No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
It's all a game
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984
References
Adams, D. B. (1979) Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:201–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1975) Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin 82:463–96. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alberch, P. (1980) Ontogenesis and morphological diversification. American Zoologist 20:653–67. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberch, P. & Alberch, J. (1981) Heterochronic mechanisms of morphological diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander Bolitoglossa occidentals (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). Journal of Morphology 167:249–64. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberch, P., Gould, S. J., Oster, G. F. & Wake, D. B. (1979) Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5:296–317. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcock, J. (1979) Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach. Sinauer Associates. [DCB]Google Scholar
Andersson, M. (1980) Why are there so many threat displays? Journal of Theoretical Biology 86:773–81. [rJMS, JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, S. J. (1978) The evolution of a special class of modifiable behaviours in relation to environmental pattern. American Naturalist 122:415–28. [JRK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1981) The emergence of cooperation among egoists. American Political Science Review 75:306–18. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–96. [tarJMS, RS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayala, F. J. (1972) Competition between species. American Scientist 60:348–57. [RJH]Google ScholarPubMed
Baker, R. R. (1972) Territorial behaviour of the mymphalid butterflies, Aglais urticac (L.) and Inachis io (L.) Journal of Animal Ecology 41:453–69. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balph, M. H., Balph, D. F. & Romesburg, H. C. (1979) Social status signalling in winter flocking birds: An examination of a current hypothesis. Auk 96:78–93. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Barlow, G. W. (1962a) Ethology of the Asian teleost Badis badis. I. Locomotion, maintenance, aggregation and fright. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 54:175–88. [GWB]Google Scholar
Barlow, G. W. (1962) Ethology of the Asian teleost Badis badis. III. Aggressive behavior. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 19:29–55. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, C. J. & Sibly, R. M. (1981) Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows. Animal Behaviour 20:543–50. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, D. T. & Cannings, C. (1978) A generalized war of attrition. Journal of Theoretical Biology 70:85–124. [rJMS, JEM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J. & Blanchard, D. C. (1977) Aggressive behavior in the rat. Behavioral Biology 21:197–224. [DCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J. & Blanchard, D. C. (1981) The organization and modelling of animal aggression. In: The biology of aggression, ed. Brain, P. F. & Benton, D.. Sythoff & Noordhoff. [DCB]Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. J. & Blanchard, D. C. (1983) Affect and aggression. In: Advances in the study of aggression, vol. 1, ed. Blanchard, R. J.& Blanchard, D. C.. Academic Press. [DCB]Google Scholar
Brain, P. F. (1981) Differentiating types of attack and defense in rodents. In: Multidisciplinary approaches to aggression research, ed. Brain, P. F. & Benton., D.Elsevier. [DCB]Google Scholar
Britten, R. J. & Davidson, E. H. (1971) Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences and a speculation on the origin of evolutionary novelty. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:111–33. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockmann, H. J., Grafen, A. & Dawkins, R. (1979) Evolutionarily stable nesting strategy in a digger wasp. Journal of Theoretical Biology 77:473–96. [JCM, tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1951) Iterative solution of games by fictitious play. In: Activity analysis of production and allocation, ed. Koopmans, T. C.. Wiley. [RS]Google Scholar
Burgess, J. W. (1976) Social spiders. Scientific American 03: 100–106. [rJMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caryl, P. G. (1979) Communication by agonistic displays: What can game theory contribute to ethology? Behaviour 68:136–69. [GWB, taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1976) Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129–36. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charnov, E. L. (1982) The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press. [taJMS]Google ScholarPubMed
Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Albon, S. D. (1979) The roaring of red deer and the evolution of honest advertisement. Behaviour 69:145–70. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, G. H. (1982) Determinants of choice. Nebraska symposium on motivation 1981. University of Nebraska Press. [AWL]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, N. B. (1978a) Ecological questions about territorial behaviour. In Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Sinauer Associates. [DCB]Google Scholar
Davies, N. B. (1978b) Territorial defence in the speckled wood butterfly. (Pararge aegeria): The resident always wins. Animal Behaviour 26:138–47. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, N. B. & Halliday, T. M. (1978) Deep croaks and fighting behaviour in toads Bufo bufo. Nature 274:683–85. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1980) Good strategy or evolutionarily stable strategy? In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture, ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J.. Westivew Press. [rJMS]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1978) Animal signals: Information or manipulation. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Sinauer Associates. [GWB]Google Scholar
de Villiers, P. A. (1977) Choice in concurrent schedules and a quantitative formulation of the law of effect. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & R, J. E.. Staddon. Prentice-Hall. [AWL, JCM]Google Scholar
deVore, I. (1965) Male dominance and mating behavior in baboons. In: Sex and behavior, ed. Beach, F. A.. Wiley. [GWB]Google Scholar
Dominey, W. (1980) Female mimicry in male bluegill sunfish – a genetic polymorphism? Nature 284:546–48. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einhorn, H. J. & Hogarth, R. M. (1981) Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology 32:53–88. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estabrook, G. F. & Jesperson, D. C. (1974) The strategy of a predator encountering a model-mimic system. American Naturalist 108:443–57. [JRK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, E. A. (1980) The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae). Animal Behaviour 28:620–33. [GWB, taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930) The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon Press. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannelly, K. J. & Blanchard, R. J. (1981) Dominance: Cause or description of social relationships. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:438–40. [DCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flood, M., Lendenmann, K. & Rapoport, A. (1983) 2x2 games played by rats. Behavioral Science 28:65–78. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geist, V. (1966) The evolution of horn-like organs. Behaviour 27:175–213. [rJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1983a) Agreements, conventions, and language. Synthese 54:375–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1983b) Notes on the concept of a social convention. New Literary History 14:225–51. [MG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1983c) Some limitations of rationality. Paper presented at the New Jersey Regional Philosophical Association meetings. [MG]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1981) Roles of early experience in species-specific perceptual development. In: Development of perception, vol. 1, ed. Aslin, R. N.Alberts, J. R. & Petersen, M. R.. Academic Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G., Johnston, T. D. & Scoville, R. P. (1982) Conceptions of development and the evolution of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:284. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, M. R. & Charnov, E. L. (1980) Alternative male life histories in bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:6937–40. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hailman, J. P. (1982) Evolution and behavior: An iconoclastic view. In: Learning, development, and culture, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1967) Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477–88. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, W. D. (1979) Wingless and fighting males in figwasps and other insects. In: Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects, ed. Blum, M. S. & Blum, N. A.Academic Press. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Hammerstein, P. & Parker, G. A. (1982) The asymmetric war of attrition. Journal of Theoretical Biology 96:647–82. [GWB, rJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, K. R. (1965) New directions in research on conflict resolution. Journal of Social Issues 21:44–66. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, K. R. & Brehmer, B. (1973) Quasi-rationality and distrust: Implications for international conflict. In: Human judgment and social interaction, ed. Rappoport, L. & Summers, D. A.. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [HJE]Google Scholar
Harley, C. B. (1981) Learning the evolutionarily stable strategy. Journal of Theoretical Biology 89:611–33. [GMH, TDJ, JRK, SEGL, tarJMS, JEM, RS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, B. (1978) Shell exchange in hermit crabs: Aggression, negotiation or both? Animal Behaviour 26:1278–79. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazlett, B. (1983) Interspecific negotiations: Mutual gain in exchanges of a limiting resource. Animal Behaviour 31:160–63. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961) Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4:267–72. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970) On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13:243–66. [GMH, SEGL, taJMS, JEM, JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1982) Melioration as behavior dynamism. In: Quantitative analysis of behavior, vol. 2, Matching and maximizing accounts, ed. Commons, M. L.Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [RJH]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Heyman, G. M. (1979) Is matching compatible with reinforcement maximization on concurrent variable interval variable ratio? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 31:209–23. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. & Vaughan, W. Jr (1980) Melioration and behavioral allocation. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [RJH, AWL]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. (1979) A Markov model description of changeover probabilities on concurrent variable-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 31:41–51. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, G. M. (1982) Is time allocation unconditioned behavior? In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 2, Matching and maximizing accounts, ed. Commons, M. L.Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [RJH]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. & Luce, R. D. (1979) Operant matching is not a logical consequence of maximizing reinforcement rate. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:133–40. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1970) Animal behaviour: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. 2d ed.McGraw-Hill. [GWB]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1981) Animal signals: Ethological and games-theory approaches are not incompatible. Animal Behaviour 29:535–42. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinson, J. M. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Hill-climbing by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 39:25–47. [SEGL, JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(in press) Matching, maximizing and hill climbing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. [JERS]Google Scholar
Hogarth, R. M. (1982) On the surprise and delight of inconsistent responses. In: New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Question framing and response consistency, ed. Hogarth, R. M.. Jossey-Bass. [HJE]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I., Kacelnik, A. & McNamara, J. (1982) Some learning rules for acquiring information. In: Functional ontogeny, ed. McFarland, D. J.. Pitman. [JRK]Google Scholar
Jaisson, P. (1975) Ľimpregnation dans ľontogenèse des comportements de soins aux cocons chez la jeune formi rousse (Formica polyceta Forst.). Behaviour 52:1–37. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, T. D. & Gottlieb, G. (1981) Epigenesis and phylogenesis: Reordering the priorities. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:243. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kacelnik, A. (1979) Studies of foraging behaviour in great tits (Parus major). D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University. [JRK]Google Scholar
Kacelnik, A. & Krebs, J. R. (in press) Foraging in a changing environment. In: Sixth Harvard symposium on quantitative analyses of behaviour: Foraging, ed. Commons, M. L.Nevin, A. & Shettleworth, S. J.. Ballinger. [JRK]Google Scholar
Killeen, P. R. (1981) Averaging theory. In: Quantification of steady state behaviour, ed. Bradshaw, C. M.Szabadi, E. & Lowe, C. F.. North Holland, Elsevier. [JRK]Google Scholar
Kluijver, H. N. (1951) The population ecology of the great tit, Parus m. major L. Ardea 39:1–135. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B., eds. (1978) Behavioural ecology. Sinauer Associates. [JERS]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Kacelnik, A. & Taylor, P. (1978) Test of optimal sampling by foraging great tits. Nature 275:27–31. [JRK, SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kummer, J., Götz, W. & Angst, W. (1974) Triadic differentiation: An inhibitory process protecting pair bonds in baboons. Behaviour 49:62–87. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lea, S. E. G. (1979) Foraging and reinforcement schedules in the pigeon: Optimal and non-optimal aspects of choice. Animal Behaviour 27:875–86. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1981) Correlation and contiguity in foraging theory. In: Advances in analysis of behaviour vol. 2, Predictability, correlation and contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. Wiley. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1983) The analysis of need. In: Animal cognition and behavior, ed. Mellgren, R. L.. North Holland. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. [ Dow, S. M. (in press) The integration of reinforcements over time. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Lester, N. P. (in press) The “feed-feed” decision: How goldfish solve the patch depletion problem. Behaviour. [JRK]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1972) Languages and language. In: Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 7, ed. Gunderson, Keith. University of Minnesota Press. [MG]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1979) Taste aversion and the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Bulletin 86:276–96. [AWL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logue, A. W. & Mazur, J. E. (1981) Maintenance of self-control acquired through a fading procedure: Follow-up on Mazur and Logue (1978). Behavior Analysis Letters 1:131–37. [SEGL, AWL]Google Scholar
Luce, R. D. & Raiffa, H. (1957) Games and decisions: Introduction and critical survey. Wiley. [RJH, JCM, RS]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1974) Time-sharing as a behavioural phenomenon. Advances in the Study of Behaviour 5:201–25. [rJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malone, J. C. Jr, (1982) The second offspring of general process learning theory: Overt behavior as the ambassador of the mind. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:205–9. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marler, P. & Tamura, M. (1964) Culturally transmitted patterns of vocal behavior in sparrows. Science 141:1483–86. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschak, T. & Selten, R. (1978) Restabilizing responses, inertia supergames, and oligopolistic equilibria. Quarterly Journal of Economics 92:71–93. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1956) Fertility, mating behaviour and sexual selection in Drosophila subobscura. Journal of Genetics 54:261–79. [rJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1977) Parental investment: A prospective analysis. Animal Behaviour 25:1–9. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1978) Optimisation theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 9:31–56. [RJH, rJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1979) Game theory and the evolution of behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B205:475–8. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1981) Will a sexual population evolve to an ESS? American Naturalist 117:1015–18. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1982a) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. [TJF, MG, tarJMS, RS, JERS, GCW]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1982b) Introduction. In: Current problems in sociobiology, ed. King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. [GWB]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1983) Game theory and the evolution of cooperation. In: Evolution from moleades to men, ed. Bendali, D. S.. Cambridge University Press. [rJMS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. & Price, G. R. (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nature 246:15–18. [GWB, DCB, RS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. & Riechert, S. E. (in press) A conflicting tendency model of spider agonistic behaviour: Hybrid-pure population line comparisons. Animal Behaviour. [rJMS]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1960) The emergence of evolutionary novelties. In: Evolution after Darwin, vol. 1, The emergence of life, ed. Tax, S.. University of Chicago Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1981) Optimization theory fails to predict performance of pigeons in a two-response situation. Science 214:823–25. [RJH, SEGL, AWL, taJMS, JEM, HR, JERS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. & Logue, A. W. (1978) Choice in a “self-control” paradigm: Effects of a fading procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 30:11–17. [SEGL, AWL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milinsky, M. (1979) An evolutionarily stable feeding strategy in sticklebacks. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 51:36–40. [taJMS, RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, W. H. & Kelleher, R. T. (1977) Determinants of reinforcement and punishment. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [JCM]Google Scholar
Nash, J. F. (1951) Non-cooperative games. Annals of Mathematics 54:286–95. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orians, G. H. & Pearson, N. E. (1979) On the theory of central place foraging. In: Analysis of ecological systems, ed. Horn, D. F.. Ohio State University Press. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Oster, G. & Alberch, P. (1982) Evolution and bifurcation of developmental programs. Evolution 36:444–59. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packer, C. (1977) Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature 265:441–43. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packer, C. (1979) Male dominance and reproductive activity in Papio anubis. Animal Behaviour 27:37–45. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. (1982) Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: Kin selection or game theory? Nature 296:740–42. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1970) The reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria L. (Diptera: Scatophagidae). II. The fertilization rate and the spatial and temporal relationships of each sex around the site of mating and oviposition. Journal of Animal Ecology 39:205–28. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1974) Assessment strategy and the evolution of animal conflicts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47:223–43. [GWB, tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. A. & Rubenstein, D. I. (1981) Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts. Animal Behaviour 29:2212–40. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, T. (1964) Evolutionary universals in society. American Sociological Review 29:339–57. [TJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prelec, D. (1982) Matching, maximizing and the hyperbolic reinforcement feedback function. Psychological Review 89:189–230. [RJH, JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D. (1971) Catching up with common sense or two sides of a generalization: Reinforcement and punishment. In: The nature of reinforcement, ed. Glaser, R.. Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Pulliam, H. R. & Dunford, C. (1980) Programmed to learn. Columbia University Press. [JRK]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1971) On the tautology of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:249–51. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:371–88. [JEM, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapoport, A. & Chammah, A. M. (1965) Prisoners dilemma: A study of conflict and cooperation. University of Michigan Press. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renner, K. E. (1964) Delay of reinforcement: A historical review. Psychological Bulletin 61:341–61. [AWL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riechert, S. E. (1982) Spider interaction strategies: Communication vs. coercion. In: Spider communication, ed. Witt, P. N. & Rovner, J. S.. Princeton University Press. [taJMS]Google Scholar
Robinson, J. (1951) An iterative method of solving a game. Aunals of Mathematics 54:296–301. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohwer, S. & Ewald, P. W. (1981) The cost of dominance and advantage of subordinance in a badge signalling system. Evolution 35:441–54. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackett, G. P., Holm, R. A. & Ruppenthal, G. C. (1976) Social isolation rearing: Species differences in behavior of macaque monkeys. Developmental Psychology 12:283–88. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoener, T. W. (1983) Simple models of optimal feeding-territory size: A reconciliation. American Naturalist 121:608–29. [GWB, rJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schotter, A. (1981) The economic theory of social institutions. Cambridge University Press. [TJF, MG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selten, R. (in press) Evolutionary stability in extensive 2-person games. Mathematical Social Sciences. [RS]Google Scholar
Shapley, L. S. (1964) Some topics in two-person games. In: Advances in game theory, ed. Dresher, M., Shapley, L. S. & Tucker, A. W.. Annals of Mathematical Studies no. 52. Princeton University Press. [RS]Google Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1966) Probabilistically reinforced choice behavior in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:443–55. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P. (1969) Optimal behavior in free-operant experiments. Psychological Review 76:97–112. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silberberg, A., Hamilton, B., Ziriax, J. M. & Casey, J. (1978) The structure of choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 4:368–98. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Simpson, M. J. A. (1968) The display of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Animal Behaviour Monograph 1:1–73. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, H. (1897) The principles of psychology, vol. 1. Appleton. 1st ed., 1855. [JCM]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimality analyses of operant behavior and their relation to optimal foraging. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [JERS]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press. [JERS]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. & Hinson, J. M. (in press) Optimization is a result not a mechanism. Science. [JERS]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R., Hinson, J. M. & Kram, R. (1981) Optimal choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:397–412. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staddon, J. E. R. & Motheral, S. (1978) On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments. Psychological Review 85:436–44. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steger, R. & Caldwell, R. L. (in press) Intraspecific deception by bluffing: A defense strategy of newly molted stomatopods (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Science. [GWB, rJMS]Google Scholar
Steiner, I. D. (1979) Social psychology. In: The first century of experimental psychology, ed. Hearst, E.. Erlbaum. [JCM]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W. (1982) Stochasticity in foraging theory: Risk and information. D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University. [JRK]Google Scholar
Thaler, R. (1980) Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1:39–60. [RHT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1913) Educational psychology, vol. 2. New York: Teacher's College. [JCM]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1983) The emperor's clothes: Assumptions of the matching theory. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 2, Matching and maximizing accounts, ed. Commons, M. L., Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Toda, M. (1962) The design of a fungus-eater: A model of human behavior in an unsophisticated environment. Behavioral Science 7:164–83. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57. [tarJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man (1871–1971), ed. Campbell, B. G.. Aldine-Atherton. [CWB]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict'. American Zoologist 14:249–64. [GWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ursin, H. (1981) Neuroanatomical basis of aggression. In: Multidisciplinary approaches to aggression research, ed. Brain, P. F. & Benton, D.. Elsevier. [DCB]Google Scholar
van Rhijn, J. G. & Vodegal, R. (1980) Being honest about one's intentions: An evolutionary stable strategy for animal conflicts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 85:623–41. [GWB, rJMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughan, W. Jr, (1981) Melioration, matching, and maximization. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 36:141–49. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughan, W. Jr, & Herrnstein, R. J. (in press) Stability, melioration, and natural selection. In: Advances in behavioral economics, vol. 1, ed. Green, L. & Kagel, J.. Ablex Publishing Corp. [RJH]Google Scholar
von Neumann, J. (1928) Zur Théorie der Gosellschaftsspiele. Mathematische Annalen 100:285–320. [AR]Google Scholar
Wagenaar, W. A. (1972) Generation of random sequences by human subjects: A critical survey of literature. Psychological Bulletin 77:65–71. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. C. (1975) Evolutionary importance of gene regulation. Stadler Symposia on Genetics 7:117–33. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Witham, T. G. (1980) The theory of habitat selection: Examined and extended using Pemphigus. American Naturalist 115:449–66. [taJMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar