Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:14:11.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hippocampus, space, and memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

David S. Olton ,
James T. Becker  and
Gail E. Handelmann
David S. Olton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 21218
James T. Becker
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 21218
Gail E. Handelmann
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 21218
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We examine two different descriptions of the behavioral functions of the hippocampal system. One emphasizes spatially organized behaviors, especially those using cognitive maps. The other emphasizes memory, particularly working memory, a short-term memory that requires iexible stimulus-response associations and is highly susceptible to interference. The predictive value of the spatial and memory descriptions were evaluated by testing rats with damage to the hippocampal system in a series of experiments, independently manipulating the spatial and memory characteristics of a behavioral task. No dissociations were found when the spatial characteristics of the stimuli to be remembered were changed; lesions produced a similar deficit in both spatial and nonspatial test procedures, indicating that the hippocampus was similarly involved regardless of the spatial nature of the task. In contrast, a marked dissociation was found when the memory requirements were altered. Rats with lesions were able to perform accurately in tasks that could be solved exclusively on the basis of reference memory. They performed at chance levels and showed no signs of recovery even with extensive postoperative training in tasks that required working memory. In one experiment all the characteristics of the reference memory and working memory procedures were identical except the type of memory required. Consequently, the behavioral dissociation cannot be explained by differences in attention, motivation, response inhibition, or the type of stimuli to be remembered. As a result of these experiments we propose that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.

Keywords

hippocampuslimbic lesionsprimatesrodentsspatial mappingworking memory
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , September 1979 , pp. 313 - 322
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adey, W. R. (1977) The sensorium and the modulation of cerebral states: tonic environmental influences on limbic and related systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 290: 396–420. [WRA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, J.; Brunner, R. L.; and Bayer, S. (1973) The hippocampus and behavioural maturation. Behavioral Biology 8: 557–96. [JNPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angevine, J. B. (1975) Development of the hippocampal region. In The hippocampus volume 1: structure and development, Edited by Isaacson, R. G. and Pribram, K. H., New York: Plenum Press, pp. 61–94. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anokin, P. K. (1968) Biology and neurophysiology of conditioned reflex. Moscow [LSG]Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. In Psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 2, edited by Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. J.. New York: Academic Press. [RFT]Google Scholar
Babb, T. L.; Carr, E.; and Crandall, P. H. (1973) Analysis of extracellular firing patterns of deep temporal lobe structures in man. Electroencephlaography and Clinical Neurophysiology 34: 247–257. [EH]Google Scholar
Barbiset, J. (1970) Human memory and its pathology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [MO]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1932) Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DGS]Google Scholar
Becker, J. T., and Olton, D. S. (in press) Object discrimination by rats: the role of frontal and hippocampal systems in retention and reversal. Physiology and Behavior. [DSO]Google Scholar
Becker, J. T.; Walker, J. A.; Olton, D. S.; and O'Connell, B. C. (1978) Neuroanatomical bases of short-term spatial memory in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 73. [DSO]Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. M. (1965) Review of “The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior.” Contemporary Psychology 10: 236. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, T. L. (1969) Evidence against the theory that hippocampal theta is a correlate of voluntary movement. Communications in Behavioral Biology 4: 165–69. [TLB]Google Scholar
Bennett, T. L. (1970) Hippocampal EEG correlates of behavior. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 28: 17–23. [TLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, T. L. (1971) Hippocampal theta and behavior: a review. Communications in Behavioral Biology 6: 37–48. [TLB]Google Scholar
Bennett, T. L. (1975) The electrical activity of the hippocampus and processes of attention. In The hippocampus, vol. 2: Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., New York: pp. 71–99. Plenum Press. [TLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, T. L., and Gottfried, J. (1970) Hippocampal theta and response inhibition. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 29: 196–200. [TLB]Google Scholar
Bennett, T. L.; Hébert, P. N.; and Moss, D. E. (1973) Hippocampal theta activity and the attention component of discrimination learning. Behavioral Biology 8: 173–81. [TLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T. W.; Alger, B.; and Thompson, R. F. (1976) Neuronal substrates of classical conditioning in the hippocampus. Science 192: 483–85. [TWB, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T. W.; Laham, R. I.; and Thompson, R. F. (1979) Hippocampal unit-behavior correlations during conditioning. Unpublished manuscript [TWB]Google Scholar
Berger, T. W.; Swanson, G. W.; Milner, T. A.; Lynch, G. S.; and Thompson, R. F. (1979, in press) Reciprocal connections between hippocampus and subiculum in the rabbit: evidence for subicular innervation of regio superior. Brain Research. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, T. W., and Thompson, R. F. (1978) Identification of pyramidal cells as the critical elements in hippocampal neuronal plasticity during learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 75: 1572–76. [TWB DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T. W., and Thompson, R. F. (1978a) Neuronal plasticity in the limbic system during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. I. The hippocampus. Brain Research 145: 323–46. [TWB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beritashvili, I. S. (1974) Memory of vertebrae, its characteristics and origin. Moscow: Nauka. [LSG]Google Scholar
Beritoff, I. S. (1965) Neural mechanisms of higher vertebrate behavior. Boston: Little, Brown. [JB]Google Scholar
Berry, S. D., and Thompson, R. F. (1979a, in press) Medial septal lesions retard classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response in rabbits. Science. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, S. D., and Thompson, R. F. (1979b) Prediction of learning rate from the hippocampal EEG. Science 200: 1,298–1,300. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, M. R., and Best, P. J. (1976) The effects of state of consciousness and latent inhibition on hippocampal unit activity in the rat during conditioning. Experimental Neurology 51: 564–73. [TWB, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, P. J., Olmstead, C. E.; and Mays, L. E. (1973) Unit activity in the hippocampus during sleep and waking in rats. Sleep Research 1: 17–25. [DSO]Google Scholar
Birt, D., Nieuhuis, R.; and Olds, M. (1979) Separation of associative from nonassociative short latency changes in medial geniculate and inferior colliculus during differential conditioning and reversal in rats. Brain Research 167: 129–38. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, A. H. (1975) Hippocampal electrical activity and behavior. In The hippocampus, vol. 2: Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 129–67. New York: Plenum Press. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, A. H.; Augerinos, G.; and Suzuki, S. (1978) Stimulus control of behavior on the 8 arm maze. Presented at meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [DSO]Google Scholar
Black, A. H.; Nadel, L.; and O'Keefe, J. (1977) Hippocampal function in avoidance learning and punishment. Psychological Bulletin 84: 1107–29. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boast, C. A.; Zornetzer, S. F.; and Hamrick, M. R. (1975) Electrolytic lesions of various hippocampal subfields in the mouse: differential effects on short-and long-term memory. Behavioral Biology 14: 85–94. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, G. ed. (1977) Human memory basic processes. New York: Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Brion, S. (1969) Korsakoff's syndrome: clinico-anatomical and physiological considerations. In The pathology of memory, edited by Talland, G. A. and Waugh, N. C.. New York: Academic Press. [MO]Google Scholar
Brown, T. S.; Kaufman, P. G.; and Marco, L. A. (1969) The hippocampus and response perseveration in the cat. Brain Research 12: 86–98. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bureŝová, O. (1980, in press) Spatial memory and instrumental conditioning. Ada Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cala, L. A.; Jones, B.; Mastaglia, F. L.; and Wiley, B. (1978) Brain atrophy and intellectual impairment in heavy drinkers-a clinical, psychometric and computerized tomography study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 8: 147–53. [MO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cermak, L. S.; Reale, L.; and Baker, E. (1978) Alcoholic Korsakoff patients’ retrieval from semantic memory. Brain and Language 5: 215–26. [GW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charnov, E. L. (1976) Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9: 129–36. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, C.V.H., and Isaacson, R. L. (1965) Effect of bilateral hippocampal ablation on DRL performance. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59: 137–40. [DSO]Google Scholar
Clark, G. A.; Berger, T. W.; and Thompson, R. F. (1978) The role of entorhinal cortex during classical conditioning: evidence for entorhinal-dentate facilitation. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 217. [TWB]Google Scholar
Cohen, N., and Squire, L. R. (1979) Acquisition of motor and verbal skill in the amnesic syndrome. International Neuropsychological Society Abstracts 24: [LRS]Google Scholar
Corkin, S. (1968) Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal lobe excision. Neuropsyckologia 6: 225–65. [LRS]Google Scholar
Correll, R. E., and Scoville, W. B. (1965) Performance on delayed match following lesions of medial temporal lobe structures. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60: 360–67. [JAH, AM, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, R. E., and Scoville, W. B. (1967) Significance of delay in the performance of monkeys with medical temporal lobe resections. Experimental Brain Research 4: 85–96. [AM, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covich, A. P. (1976) Analyzing shapes of foraging areas: some ecological and economic theories. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 7: 235–57. [DSO]Google Scholar
Craig, S. L., and Jarrard, L. E. (1977) Unpublished data described in L. E. Jarrard, Selective hippocampal lesions: differential effects on performance by rats of a spatial task with preoperative versus postoperative training, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 1119–27, 1978. [DSO]Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. (1971) Primary memory. British Medical Bulletin 27: 232–36. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalland, T. (1970) Response and stimulus perseveration in rats with septal and dorsal hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 71: 114–18. [JO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalland, T. (1976) Response perseveration of rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions. Behavioral Biology 17: 473–84. [JO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCastro, J. M. (1974) A selective spatial discrimination deficit after fornicotomy in the rat. Behavioral Biology 12: 373–82. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCastro, J. M., and Balagura, S. (1975) Fornicotomy: effect on the primary and secondary punishment of mouse killing by LiCl poisoning. Behavioral Biology 13: 483–89. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1966) Cues for spontaneous alternation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 62: 171–83. [DSO]Google Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1967) The hippocampus and behavior. Psychological Bulletin 67: 416–42. [TLB, RJD, LEJ, DSO, JNPR, RFT, MLW]Google Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1972) Paviovian conditioning and the brain. In inhibition and learning, edited by Boakes, R. A. and Halliday, M. S., pp. 529–53. [TLB, RJD, PJL]Google Scholar
Douglas, R. J. (1975) The development of hippocampal function: implications for theory and for therapy. In The hippocampus, voi. 2: Neurophysiology and behuvior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 327–61. New York: Plenum Press. [RJD, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J., and Isaacson, R. L. (1964) Hippocampal lesions and activity. Psychonomic Science 1: 187–88. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J., and Pribram, K. H. (1966) Learning and limbic lesions. Neuropsychologia 4: 197–220. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, R. J., and Truncer, P. C. (1976) Parallel but independent effects of pentobarbital and scopolamine on hippocampus-related behavior. Behavioral Biology 18: 359–67. [RJD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drachman, D. A., and Arbit, T. (1966) Memory and the hippocampal complex. II. Is memory a multiple process? Archives of Neurology 15: 52–61. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drachman, D. A., and Ommaya, A. K. (1964) Memory and the hippocampal complex. Archives of Neurology 10: 411–25. [CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DSO]Ellen, P., and Aitken, W. C. Jr, (1970) Absence of overresponding on a DRL schedule by hippocampally lesioned rats. Physiology and Behavior 5: 489–95. [ID, PE, DSO]Google Scholar
Ellen, P.; Aitken, W. C. Jr; and Walker, R. (1973) Pretraining effects on performance of rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81: 622–28. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellen, P., and DeLoache, J. (1968) Hippocampal lesions and spontaneous alternation behavior in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 3: 857–60. [PE, DSO]Google Scholar
Ellen, P., and Wilson, A. S. (1963) Perseveration in the rat following hippocampal lesions. Experimental Neurology 8: 310–17. [PE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finger, S. (1978a) Environmental attenuation of brain lesion symptoms. In Recovery from brain damage, edited by Finger, S., pp. 297–329. New York: Plenum Press. [DGS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finger, S. (1978b) Lesion momentum and behavior. In Recovery from brain damage, edited by Finger, S., pp. 135–64. New York: Plenum Press. [DGS]Google Scholar
Fletcher, W. J. (1965) The delayed response problem. In Behavior of non-human primates, edited by Schier, A. M., Harlow, H. F., andStounitz, F.. New York: Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Franchine, J. J., and Brown, T. S. (1970) Response patterning and extinction in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 70: 66–72. [JO, DSO, HMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franchine, J. J., and Brown, T. S. (1971) Reward magnitude shift effects in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 76: 365–70. [HMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaffan, D. (1972) Loss of recognition memory in rats with lesions of the fornix. Neuropsychologia 10: 327–41. [JO, DSO, JNPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaffan, D. (1974) Recognition impaired and association intact in the memory of monkeys after transection of the fornix. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86: 1100–9. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaffan, D. (1977) Recognition memory after short retention intervais in fornix-transected monkeys. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29: 577–88. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallup, G. G. Jr, (1974) Animal hypnosis: factual status of a fictional concept. Psychological Bulletin 81: 836–53. [MLW]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S. (1973) On the role of pallidum and hippocampus in mechanisms of afferent synthesis. In Principles of system organisation of functions, pp. 193–202. Moscow: Nauka [LSG]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S., and Garibian, A. A. (1973). Neocortico-pallido Hippocampal integrating system. In Brain and Motor Activity, edited by Gambarian, L. S., pp. 225–233. Yerevan: The Armenian Academy of Sciences. [LSG]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S.: Garibian, A. A.; Sarkisian, J. S.; and Ganadian, (1971) Conditioned motor reflexes in cats with damage to the globus pallidus. Experimental Brain Research 12: 92–104. [LSG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gambarian, L. S.; Hecht, K.; Sarkisov, G. T.; Koval, I. N.; Kazarian, G. M.; Garibian, A. A.; and Sarkisian, J. S. (1979) On the role of the hippocampus in conditioned activity. J. Veski Neroni Dehatelnosti, 29: 56–62. [LSG]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S.; Kazarian, A. G.; and Garibian, A. A. (1978) Conditioned motor feeding reflexes in cats with damage to the putamen. In Physiological mechanisms of the movements, edited by Gambarian, L. S., pp. 218–236. Yerevan: The Armenian Academy of Sciences. [LSG]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S., and Koval, I. N. (1973) The Hippocampus physiology and morphology, edited by Garibian, A. A.. Yerevan: The Armenian Academy of Sciences. [LSG]Google Scholar
Gambarian, L. S.; Koval, I. N.; Garibian, A. A.; and Sarkisian, J. S. (1972) Conditioned motor reflexes in cats with damage to the hippocampus. Experimental Brain Research 15: 15–28. [LSG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentile, A. M.; Green, S.; Nieburgs, A.; Schmelzer, W.; and Stein, D. G. (1978) Disruption and recovery of locoraotor and manipulatory behavior following cortical lesions in rats. Behavioral Biology 22: 417–55. [DGS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. (1965) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part I Brain 88: 237–94. [ID, DSO]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1965a) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part II. Brain 88: 585–644. [ID, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, P. S., and Galkin, T. W. (1978) Prenatal removal of frontal association cortex in the fetal rhesus monkey: anatomical and functional consequences in postnatal life. Brain Research 152: 451–85. [DGS]Google Scholar
Goldman, P. S.; Rosvold, H. E.; Vest, B.; and Galkin, T. W. (1971) Analysis of the delayed alternation deficit produced by dorsolateral prefrontal lesions in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77: 212–20. [ID]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goss-Custard, J. D. (1977) Predator responses and prey-mortality in Redshank Tringa totanus (L.) and preferred prey Corophium voltutar (Pallas). Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 21–35. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grastyán, E.; Lissák, K.; Madrász, L.; and Donhoffer, H. (1959) Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditioned reflexes. Electroencephalograpky and Clinical Neurophysiology 11: 409–30. [TLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A.; Feldon, J.; Rawlins, J. N. P.; Owen, S.; and McNaughton, N. (1978) The role of the septo-hippocampal system and its noradrenergic afférents in behavioural responses to non-reward. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 275–300, Ciba Foundation Symposium 58 New York: Elsevier. [JNPR]Google Scholar
Gray, L. (in press) The feeding diversity of deermice. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. [DSO]Google Scholar
Gray, L., and Tardiff, R. R. (in press) The development of feeding diversity in deermice, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. [DSO]Google Scholar
Gross, C. G.; Chorover, S. L.; and Cohen, S. M. (1965) Caudate, cortical, hippocampal and dorsal thalamic lesions in rats: alternation and Hebb-Williams maze performance. Neuropsychologia 3: 53–68. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddad, R. K.” and Rabe, A. (1967) Effect of selective hippocampal lesions in the rat on DRL 20 acquisition. Journal of Psychological Studies 15: 106–21. [DSO]Google Scholar
Halgren, E., Babb, T. L.; and Crandall, P. H. (1978) Activity of human hippocampal formation and amygdala neurons during memory testing. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 45: 585–601. [TWB, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E., Babb, T. L.; and Crandall, P. H. (1978a) Human hippocampal EEG desynchronizes during attentiveness and movement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44: 778–81. [EH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E.; Babb, T. L.; Rausch, R.; and Crandall, P. H. (1977) Neurons in the human basolateral amygdala and hippocampal formation do not respond to odors. Neuroscience Letters 4: 331–35. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halgren, E.; Ravagnati, L.; Babb, T. L.; and Crandall, P. H. (in press). Activity of human hippocampal formation and amygdala units during sleep. Sleep. [EH]Google Scholar
Halgren, E.; Walter, R. D.; Cherlow, D. G.; and Crandall, P. H. (1978). Mental experiences evoked by electrical stimulation of the human hippocampal formation and amygdala. Brain 101: 83–117. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, M. F., and Livesey, P. J. (1977). Brightness discrimination learning under conditions of cue enhancement by rats with lesions in the amygdala or hippocampus. Brain Research 125: 277–92. [PJL]Google ScholarPubMed
Handelmann, G. E.; Coyle, J. T.; and Olton, D. S. (1978). Lesions of CA3 pyramidal cells with kainic acid impairs spatial memory in rats. Society for Neuroscience abstracts 4: 221. [DSO]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M.; Oscar-Berman, M.; Bonner, R. T.; and Ryder, J. (1979, in press) Some differences between Korsakoff and normal operant performance. Psychology Research. [MO]Google Scholar
Hill, A. J. (1978) First occurrence of hippocampai spatial firing in a new environment. Experimental Neurology 62: 282–97. [EH, DSO]Google Scholar
Hirsh, R. (1970) Lack of variability or perseveration: describing the effect of hippocampal ablation. Psychology and Behavior 5: 1249–54. [DSO, JAW]Google ScholarPubMed
Hirsh, R. (1974) The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: a theory. Behavioral Biology 12: 421–44. [RWB, LEJ, DSO, HMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoehler, R. K., and Thompson, R. F. (1979) The effect of ISI on classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Unpublished manuscript. [TWB]Google Scholar
Hoehler, R. K., and Thompson, R. F. (1980a, in press) Effect of the interstimulus (CS-UCS) interval on hippocampal unit activity during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoehler, R. K., and Thompson, R. F. (1980b, in press) The effect of single temporal alternation on learned increases in hippocampal unit activity in classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Physiological Psychology. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honig, W. K. (1978) Studies of working memory in the pigeon. In Cognitive processes in animal behavior, edited by Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H., andHonig, W. K., pp. 211–248. Hiilsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [WKH, LE], DSO, JNPR, RFT, SFZ]Google Scholar
Horel, J. A. (1978) The neuroanatomy of amnesia. Brain 101: 403–45. [JAH, LEJ, DSO, MO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horel, J. A., and Keating, E. G. (1969) Partial Kliiver-Bucy syndrome produced by cortical disconnection. Brain Research. 6: 281–84. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao, S., and Isaacson, R. L. (1971) Learning of food and water positions by hippocampus damaged rats. Physiology and Behavior 6: 81–83. [HMS]Google Scholar
Isaacson, R. L. (1972a) Neural systems of the limbic brain and behavioral inhibition. In inhibition and learning, edited by Boakes, R. and Halliday, J.. New York: Academic Press. [MLW]Google Scholar
Isaacson, R. L. (1972b) Hippocampal destruction in man and other animals. Neuropsychologia 10: 47–64. [LRS, MLW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaacson, R. L. (1974) The limbic system. New York: Plenum Press. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacson, R. L., and Kimble, D. P. (1972) Lesions of the limbic system: their effects upon hypotheses and frustration. Behavioral Biology. 7: 767–93. [RLI]Google Scholar
Isaacson, R. L., and Pribram, K. H., eds. (1975) The hippocampus. 2 vols. New York: Plenum Press. [MO, RFT]Google Scholar
Isseroff, A. (1979) Limited recovery of spontaneous alternation after extensive hippocampal damage: evidence for a memory impairment. Experimental Neurology 64: 284–94. [SFZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isseroff, A.; Leveton, L.; Freeman, G.; Lewis, M.; and Stein, D. G. (1976) Differences in the behavioral effects of single-stage and serial lesions of the hippocampus. Experimental Neurology 53: 339–54. [DGS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, M., and Olds, J. (1971) Unit activity during self-stimulation behavior. journal of Neurophysiology 34: 263–73. [HMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iversen, S. D. (1973) Brain iesions and memory in animals. In The physiological basis of memory, edited by Deutsch, J. A., pp. 305–64. New York, Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Iversen, S. D. (1976) Do hippocampal lesions produce amnesia in animals? International Review of Neurobioiogy 19: 1–49. [DSO, LRS]Google Scholar
Iversen, S. D. (1977) Temporal lobe amnesia. In Amnesia, edited by Whitty, C.W. M. and Zangwill, O. L.. Boston: Butterworths. [MO]Google Scholar
Iversen, S. D. (1970) and L., Weiskraniz (1970) An investigation of a possible memory deficit produced by inierotemporal lesions in the baboon. Neuropsychologia 8: 21–36. [LEJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, W. J. (1968) A comment on “The hippocampus and behavior.” Psychological Bulletin 69: 20–22. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, W. J., and Strong, P. N. (1969) Differential effects of hippocampal lesions upon sequential tasks and maze learning by the rat. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68: 442–50. [JO, DSO]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. (1965) Hippocampal ablation and operant behavior in the rat. Psychonomic Science Society 2: 115–16. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. (1975) Role of interference in retention by rats with hippocampal lesions. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89: 400–8. [LEJ, JO, DSO, GW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E. (1976) Anatomical and behavioral analysis of hippocampal cell fields inrats, journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 1035–50. [LEJ, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. (1978a) Selective hippocampal lesions and spatial discrimination in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 222. [EH, JAH, LEJ, DSO, JAW]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. (1978b) Selective hippocampal lesions: differential effects on performance by rats of a spatial task with preoperative versus postoperative training. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 1119–27. [LEJ, JO, DSO, LRS, SFZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E. (1979) Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior. Paper presented at the workshop on the Role of the Hippocampus in Learning and Memory, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. [LEJ]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E., and Becker, J. T. (1977) The effects of selective hippocampal lesions on DRL behavior in rats. Behavioral Biology 21: 393–404. [LEJ, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrard, L. E., and Isaacson, R. L. (1965) Runway response perseveration in the hippocarnpectomised rat: determined by extinction variables. Nature 207: 109–10. [JNPR]Google Scholar
Johnson, C. T.; Olton, D. S.; Gage, F. H. III; and Jenko, P. G. (1977) Damage to hippocampus and hippocampal connections: effects on DRL and spon taneous alternation, journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 508–22. [JO, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B., and Mishkin, M. (1972) Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus-reinforcement associations. Experimental Neurology 36: 362–77. [DSO]Google Scholar
Jones, M. K. (1974) Imagery as a mnemonic aid after left temporal lobectomy: contrast between material-specific and generalized memory disorders. Neuropsychologia 12: 21–30. [LRS]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1975) Systematic nectar foraging: or, learning can be important in the field. Paper presented at meeting of Psychonomic Society, Denver, Colo. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1977) An ecological approach to the comparative analysis of learning. Paper presented at meeting of Psychonomic Society, Washington, D.C. [DSO]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1978) Learning and memory in the wild: systematic foraging by a nectar feeding bird, the Amakihi (Loxops virens). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 388–96. [DSO]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1969) Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In Punishment and aversive behavior, edited by Campbell, B. and Church, R.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [TLB]Google Scholar
Kapur, N. (1979) Computerized tomography of alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Neuropsychologia 17. [MO]Google Scholar
Kelche, C. R., and Will, B. E. (1978) Effets de l'environnement sur la restauration fonctionnelle après lesions hippocampiques chez les rats adultes. Physiology and Behavior 21: 935–41. [DGS]Google Scholar
Kesner, R. P., and Wilburn, M. W. (1974) A review of electrical stimulation of the brain in the contest of learning and retention. Behavioral Biology 10: 259–93. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, D. P. (1963) The effects of bilateral hippocampal lesions in rats. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56: 273–83. [RH, DSO]Google Scholar
Kimble, D. P. (1968) Hippocampus and internal inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 68: 285–95. [ID, LEJ, PJL, DSO, LRS, MLW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, D. P. (1975) Choice behavior in rats with hippocampal lesions, In The hippocampus, vol. 2: Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 309–26. New York: Plenum Press. [DSO, JAW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, D. P.; Anderson, S.; BreMiller, R.; and Dannen, E. (1979) Hippocampal lesions, superior cervical ganglia removal, and behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior 22: 461–66. [DPK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimble, D. P., and Kimble, R. J. (1970) The effect of hippocampal lesions on extinction and “hypothesis” behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior 5: 735–38. [RJD, RH, DSO]Google Scholar
Kimble, D. P., and Pribram, K. H. (1963) Hippocampectomy and behavior sequences. Science 139: 824–25. [DPK]Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M., and Wood, F. (1975) Short-term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome, In Short-term memory processes, edited by Deutsch, D. and Deutsch, J. A., pp. 257–91. New York: Academic Press. [DSO, MO, GW]Google Scholar
Kirkby, R. J.; Stein, D. G.; Kimble, R. J.; and Kimble, D. P. (1967) Effects of hippocampal lesions and duration of sensory input on spontaneous alternation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 64: 342–45. [JO, DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, B. E., and Nonneman, A. J. (1974) Frontolimbic lesions and social behavior in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 13: 637–43. [MLW]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. (1973) Behavioral aspects of prédation. In Perspectives on ethology, vol. 1, edited by Bateson, P. G. and Klopfer, P., pp. 73–111. New York: Plenum Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R.; Ryan, J. C.; and Charnov, E. L. (1974) Hunting by expectation or optimal foraging? A study of patch use by chickadees. Animal Behavior 22: 953–64. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurence, S., and Stein, D. G. (1978) Recovery after brain damage and the concept of localization of function. In Recovery from brain damage, edited by Finger, S., pp. 369–409. New York: Plenum Press. [DGS]Google Scholar
Lawicka, W. (1972) Prereal syndrome in dogs. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 32: 261–76. [ID]Google Scholar
Lhermette, F., and Signoret, J.-L. (1976) The amnesic syndrome and the hippocampal-mammillary system. In Neural mechanisms of learning and memory, edited by Rosenzweig, M. R. and Bennett, E. L.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MO]Google Scholar
Livesey, P. J. (1975) Fractionation of hippocampal function in learning. In The hippocampus, vol. 2: Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 279–307. New York: Plenum Press. [PJL, DSO]Google Scholar
Livesey, P. J. (1978) Discussants' comments. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 346–48, 414–17. Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [PJL]Google Scholar
Livesey, P. J., and Bayliss, J. (1975) The effects of electrical (blocking) stimulation to the dentate of the rat on learning of a simultaneous brightness discrimination and reversal. Neuropsychologia 13: 397–407. [PJL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesey, P. J., and Meyer, A. (1975) Functional differentiation in the dorsal hippocampus with local electrical stimulation during learning by rats. Neuropsychologia 13: 431–38. [PJL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesey, P. J., and Rankine-Wilson, J. (1975). Delayed alternation learning under electrical (blocking) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in the cat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88: 342–54. [PJL]Google Scholar
Livesey, P. J., and Wearne, G. (1973) The effects of electrical (blocking) stimulation to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat on learning of a simultaneous brightness discrimination. Neuropsychologia 11: 75–84. [PJL, DSO]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1966) Higher cortical functions in man. London: Tavistock. [PJL]Google Scholar
McCleary, R. A. (1966) Response modulating functions of the limbic system: initiation and suppression. In: Progress in brain research, vol. 1, edited by Stellar, E. and Sprague, J. M., pp. 209–72. New York: Academic Press. [PJL]Google Scholar
MacDougall, J. M.; Van Hoesen, G. W.; and Mitchell, J. C. (1969) Anatomical organization of septal projections in maintenance of DRL behavior in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68: 568–75. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDougall, J. M.; Van Hoesen, G. W.; and Mitchell, J. C. (1969a) Development of post SR and post non SR DRL performance and its retention following septal lesions in rats. Psychonomic Science 16: 45–46. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGowan, B. K.; Hankins, W. G.; and Garcia, J. (1972) Limbic lesions and control of the internal and external environment. Behavioral Biology 7: 841–52. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magni, S.; Krekule, I.; and Burešs, J. (1979, in press) Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice behavior of rats. Journal of neuroscience methods. [JB]Google Scholar
Mahut, H. (1971) Spatial and object reversal learning in monkeys with partial temporal lobe ablation. Neuropsychologia 9: 409–29. [JAH, HM, DSO]Google Scholar
Mahut, H. (1972) A selective spatial deficit in monkeys after transection of the fornix. Neuropsychologia 10: 65–74. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahut, H., and Condeau, J. P. (1963) Spatial reversal deficit in monkeys with amygdalohippocampal ablations. Experimental Neurology 7: 426–34. [HM, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahut, H., and Zola, S. M. (1973) A non-modality specific impairment in spatial learning after fornix lesions in monkeys. Neuropsychologia 11: 255–69. [DSO]Google Scholar
Maki, W. S., Brokofsky, S., and Berg, B. (1979) Spatial memory in rats: resistance to retroactive interference. Animal Learning and Behavior 7: 25–30. [JAH, LN, DSO]Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., and Teuber, H.-L. (1975) Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: recognition of public figures from newsphotographs. Neuropsychologia 13: 353–64. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, S. T., and Fibiger, H. C. (1979) On the specificity of kainic acid. Science 204: 1,339–41. [DPK]Google Scholar
Mays, L. E., and Best, P. J. (1975) Hippocampal unit activity to tonal stimuli during arousal from sleep and in awake rats. Experimental Neurology 47: 268–79. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Means, L. W., Leander, J. D.; and Isaacson, R. L. (1971) The effect of hippocampectomy on alternation behavior and response to novelty. Physiology and Behavior 6: 17–22. [JO, DSO]Google Scholar
Means, L. W.; Walker, D. W.; and Isaacson, R. L. (1970) Facilitated single-alternation of go, no-go acquisition following hippocampectomy in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 72: 278–85. [PJL, DSO]Google Scholar
Means, L. W.; Woodruff, M. L.; and Isaacson, R. L. (1972) The effect of a twenty-four hour intertriai interval on the acquisition of spatial discrimination by hippocampally damaged rats. Physiology and Behavior 8: 457–62. [JO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meibach, R. C., and Siegel, A. (1977) Efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. Brain Research 124: 197–224. [TWB]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1973) Chimpanzee spatial memory organization. Science 182: 943–45. [JB]Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1968) Preface: material-specific and generalized memory loss. Neuropsychologia 6: 175–79. [DSO, JNPR]Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1972) Disorders of learning and memory after temporai-lobe lesions in man. Clinical Neurosurgery 19: 421–46. [LRS]Google Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1968) Further analysis of hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14 year follow-up study of H. M. Neuropsychologia 6: 215–34. [DPK, DSO, LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1958). Visual discrimination impairment after cutting cortical connections between the inferotemporal and striate areas in monkeys. American Psychologist 13: 414–23. [DSO]Google Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1966) Visual mechanisms beyond the striate cortex. In Frontiers of physiological psychology, pp. 93–119. New York: Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1972) Cortical visual areas and their interactions. In Brain and human behavior, edited by Karczmar, A. G. and Eccles, J. C.. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. [DSO]Google Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1978) Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature 273: 297–98. [HM, DSO]Google Scholar
Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; and Teuber, H.-L. (1979) Analogous neural models for tactual and visual learning. Neuropsychologia 17: 139–51. [ID]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M., and Delacour, J. (1975) An analysis of short-term visual memory in the monkey. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1: 326–34. [JAH]Google ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M., and Oubre, J. L. (1976) Dissociation of deficits on visual memory tasks after inferior temporal and amygdala lesions in monkeys. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 2: 1,127. [JAH]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M., and Pribram, K. H. (1954) Visual discrimination performance following partial ablations of the temporal lobe: I. Ventral surface versus hippocampus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47: 187–93. [DSO]Google Scholar
Moore, J. W., and Stickney, K. J. (1979, in press) Formation of attentional-associative networks in real time: role of the hippocampus and implications for conditioning. Physiological Psychology. [TWB]Google Scholar
Morrison, J.; Molliver, M.; and Grzanna, R. (1979) Noradrenergic innervation of cerebral cortex: widespread effects of local cortical lesions. Science 205: 313–16. [DGS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosko, S.; Lynch, G.; and Cotman, C. W. (1973) The distribution of septal projections to the hippocampus of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 152: 163–74. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, M., Zola, S., and Mahut, H. (1979, in preparation) Concurrent discrimination learning of monkeys after hippocampal, entorhinal or fornix lesions. [HM]Google Scholar
Nadel, L., and O'Keefe, J. (1974) The hippocampus in pieces and patches: an essay on modes of explanation in physiological psychology. In Essays on the nervous system. A festschrift for Professor J. 2. Young, edited by Bellairs, R. and Gray, E. G.. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Nadel, L.; O'Keefe, J.; and Black, A. (1975) Slam on the brakes: a critique of Altman, Brunner, and Bayer's response-inhibition model of hippocampal function. Behavioral Biology 14: 151–62. [DSO, JNPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonneman, A. J., and Kolb, B. E. (1974) Lesions of hippocampus or prefrontal cortex alter species-typical behaviors in the cat. Behavioral Biology 12: 41–54. [MLW]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1973) What have animal experiments taught us about human memory? In The physiological basis of memory, edited by Deutsch, J. A.. New York: Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Numan, R. (1978) Cortical-limbic mechanisms and response control: a theoretical review. Physiological Psychology 6: 445–70. [MO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öberg, R. G. E., and Divac, I. (1979, in press) “Cognitive” functions of the neostriatum. In The neostriatum, edited by Divac, I. and Öberg, R. G. E.. New York: Pergamon Press. [ID]Google Scholar
Öberg, R. G. E., and Oscar-Berman, M. (1976) Comparative aspects of human neuropsychology. Paper presented at the European Brain and Behavior Society Meetings, London.Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1976) Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Experimental Neurology 51: 78–109. [EH, DSO, HMS]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (in press) A review of the hippocampal place cells. Progress in Neurobiology. [DSO]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Black, A. H. (1978) Single unit and lesion experiments on the sensory inputs to the hippocampal cognitive map. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 179–98. Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [PJL, JO, DSO]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Conway, D. H. (1978) Hippocampal place units in the freely moving rat: why they fire where they fire. Experimental Brain Research 31: 573–90. [EH, JO; DSO]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Dostrovsky, J. (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map. Fieliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely moving rat Brain Research 34: 171–75. [DSO]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [TWB, RDB, SAD, EH, RH, RGMM, AJN, JO, DSO, MO, JNPR, WRS, RFT, GW, MLW, SFZ]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J.; Nadel, L.; Keightley, S.; and Kill, D. (1975) Fornix lesions selectively abolish place learning in the rat. Experimental Neurology 48: 152–66. [DSO]Google Scholar
O'Kelly, L. I. (1963) Psychophysiology of motivation. Annual Review of Psychology 14: 57–92. [ID]Google Scholar
Olds, J. (1972) Learning and the hippocampus. Review of Canadian Biology 31: 215–38. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olds, J.; Disterhoft, J. F.; Segal, M.; Kornblith, C. L.; and Hirsh, R. (1972) Learning centers of rat brain mapped by measuring latencies of conditioned unit responses. Journal of Neurophysiology 35: 202–19. [TWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olmstead, C. E.; Best, P. J.; and Mays, L. E. (1973) Neural activity in the dorsal hippocampus during paradoxical sleep, slow wave sleep and waking. Brain Research 60: 381–91. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1972) Discrimination reversai performance after hippocampal lesions: an enduring failure of reinforcement and non-reinforcement to direct behavior. Physiology and Behavior 9: 353–56. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1972a) Discrimination behavior in the rat: differential effects of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Phychology 79: 284–90. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1978a) Characteristics of spatial memory. In Cognitive aspects of animal behavior, edited by Hülse, S. H., Fowler, H., andHonig, W. K., pp. 341–73. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [RDB, JO, DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1978b) The function of septo-hippocampal connections in spatially organized behavior. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 327–49, Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [AJN, DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1979) Mazes, maps, and memory. American Psychologist 34: 583–96. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S.; Becker, J. T.; and Handelmann, G. E. (in press) Hippocampal function: working memory or cognitive mapping? Physiological Psychology. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S.; Branch, M.; and Best, P. J. (1978) Spatial correlates of hippocampal unit activity. Experimental Neurohgy 58: 387–409. [DSO, HMS]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Collison, C. (1979) Intramaze cues and “odor trails” fail to direct choice behavior on an elevated maze. Animal Learning and Behavior 7: 221–23. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S.; Collison, C.; and Werz, M. A. (1977) Spatial memory and radial arm maze performance in rats. Learning and Motivation 8: 289–314. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Feustle, W. (1979) Hippocampal function and nonspatial memory, (unpublished manuscript) [JAH, RGMM, DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Papas, B. C. (in press) Spatial memory and hippocampal function. Neuropsychologia. [JAH, LEJ, RGMM, DSO, JAW]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Samuelson, R. J. (1976) Remembrance of places passed: spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2: 97–116. [LEJ, DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Schlosberg, P. (1978) Food searching strategies in young rats: win-shift predominates over win-stay. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 609–18. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S.; Walker, J. A.; and Gage, F. H. (1978) Hippocampal connections and spatial discrimination. Brain Research 139: 295–308. [JB, DSO, LRS]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., and Werz, M. A. (1978) Hippocampal fund ion and behavior: spatial discrimination and response inhibition. Physiology and Behavior 20: 597–605. [DSO]Google Scholar
Orbach, J., Milner, B.; and Rasmussen, T. (1960) Learning and retention in monkeys after amygdala-hypocampus resection. Archives of Neurology 3: 230–51. [DSO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M. (1973) Hypothesis testing and focusing behavior during concept formation by amnesic Korsakoff patients. Neuropsychologia 11: 191–98. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M. (1978) Commentary. In Event related brain potentials in man, edited by Tueting, Callaway P., andKoslow, S. H.. New York: Academic Press. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M., and Gade, A. (1979) Electrodermal measures of arousal in humans with cortical or subcortical brain damage. In The orienting reflex in humans, edited by Kimrnel, H. D., van Olst, E. H., andOrlebeke, J. F.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M.; Goodglass, H.; and Cherlow, D. G. (1973) Perceptual laterally and iconic recognition of visual materials by Korsakoff patients and normal adults. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 82: 316–21. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M.; Sahakian, B. J.; and Wikmark, G. (1976) Spatial probability learning by alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2: 215–22. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M., and Samuels, I. (1977) Stimulus-preference and memory factors in Korsakoff's syndrome. Neuropsychologia 15: 99–106. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M., and Zola-Morgan, S. M. (1979a, submitted for publication) Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. I: Spatial and visual reversal learning. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M., and Zola-Morgan, S. M. (1979b, submitted for publication) Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. II: Two-choice visual discrimination learning. [MO]Google Scholar
Oscar-Berman, M., and Zola-Morgan, S. M. (1979c, submitted for publication) Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. Ill: Delayed response, delayed alternation, and DRL performance. [MO]Google Scholar
Overton, D. A. (1964) State-dependent or “dissociated” learning produced with pentobarbital. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 57: 3–12. [DSO]Google Scholar
Patterson, M. M.; Berger, T. W.; and Thompson, R. F. (1979) Neuronal plasticity recorded from cat hippocampus during classical conditioning. Brain Research 163: 339–43. [TWB]Google Scholar
Penfield, W., and Mathieson, G. (1974) Memory: autopsy findings and comments on the role of hippocampus in experimental recall. Archives of Neurology Chicago 31: 145–54. [JAH]Google Scholar
Penfield, W., and Milner, B. (1958) Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 79: 475–97. [PJL, DSO]Google Scholar
Platt, J. R. (1964) Strong inference. Science 146: 347–53. [DSO]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometrie explorations of mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [RFT]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H.; Douglas, R. J.; and Pribram, B. J. (1969) The nature of non limbic learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 69: 765–72. [PJL]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H., and Isaacson, R. L. (1975) Summary. In The Hippocampus, vol. 2, Neurophysiology and Behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 429–41. New York: Plenum Press. [RDB]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H.; Wilson, W. A.; and Connors, J. (1962) Effect of lesions of the medial forebrain on alteration behavior of rhesus monkeys. Experimental Neurology 6: 36–47. [DSO]Google Scholar
Pulliam, H. R. (1974) On the theory of optimal diets. American Naturalist 108: 59–74. [DSO]Google Scholar
Purpura, D. P. (1959) Contribution in discussion of E. Grastyán's The hippocampus and higher neurons activity. In The central nervous system and behavior, edited by Brazier, M. A. B.. New York: J. Macy Foundation. [TLB]Google Scholar
Racine, R. J., and Kimble, D. P. (1965) Hippocampal lesions and delayed alternation in the rat. Psychonomic Science 3: 285–86. [EH, LEJ, DPK, JO, DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranck, J. B. (1973) Studies on single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats. Part 1. Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires. Experimental Neurology 41: 461–535. [DSO, HMS]Google Scholar
Ranck, J. B. (1978) In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, p. 310. Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [JO]Google Scholar
Reichman, O. J., and Oberstein, D. (1977) Selection of seed distribution types by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus amplus. Ecology 58: 636–643. [DSO]Google Scholar
Reitan, R. M. (1966) Problems and prospects in studying the psychological correlates of brain damage. Cortex 2: 127–54. [DGS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Restle, F. (1957). Discrimination of cues in mazes: a resolution of the “placevs.-response” question. Psychological Review 64: 217–28. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickert, E. J.; Bennett, T. L.; Lane, P.; and French, J. (1978) Hippocampectomy and the attenuation of blocking. Behavioral Biology 22: 147–60. [TLB, RJD]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A. (1979) Spatial memory in the rat on a hierarchical maze. Learning and Motivation 10: 117–40. [DSO]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A. (1978) Some studies of spatial memory in the rat. Paper presented at meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [LN, DSO]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. W.; December, W. N.; and Brodwick, M. (1962) Alternation and exploration in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55: 695–700. [DSO]Google Scholar
Rosvold, W. E., and Szwarcbart, M. K. (1964) Neural structures involved in delayed-response performance. In The frontal granular cortex and behavior, edited by Warren, J. M. and Akert, K.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [HM, DSO]Google Scholar
Rowland, V. (1966) Stereotaxic techniques and the production of lesions. In Neuroendocrinology, vol. 1, edited by Martini, L. and Ganong, W. F., pp. 107–37. New York: Academic Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Rozin, P. (1976) The psychobiological approach to human memory. In Neural mechanisms of learning and memory, edited by Rosenzweig, M. R. and Bennett, E. L., pp. 3–46. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [EH, MO]Google Scholar
Salafia, W. R.; Romano, A. G.; Tynan, T.; and Host, K. C. (1977) Disruption of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nietitating membrane conditioning by posttrial electrical stimulation of hippocampus. Physiology and Behavior 18: 207–12. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, I. (1972) Hippocampal lesions in the rat: effects on spatial and visual habits. Physiology and Behavior 8: 1093–97. [DSO]Google Scholar
Sarnat, H., and Netsky, M. (1974). Evolution of the nervous system. New York: Oxford University Press. [RDB]Google Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1966a) The effects of preliminary training conditions upon DRL performance in the hippocampectomized rat. Physiology and Behavior 1: 175–82. [TLB, DSO]Google Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1966b) Retention of a DRL-20 schedule by hippocampectomized and partially neodecorticate rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 62: 128–32. [DSO]Google Scholar
Schmaltz, L. W., and Isaacson, R. L. (1968) The effect of blindness on DRL-20 performances exhibited by animals with hippocampal destruction. Psychonomic Science 11: 241–42. [DSO]Google Scholar
Sehoener, T. W. (1971) Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemutics 2: 369–404. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenfeld, T. A., and Hamilton, L. W. (1977) Secondary brain changes following lesions: a new paradigm for lesion experimentation. Physiology and Behavior 18: 951–67. [DSO, DGS]Google Scholar
Schwarcz, R., and Goyie, J. T. (1977) Striatal lesions with kainic acid: neuro-chemical characteristics. Brain Research 127: 235–49. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwob, J. E.; Fuller, T.; and Price, J. L. (1978) Distribution of cellular degeneration following systemic or intracerebral injection of kainic acid. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 227. [DSO]Google Scholar
Scovilie, W. B., and Milner, R. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 20: 11–21. [DSO, LRS]Google Scholar
Segal, M. (1973) Flow of conditioned unit Responses in limbic teiencephalic system of the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology 36: 840–54. [TWB]Google Scholar
Segal, M., and Bloom, F. E.. (1976) The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. II. Hippocampal cellular responses to locus coeruleus stimulation in the awake rat. Brain Research 107: 499–511. [HMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segal, M.; Disterhoft, J. F.; and Olds, J. (1972) Hippocampal unit activity during classical aversive and appetive conditioning. Science 175: 792–94. [DSO]Google Scholar
Segal, M., and Olds, J. (1972) Behavior of units in hippocampal circuit of the rat during learning. Journal of Neurophysiology 35: 680–90. [TWB, DSO]Google Scholar
Sinnamon, H. M.; Fremere, S.; and Kootz, J. (1978) Rat hippocampus and memory for places of changing significance. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 142–155. [DSO]Google Scholar
Sinnamon, H. M., and Schwartzbaum, J. S. (1973) Dorsal hippocampal unit and EEF responses to rewarding and aversive brain stimulation in rats. Brain Research 56: 183–202. [HMS]Google Scholar
Smith, J. N. M. (1974) The food searching behavior of two European thrushes. II: The adaptiveness of the search patterns. Behavior 49: 1–61. [DSO]Google Scholar
Solomon, P. R. (1977) Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned in hibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 407–17. [TWB]Google Scholar
Solomon, P. R. (1979, in press) Temporal versus spatial information processing theories of hippocampal function. Psychological Bulletin. [TWB]Google Scholar
Spevack, A. A., and Pribram, K. H. (1973) Decisional analysis of the effects of limbic lessons on learning in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 82: 211–26. [PJL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegler, B. J., and Mishkin, M. (1978) Evidence for the sequential participation or inferior temporal cortex and amygdala in stimulus-reward learning. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 263. [DSO]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. and Cohen, N. (1979) Memory and amnesia: resistance to disruption of inferior temporal cortes and amygdala in stimulus-reward learning. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4: 263. [DSO]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., and Slater, P. C. (1978) Anterograde and retrograde memory impairment in chronic amnesia. Neuropsychologia 16: 313–22. [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R.; Slater, P. C.; and Chace, P. M. (1975) Retrograde amnesia: temporal gradient in very long term memory following electrocortvulsive therapy. Science 187: 77–79. [LRS]Google Scholar
Stein, D. G.; Rose, J. J.; Graziadei, J.; Mishkin, D.; and Brink, J. (1969) Central nervous system: recovery of function. Science 166: 528–30. [DGS]Google Scholar
Stevens, R. (1973) Effects of duration of sensory input and intertriai interval on spontaneous alternation in rats with hippocampal lesions. Physiological Psychology 1: 41–44. [JO, DSO]Google Scholar
Stevens, R., and Cowey, A. (1973) Effects of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on spontaneous alternation, learned alternation, and probability learning in rats. Brain Research 52: 203–24. [DSO]Google Scholar
Suzuki, S.; Augerinos, G.; and Black, A. H. (1979, in press) Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight arm maze in rats. Learning and Motivation. [LN, JO, DSO]Google Scholar
Swarsson, L. W., and Cowan, W. M. (1977) An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 172: 49–84. [TWB, LEJ]Google Scholar
Talland, G. A. (1965) Deranged memory. New York: Academic Press. [MO]Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L. (1955) Physiological psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 6: 267–96. [DSO]Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L. (1974) Recovery of function after lesions of the central nervous system: history and prospects. In Functional recovery after lesions of the central nervous system, edited by Eidelberg, E. and Stein, D. G.. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin 12: 197–211. [DGS]Google Scholar
Thomas, G.; Hostetter, G.; and Barber, D. J. (1968) Behavioral functions of the limbic system. In Progress in physiological psychology, edited by Stellar, E. and Sprague, J. M., vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. [PE, DSO]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F.; Berger, T. W.; Berry, S. D.; Hoehler, F. K.; Kettner, R. E.; and Weiss, D. J. (1980, in press). Hippocampal substrate of classical conditioning. Physiological Psychology. [RFT]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F.; Berger, T. W.; Cegavske, C. F.; Patterson, M. M.; Roeimer, R. A.; Teyler, T. J.; and Young, R. A. (1976) The search for the engrain. American Psychologist 31: 209–27. [DSO]Google Scholar
Toledo-Morrell, Leylade; Hoeppner, Thomas J.; and Morrell, Frank. (1979). Conditioned inhibition: selective response of single units. Science 204: 528–30. [JAH]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932) Purposive behavior in animals and man. New York. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DGS]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972) Episodic and semantic memory. In Organization of memory, edited by Tulving, E. and Donaldson, W. D.. New York: Academic Press. [DPK, DSO, MO, GW]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1971) Limbic-diencephalic mechanisms of voluntary movement. Psychological Review 78: 83–113. [PJL, RFT]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H.; Kramis, R.; Gillespie, L. A.; and Bland, B. H. (1975) Hippocampal rhythmic slow activity and neocortical low-voltage fast activity: relations to behavior. In The hippocampus, Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H.. New York: Plenum Press. [ID]Google Scholar
Vanegas, H., & Flynn, J. P. (1968) Inhibition of cortically-elicited movement by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus. Brain Research 11: 489–506. [RFT]Google Scholar
Van Hoesen, G. W.; Rosene, D. L.; and Mesulam, M. M. (1979) Subicular input from temporal cortex in the Rhesus monkey. Science 205: 608–10. [SAD, EH]Google Scholar
Victor, M.; Adams, R. D.; and Collins, G. H. (1971). The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Philadelphia: Davis Publications. [MO]Google Scholar
Victor, M., and Banker, B. Q. (1978) Alcohol and dementia. In Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and related disorders vol. 7: Aging, edited by Katzman, R., Terry, R. D., andBick, K. L.. New York: Raven Press. [MO]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S. (1975) The hippocampus and memory. Moscow: Nauka. [LSG]Google Scholar
Walker, D. W.; Means, L. W.; and Isaacson, R. L. (1970) The effects of hippocampal and cortical lesions on single alternation go, no-go acquisition in rats. Psychonomic Science 21: 29–31. [PJL, DSO]Google Scholar
Walker, D. W.; Messer, L. G.; Freund, G.; and Means, L. W. (1972) Effect of hippocampal lesions and interinal interval on single-alternation performance in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80: 469–77. [JO, DSO, JNPR]Google Scholar
Walker, E. L. (1956) The duration and course of the reaction decrement and the influence of reward. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 49: 167–76. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, J. A. (1978) Differential effects of limbic system lesions on long-term and short-term spatial memory in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Ab stract's 4: 229. [JAW]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A. (1978a) A behavioral and neurological analysis of rat spatial memory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. [DSO]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A., and Olton, D. S. (1979, submitted for publication) Fimbria-fornix lesions impair working memory but not cognitive mapping in rats. [JAW]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A., and Olton, D. S. (1979) The role of response and reward in spatial memory. Learning and Motivation 10: 73–84. [DSO]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A., and Olton, D. S. (in press) Spatial memory deficit following fimbria-fornix lesions: independent of time for stimulus processing. Physiology and Behavior. [DSO]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A.; Skinner, L.; Kosobud, A.; Hennesey, C.; and Black, J. (1979, in preparation) Fimbria-fornix lesions impair both acquisition and retention of working memory task, but not of reference memory task. [JAW]Google Scholar
Walsh, R. N., and Greenough, W. T., eds. (1976) Environments and therapy for brain dysfunction. Advances in behavioral biology 17. New York: Plenum Press. [DGS]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1968) New method of testing longterm retention with special reference to amnesic patients. Nature 217: 972–74. [DSO]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1968a) A study of learning and retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 6: 283–91. [ROB]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1971) Organizational aspects of memory in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 9: 67–73. [DSO]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1973) An analysis of short-term and long-term memory defects in man. In The physiological basis of memory, edited by Deutsch, J. A., pp. 365–95. New York: Academic Press. [TLB]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K., and Weiskrantz, L. (1974) The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 12: 419–28. [DSO]Google Scholar
Waxier, M., and Rosvold, H. E. (1970) Delayed alternation in monkeys after removal of the hippocampus. Neuropsychologia 8: 137–49. [DSO]Google Scholar
Webster, W. G. (1973) Assumptions, conceptualizations, and the search for the functions of the brain. Physiological Psychology 1: 346–50. [DSO]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1974) Brain research and parallel processing. Physiological Psychology 2: 53–54. [DSO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1978) A comparison of hippocampal pathology in man and other animals. In: Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 373–87. Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [JAH, DSO, MO, JNPR]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., and Warrington, E. K. (1970a) A study of forgetting in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 8: 281–88. [DSO]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., and Warrington, E. K. (1970b) Verbal learning and retention by amnesic patients using partial in formation, Psychonomic Science 20: 210–11. [DSO]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., and Warrington, E. K. (1975) The problem of the amnesic syndrome in man and animals. In The hippocampus, vol. 2: Neurophysiology and behavior, edited by Isaacson, R. L. and Pribram, K. H., pp. 411–28. New York: Plenum Press, [RDB, RJD, LEJ, DSO]Google Scholar
Whitham, T. G. (1977) Coevolution of foraging In Bombus and nectar dispensing in Chilopsis: a last dregs theory. Science 197: 593–95. [DSO]Google Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1979) Chunking and consolidation: a theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system. Psychological Review 86: 44–60. [LEJ]Google Scholar
Wickens, D. D.; Born, D. G.; and Allen, C. K. (1963) Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2: 440–45. [DSO]Google Scholar
Wikmark, R. G. E.: Divac, I.; and Weiss, R. (1973). Retention of spatial delayed alternation in rats with lesions in the frontal lobes. Implications for a comparative neuropsychology of the prefrontal system. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 8: 329–39. [ID]Google Scholar
Will, B. E., and Rosenzweig, M. R. (1976) Effets de l'environnement sur la recuperation fonctionelle après lesions cerebrales chez Ses rats adultes. Biological Behavior 1: 5–16. [DGS]Google Scholar
Winocur, G. (1978) In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, pp. 344–45, Ciba Foundation Symposium 58. New York: Elsevier. [JNPR]Google Scholar
Winocur, G. (1979a) The effects of interference on discrimination learning and recall by rats with hippocampal lesions. Physiology and Behavior 22: 339–45. [LEJ, GW]Google Scholar
Winocur, G. (1979b, in press) The amnesic syndrome: a deficit in cue-utilization. In Memory and amnesia, edited by Cermak, L. S.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [GW]Google Scholar
Winocur, G., and Breckenridge, C. B. (1973) Cue-dependent behavior of hippocampally damaged rats in a complex maze, journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 82: 512–22. [RJD]Google Scholar
Winocur, G., and Mills, J. A. (1970) Transfer between related and unrelated problems following hippocampal lesions in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 73: 162–69. [DSO]Google Scholar
Winocur, G., and Olds, J. (1978) Effects of context manipulation on memory and reversal learning in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 312–21. [LEJ, DSO, JNPR, GW]Google Scholar
Winocur, G., and Weiskrantz, L. (1976) An investigation of pair-associate learning in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 14: 97–110. [LEJ, DSO]Google Scholar
Wood, F. (1974) The amnesic syndrome as a defect in retrieval from episodic memory. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. [LRS]Google Scholar
Woodruff, M. L. (1977) Limbic modulation of contact defensive immobility (“animal hypnosis”). The Psychological Record 27: 161–75. [MLW]Google Scholar
Woodruff, M. L., and Bailey, S. D. (in press) Hippocampal lesions and immobility responses in the rat. Physiological Psychology. [MLW]Google Scholar
Woodruff, M. L.; Fish, B. S.; and Alderman, A. O. (1977) Epileptiform lesions of rat hippocampus and acquisition of two-way avoidance. Physiology and Behavior 19: 401–10. [MLW]Google Scholar
Woodruff, M. L.; Hatton, D. C.; and Meyer, M. E. (1975) Hippocampal ablation prolongs immobility response in rabbits (oryctolagus cunicuius). journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88: 329–34. [MLW]Google Scholar
Zach, R., and Falls, J. B. (1976) Ovenbird (Aves: Parulidae) hunting behavior in a patchy environment: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 54: 1863–97. [DSO]Google Scholar
Zola, S. M., and Mahut, H. (1973) Paradoxical facilitation of object reversal learning after transection of the fornix in monkeys. Neuropsychologia 11: 271–84. [DSO]Google Scholar
Zola, S. M., and Mahut, H. (1977) Ontogenetic time-table for the development of the three functions in infant macaques and the effects of early hippocampal damage upon them. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 3: 428. [HM]Google Scholar
Zoladek, L., and Roberts, W. A. (1978) The sensory basis of spatial memory in the rat. Animal Learning and Behavior 6: 77–81. [JB, DSO]Google Scholar