. [PRS]Google Scholar
Peterson, G. B., Wheeler, R. L. & Trapold, M. A. (1980) Enhancement of pigeons' conditional discrimination performance by expectancies of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:22–30. [WKH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, N. (1960) Control of behavior by presentation of an imprinted stimulus. Science 132:1395–96. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1979) Learning, change and evolution. Advances in the Study of Behaviour 10:1–41. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1981) A multiple-level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:225–68. [TJG, HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, G. R. (1972) Extension of covariance selection mathematics, Annals of Human Genetics 35:485–90. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pringle, J. W. S. (1951) On the parallel between learning and evolution. Behaviour 3:174–215. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulliam, H. R. & Dunford, C. (1980) Programmed to learn. Columbia University Press. [TJG]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning, vol. 2, Current research and theory, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Prentice-Hall. [JWD]Google Scholar
Rice, W. R. (1983) Parent-offspring pathogen transmission: A selective agent promoting sexual reproduction. American Naturalist 121:187–203. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1983) Fitness. Journal of Philosophy 80:457–73. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Routtenberg, A. & Lindy, J. (1965) Effects of the availability of rewarding septal and hypothalamic stimulation on bar pressing for food under conditions of deprivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60:158–61. [WW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schull, J. (in preparation) Evolution, learning, and intelligence. [JS]Google Scholar
Sherman, P. W. (1977) Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls. Science 197:1246–53. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrington, C. S. (1947) The integrative action of the nervous system. 2d ed.Yale University Press. [PRS]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1966) Thinking by computers. In: Mind and cosmos, ed. Colodny, R. C.. University of Pittsburgh Press. [TJG]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1931) The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology 5:427–58 [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1932) On the rate of formation of a conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology 7:274–86. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1937) Two types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal of General Psychology 16:272–79. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [rBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1959) A case history in the scientific method. In: Psychology: A study of science, ed. Koch, S.. McGraw-Hill. [PRS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1964) Behaviorism at fifty. In: Behaviorism and phenomenology, ed. Wann, T. W.. University of Chicago Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969) The phytogeny and ontogeny of behavior. In: Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond freedom and dignity. Knopf. [BD, taBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1974) About behaviorism. Alfred A. Knopf. [CBGC, PRS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1975) The shaping of phylogenic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24:117–20. [tarBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1983a) Can the experimental analysis of behavior rescue psychology? Behavior Analyst 6:9–17. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1983b) A matter of consequences. Knopf. (rBFS]Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. (1983) The evolution of life-history traits in mosquitofish since their introduction to Hawaii in 1905: Rates of evolution, heritabilities, and developmental plasticity. American Zoologist 23:65–75. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stearns, S. C. & Crandall, R. E. (1983) Plasticity for age and size at sexual maturity: A life-history response to unavoidable stress. In: Proceedings of the international symposium of the British Fisheries Society, ed. Wootton, R. J.. Academic Press. [SCS]Google Scholar
Swanson, L. W., Teyler, T. J. & Thompson, R. F. (1982) Hippocampal long term potentiation: Mechanisms and implications for memory. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin 5. [PRS]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F. (1976) The search for the engram. American Psychologist 31:209–27. [PRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Macmillan. [JS]Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. (1924) The nature of intelligence. Harcourt Brace. (TJG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1926) A behavioristic study of ideas. Psychological Review 33:352–69. [TJG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57. [JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. (1967) Selection of nutritive and nonnutritive solutions under different conditions of need. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63:429–33. [WW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waddington, C. H. (1968) The human evolutionary system. In: Darwinism and the study of society, ed. Banton, M.. Quadrangle Books. [TJG]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1969) Paradigm for an evolutionary process. In: Towards a theoretical biology, vol. 2, ed. Waddington, C. H.. Edinburgh University Press. [HCP]Google Scholar
Wade, M. J. (1978) A critical review of the models of group selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 53:101–14. [SCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, W. B. (1973) Psycholinguistics and Plato's paradoxes of the Meno. American Psychologist 28:15–33. [JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weismann, A. (1889) Essays on heredity and kindred biological problems. Oxford University Press. [JMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press. [RD, SCS]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975) A theory of group selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72:143–46. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, D. S. (1980) The natural selection of populations and communities. Benjamin/Commings. [GWB]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [GWB, JWD]Google Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1963) Intergroup selection in the evolution of social systems. Nature 200:623–26. [JWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyrwicka, W. (1975) The sensory nature of reward in instrumental behavior. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 10:23–51. [WW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyrwicka, W. (1980) Mechanisms of motivation in avoidance behavior. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 40:371–80. [WW]Google ScholarPubMed