Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:54:48.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Group evolutionary strategies: Dimensions and mechanisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Kevin MacDonald
Kevin MacDonald*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, California State University-Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840-0901. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Article Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , December 1994 , pp. 629 - 630
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R. D. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [aDSW, KM]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1985) A biological interpretation of moral systems. Zygon 20:3–20. [JM]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1988) Knowledge, intent and morality in Darwin's world. Quarterly Review of Biology 63:441–43. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1989) Evolution of the human psyche. In: The human revolution, ed. Mellars, P. & Stringer, C.. Princeton University Press. [aDSW, JM]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1992) Biological considerations in the analysis of morality. In: Evolutionary ethics, ed. Nitecki, M. H. & Nitecki, D. V.. State University of New York Press. [aDSW, RHF]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. & Borgia, G. (1978) Group selection, altruism and the levels of organization of life. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:449–75. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Allee, W. C. (1943) Where angels fear to tread: A contribution from general sociology to human ethics. Science 97:517–25. [aDSW, RD]Google Scholar
Allison, S. T. & Messick, D. M. (1987) From individual inputs to group outputs, and back again: Group presses and inferences about members. In: Croup processes, ed. Hendrick, C., Sage. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Aoki, K. (1982) A condition for group selection prevails over individual selection. Evolution 36:832–42. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Aoki, K. (1983) A quantitative genetic model of reciprocal altruism: A condition for kin or group selection to prevail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 80:4065–68. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Archer, J. (1991) Human sociobiology: Basic concepts and limitations. Journal of Social Issues 47:11–26. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Arnold, S. J. & Wade, M. J. (1984a) On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: Theory. Evolution 38:709–18. [CJG]Google Scholar
Arnold, S. J. & Wade, M. J. (1984b) On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: Applications. Evolution 38:720–34. [CJG]Google Scholar
Aviles, L. (1986) Sex-ratio bias and possible group selection in the social spider Anelosimus eximius . American Naturalist 128:1–12. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Aviles, L. (1993) lnterdemic selection and the sex ratio: A social spider perspective. American Naturalist 142:320–45. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1980a) Effective choices in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict Resolution 24:3–25. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1980b) More effective choices in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict Resolution 24:379–403. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–96. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1992) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. (1991) The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Erlbaum. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Bell, G. (1978) Group selection in structured populations. American Naturalist 112:389–99. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Bellis, M. A. & Baker, R. R. (1990) Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans. Animal Behavior 40(5):997–99. [GFM]Google Scholar
Bercovitch, F. B. (1988) Coalitions, cooperation and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons. Animal Behaviour 36:1198–1209. [JM]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1986) Despotism and differential reproduction: A Darwinian view of history. Aldine. [GFM, KM]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1992) Roman polygýny. Ethology and Sociobiology 13:309–51. [KM]Google Scholar
Boehm, C. (1981) Parasitic selection and group selection: A study of conflict interference in rhesus and Japanese macaque monkeys. In: Primate behavior and sociobiology, ed. Chiarelli, A. B. & Corruccini, R. S.. Springer-Verlag. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boehm, C. (1993) Egalitarian behavior and reverse dominance hierarchy. Current Anthropology 34:227–54. [JM]Google Scholar
Boehm, C. (1994) Cultural selection mechanics in human groups. Current Anthropology. In press. [rDSW]Google Scholar
Boorman, S. A. & Levitt, P. R. (1973) Group selection on the boundary of a stable population. Theoretical Population Biology 4:85–128. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boorman, S. A. & Levitt, P. R. (1980) The genetics of altruism. Academic Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Lorberbaum, J. (1987) No pure strategy is evolutionarily stable in the repeated prisoner's dilemma game. Nature 327:58–59. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1980) Effect of phenotypic variation on kin selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:7506–9. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1982) Cultural transmission and the evolution of cooperative behavior. Human Ecology 10:325–51. [aDSW, EAS]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press. [arDSW, DTC, EAS]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1988) The evolution of reciprocity in sizable groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology 132:337–56. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1989) The evolution of indirect reciprocity. Social Networks 11:213–36. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1990a) Culture and cooperation. In: Beyond self-interest, ed: Mansbridge, J. J.. University of Chicago Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1990b) Group selection among alternative evolutionarily stable strategies. Journal of Theoretical Biology 145:331–42. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L. (1963) Structural reduction in evolution. American Naturalist 97:39–49. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L. (1964) The fate of the “classic” Neanderthals: A consideration of hominid catastrophism. Current Anthropology 5:3–43. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L. (1979) Biological parameters and Pleistocene hominid life-ways. In: Primate ecology and human origins: Ecological influences on social organization, ed. Bernstein, I. S. & Smith, C. O.. Garland Press. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L. (1991) The stages of human evolution, 4th ed. Prentice-Hall. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L. (in press) Modern human origins and the dynamics of regional continuity. In: Prehistoric mongoloid dispersals symposium, ed. Akazawa, T. & Szathmary, E.. Oxford University Press. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brace, C. L., Smith, S. L. & Hunt, K. D. (1991) What big teeth you had Grandma! Human tooth size past and present. In: Advances in dental anthropology, ed. Kelley, M. A. & Larsen, C. S.. Wiley-Liss. [CLB]Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1978) Adaptation and evolutionary theory. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 9:181–206. [KEH]Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1990) Organism and environment. Princeton University Press. [aDSW, KEH]Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. & Burian, R. M., eds. (1984) Genes, organisms, populations: Controversies over the units of selection. MIT Press. [DLH]Google Scholar
Bratman, M. (1993) Shared intention. Ethics 104:97–113. [MG]Google Scholar
Braver, S. & Bamett, B. (1976) Effects of modelling on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma game. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33:161–69. [LAD]Google Scholar
Breden, F. J. & Wade, M. J. (1989) Selection within and between kin groups of the imported willow leaf beetle. American Naturalist 134:35–50. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1973) Instinct and innate behavior: Toward an ethological psychology. In: The study of behavior: Learning, motivation, emotion, and instinct, ed. Nevin, J. A.. Scott, , Foresman, . [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., ed. (1985) Foundations of comparative ethology. Benchmark Papers in Behavior Series. Van Nostrand Reinhold. [GMB]Google Scholar
Buss, L. W. (1987) The evolution of individuality. Princeton University Press. [arDSW, AH]Google Scholar
Camazine, S. (1991) Self-organizing pattern formation on the combs of honey bee colonies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28:61–76. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Camazine, S. & Sneyd, J. (1991) A model of collective nectar source selection by honey bees: Self organization through simple rules. Journal of Theoretical Biology 149:547–71. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1958) Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science 3:14–25. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1974) “Downward causation” in hierarchically organized biological systems. In: Studies in the philosophy of biology, ed. Ayala, F. J. & Dobzhansky, T. Macmillan, . [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1975) On the conflicts between biological and social Evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [CDB, DTC]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1979) Comments on the sociobiology of ethics and moralizing. Behavioral Science 24:37–45. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1983) The two distinct routes beyond kin selection to ultra-sociality: Implications for the humanities and social sciences. In: The nature of prosocial development: Interdisciplinary theories and strategies, ed. Bridgeman, D. L.. Academic Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1991) A naturalistic theory of archaic moral orders. Zygon 26:91–114. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1994) How individual and face-to-face-group selection undermine firm selection in organizational evolution. In: Evolutionary dynamics of organizations, ed. Baum, J. A. C. & Singh, J. V.. Oxford University Press. [aDSW, MB, EAS]Google Scholar
Caporael, L. R., Dawes, R. M., Orbell, J. M. & Van de Kragt, A. J. C. (1989) Selfishness examined: Cooperation in the absence pf egoistic incentives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:683–739. [aDSW, MEH]Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1989) Nature's capacities and their measurement. Oxford University Press. [JD]Google Scholar
Cassidy, J. (1978) Philosophical aspects of the group selection controversy. Philosophy of Science 45:574–94. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Feldman, M. (1978) Darwinian selection and altruism. Theoretical Population Biology 14:268–80. [aDSW, EAL]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1975) Genealogy, solidarity, and relatédncss: Limits to local group size and patterns of fissioning in an expanding population. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 19:95–110. [LC]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1979) Is reproductive success equal in egalitarian societies? In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W.. Duxbury Press. [LC]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1992) Yanomamo (4th ed.). Jovanovich, Harcourt Brace. [LC]Google Scholar
Chao, L. & Levin, B. (1981) Structured habitats and the evolution of anti competitor toxins in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 78:6324–28. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Charlesworth, B. (1979) A note on the evolution of altruism in structured domes. American Naturalist 113:601–5. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Charlesworth, B. & Toro, M. A. (1982) Female-biased sex ratios. Nature 298:494. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1982) The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Chepko-Sade, B. D., Dow, M. M. & Cheverud, J. M. (1988) Croup selection models with population substructure based on social interaction networks. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:427–33. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cloak, F. T. Jr (1986) The causal logic of natural selection: A general theory. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 3:132–86. [FTC]Google Scholar
Cohen, D. & Eshel, I. (1976) On the founder effect and the evolution of altruistic traits. Theoretical Population Biology 10:276–302. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Colwell, R. K. (1981) Group selection is implicated in the evolution of femalebaised sex ratios. Nature 290:401–4. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A. & Richards, A. F. (1992) Dolphin coalitions. In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals, ed. de Waal, F. B. M. & Harcourt, A. H.. Oxford University Press. [JM]Google Scholar
Cook, R. C. (1954) The North American Hutterites: A study in human multiplication. Population Bulletin 10:97–107. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J. (1981) Cytoplasmic inheritance and intragenomic conflict. Journal of Theoretical Biology 89:83–129. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J. (1987) From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missing link. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupré, J.. MIT Press. [aDSW, PEC]Google Scholar
Craig, D. M. (1982) Group selection versus individual selection: An experimental analysis. Evolution 36:271–82. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Crespi, B. J. & Bookstcin, F. L. (1989) A path-analytic model for the measurement of selection on morphology. Evolution 43:18–28. [CJG]Google Scholar
Crespi, B. J. & Taylor, P. D. (1990) Dispersal rates under variable patch selection. American Naturalist 135:48–62. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cronin, H. (1991) The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW, KEH, EAL]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. C. (1990) Gethenian nature, human nature, and the nature of reproduction: A fantastic flight through ethnographic hyperspaee. Paper presented at The Fantastic Imagination and New Critical Theories: An Interdisciplinary Literature Conference, College Station, TX, March. [LC]Google Scholar
Crow, J. F. (1955) General theory of population genetics: Synthesis. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 20:54–59. [JFC]Google Scholar
Crow, J. F. (1979) Genes that violate Mendel's rules. Scientific American 240:104–13. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Crow, J. F. & Aoki, K. (1982) Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: A differential proliferation model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79:2628–31. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Crow, J. F. & Aoki, K. (1984) Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: Estimating the degree of population subdivision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:6073–77. [aDSW, JFC]Google Scholar
Crozier, R. H. (1987) Selection, adaption and evolution. Journal and Proceedings. Royal Society of New South Wales 120:21–37. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Crozier, R. H. & Consul, P. C. (1976) Conditions for genetic polymorphism in social Hymenoptera under selection at the colony level. Theoretical Population Biology 10:1–9. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983) Sex, evolution and behavior, 2d ed. Willard Grant Press. [JAS]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Damuth, J. (1985) Selection among “species”: A formulation in terms of natural functional units. Evolution 39:1132–46. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Damuth, J. & Heisler, I. L. (1988) Alternative formulations of multilevel selection. Biology and Philosophy 3:407–30. [aDSW, CJG]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Murray. [aDSW, JM]Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M., Van de Kragt, A. J. C. & Orbell, J. M. (1988) Not me or thee but we: The importance of group identity in eliciting cooperation in dilemma situations: Experimental manipulations. Acta Psychologica 68:83–97. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [aDSW, AH, DLH, KEH, EAS, NST]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1978) Replicator selection and the extended phenotype. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47:61–76. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1980) Good strategy or evolutionary stable strategy? In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture?, ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982a) The extended phenotype: The gene as the unit of selection. Oxford University Press. [arDSW, RD, PEG, DLH, EAS, NST]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982b) Replicators and vehicles. Current problems in sociobiology, King's College Sociobiology Group. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW, DLH]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989) The selfish gene. 2d ed. Oxford University Press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. & Goodwin, B. (in press) What is an organism? In: Perspectives in ethology XI: Natural design in behavior, ed. Thompson, N.. Plenum. [NST]Google Scholar
Deneubourg, J. L. & Goss, S. (1989) Collective patterns and decision-making. Ethological and Ecological Evolution 1:295–311. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1981) Brainstorms. MIT press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1992) Confusion over evolution: An exchange. New York Review of Books 40:44. [aDSW]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Harper & Row. [JM]Google Scholar
Dover, G. A. (1986) Molecular drive in multigene families: How biological novelties arise, spread, and are assimilated. Trends in Genetics 2:159–65. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Driver, P. M. & Humphries, N. (1988) Protean behavior: The biology of unpredictability. Oxford University Press. [GFM]Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. (1990) N-person games and the evolution of cooperation: A model based on predator inspection behavior in fish. Journal of Theoretical Biology 142:123–35. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A.(1992) The evolution of the con artist. Ethology and Sociobiology 13:3–18. [LAD]Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A., Mesterton-Gibbons, M. & Houston, A. I. (1992) Beyond the prisoner's dilemma: Towards models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:202–5. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. & Reeve, H. K. (1994) Behavioral ecology and levels of selection: Dissolving the group selection controversy. Advances in the Study of Behavior 23:101–33. [aDSW, HRH]Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. & Wilson, D. S. (1991) Rover: A strategy for exploiting cooperators in a patchy environment. American Naturalist 138:687–701. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (1993) The disorder of things: Metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science. Harvard University Press. [JD]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. & Cartwright, N. (1988) Probabilistic causality: Why Hume and indeterminism don't mix. Nous 22:521–36. [JD]Google Scholar
Durham, W. H. (1991) Coevolution: Genes, culture and human diversity. Stanford University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eberhard, W. G. (1990) Evolution of bacterial plasmids and levels of selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 65:3–22. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eells, E. & Sober, E. (1983) Probabilistic causality and the question of transitivity. Philosophy of Science 50:35–57. [JD]Google Scholar
Ehrenpreis, A. (1650/1978) An Epistle on brotherly community as the highest command of love. In: Brotherly community: The highest command of love, ed. Friedmann, R.. Plough Publishing. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1982) Warfare, man's indoctrinability and group selection. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 60:177–98. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. & Grene, M. (1992) Interactions: The biological context of social systems. Columbia University Press. [DLH]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1983) Explaining technical change: A case study in the philosophy of science. Cambridge University Press. [EAS]Google Scholar
Emerson, A. E. (1942) Basic comparisons of human and insect societies. Biological Symposia 8:163–76. [JFC]Google Scholar
Emerson, A. E. (1952) The superorganismic aspects of the society. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 34:333–53. [JFC]Google Scholar
Emerson, A. E. (1960) The evolution of adaptation in population systems. In: Evolution after Darwin, ed. Tax, S.. University of Chicago Press. [aDSW, GMB, RD]Google Scholar
Eshel, I. (1972) On the neighbor effect and the evolution of altruistic traits. Theoretical Population Biology 3:258–77. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eshel, I. (1977) On the founder effect and the evolution of altruistic traits: An ecogenetical approach. Theoretical Population Biology 11:410–24. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Eshel, I. & Montro, U. (1988) The three brothers’ problem: Kin selection with more than one potential helper: The case of delayed help. American Naturalist 132:567–75. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Ewald, P. W. (1993) Adaptation and disease. Oxford University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1980) When doves conspire: Evolution on nondamaging fighting tactics in a nonrandom-encounter animal conflict model. American Naturalist 115:858–69. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1981) Introduction to quantitative genetics, 2d ed. London: Longman. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Felbinger, C. (1560/1978) Confession of faith. In: Brotherly community: The highest command of love, ed. Friedmann, R.. Plough Publishing. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Feldman, M. & Thomas, E. (1987) Behavior-dependent contexts for repeated plays of the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Theoretical Biology 128:297–315. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Findlay, C. S. (1992) Phenotypic evolution under gene-culture transmission in structured populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 156:387–400. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930/1958) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press. Revised ed. 1958. Dover Publications. [JFC]Google Scholar
Fix, A. G. (1985) Evolution of altruism in kin-structured and random subdivided populations. Evolution 39:928–39. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1988) Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. Norton, W. W.. [arDSW, CDB, RHF]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H., Cilovich, T. & Regan, D. T. (1993) The evolution of one-shot cooperation. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:247–56. [RHF]Google Scholar
Frank, S. A. (1986a) Dispersal polymorphisms in subdivided populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122:303–9. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Frank, S. A. (1986b) Hierarchical selection theory and sex ratios: I. General solutions for structured populations. Theoretical Population Biology 29:312–42. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Frank, S. A. (1987) Demography and sex ratio in social spiders. Evolution 41:1267–81. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Franks, N. R. (1989) Army ants: A collective intelligence. American Scientist 77:139–45. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cadgil, M. (1975) Evolution of social behavior through interpopulational selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72:1199–1201. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gafen, A. (1984) Natural selection, kin selection and group selection. In: Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. & Davies, N.. Blackwell Scientific. [HRH]Google Scholar
Gamble, C. (1986) The Paleolithic settlement of Europe: Cambridge University Press. [MEH]Google Scholar
Garcia, C. & Toro, M. A. (1990) Individual and group selection for productivity in Tribolium castaneum . Theoretical and Applied Genetics 79:256–60. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. (1993) Nature's mind: The biological roots of thinking, emotion, sexuality, language, and intelligence. Penguin. [CFM]Google Scholar
Geist, V. (1978) Life strategies, human evolution, environmental design. Springer. [MEH]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1987) Modelling collective belief. Synthese 73:185–204. [MG]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1989a) On social facts. Routledge. [MC]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1989b) Folk psychology takes sociality seriously. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:707–8. [MC]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1990) Walking together: A paradigmatic social phenomenon. In: MidWest studies in philosophy: The philosophy of the human sciences, vol. 15, ed. French, P. A., Uehling, T. E. Jr & Wettstein, H. K.. University of Notre Dame Press. [MG]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1993a) Agreements, coercion, and obligation. Ethics 103:679–706. [MG]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1993b) Is an agreement an exchange of promises? Journal of Philosophy 90:627–49. [MG]Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (1994) Remarks on collective belief. In: Socializing epistemology: Essays on the social dimension of knowledge, ed. Schmitt, F., Rowman, and Littlefield, . [MG]Google Scholar
Gilinsky, N. L. & Mayo, D. G. (1987) Models of group selection. Philosophy of Science 54:515–38. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gilpin, M. E. (1975) Group selection in predator-prey communities. Princeton University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Cilpin, M. E. & Taylor, B. L. (1988) Comment on Harpending and Rogers model of intergroup selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 135:131–35. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. J. (1985) The influence of environmental variation on group and individual selection in a cress. Evolution 39:545–58. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. J. (1990a) Experimental studies of community evolution I: The response to selection at the community level. Evolution 44:1614–24. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. J.(1990b) Experimental studies of community evolution II: The ecological basis of the response to community selection. Evolution 44:1625–36. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. J. (1991) Intermixing ability in two-species communities of Tribolium flour beetles. American Naturalist 138:342–54. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. J., Schwartz, J. M. & Stevens, L. (1992) Contextual analysis of models of group selection, soft selection, hard selection, and the evolution of altruism. American Naturalist 140: 743–61. [aDSW, CJG]Google Scholar
Goodnight, K. (in press) Kin selection in a structured population. American Naturalist. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1980) Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology 6: 119–30. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1989) Wonderful life: The Burgess shale and the nature of history. Norton. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1992) The confusion over evolution. New York Review of Books 39: 47–53. [aDSW, EAL]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist program. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B205:581–98. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. (1982) Exaptation – a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8: 4–15. [KEH]Google Scholar
Govindaraju, D. R. (1988) Mating systems and the opportunity for group selection in plants. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 2:99–106. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Grafen, A. (1984) Natural selection, kin selection and group selection. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed: Krebs, J. & Davies, N.. Blackwell Scientific. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Gray, R. D. (1992) Death of the gene: Developmental systems strike back. In: rees of life: Essays in the philosophy of biology, ed. Griffiths, P.. Kluwer. [PEG]Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (1994a) The informational gene and the, substantial body: On the generalization of the evolutionary theory by abstraction. In: Varieties of idealization, ed. Cartwright, N. & Jones, M.. Editions Rodopi. [EAL]Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (1994b) The material basis of evolutionary theories (unpublished) [EAL]Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. & Wade, M. (1988) Laboratory models; causal explanations and group selection. Biology and Philosophy 3: 67–96. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Grifiing, B. (1977) Selection for populations of interacting genotypes. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Quantitative Genetics, ed. Pollak, E., Kempthorne, O. & Bailey, T. B.. Iowa State University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Griffiths, P. E. & Gray, R. D. (1994) Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation. Journal of Philosophy XCI (6). [PEG]Google Scholar
Haig, D. (1992) Cenomic imprinting and the theory of parent-offspring conflict. Developmental Biology 3: 153–60. [DCD]Google Scholar
Haig, D. (1993) Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 495–532. [DCD]Google Scholar
Haig, D. & Grafen, A. (1991) Genetic scrambling as a defense against meiotic drive. Journal of Theoretical Biology 153: 531–58. [DCD]Google Scholar
Haldane, J. B. S. (1932) The causes of evolution. Longmans, , Green, . Revised ed. 1990. Princeton University Press. [JFC]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behavior, I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1–52. [aDSW, JAS]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1967) Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477–88. [rDSW]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1971) Selection of selfish and altruistic behavior in some extreme models. In: Man and beast: Comparative social behavior, ed. Eisenberg, J. S. & Dillon, W. S.. Smithsonian Institution Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243–48. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Harpending, H. C. & Rogers, A. R. (1987) On Wright's mechanism for intergroup selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 127: 51–61. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hartung, J. (1992) Thou shalt not kill who? – An inquiry into the moral code of Judeo-Christianity. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Department of Anesthesiology. [KM]Google Scholar
Hausfater, C. & Breden, F. (1990) Selection within and between social groups for infanticide. American Naturalist 136: 673–88. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Heisler, I. L. & Damuth, J. (1987) A method of analyzing selection in hierarchically structured populations. American Naturalist 130: 582–602. [aDSW, CJG]Google Scholar
Hendrick, C. (1987a) Croup processes. Newbury Park: Sage. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hendrick, C. (1987b) Group processes and intergroup relations. Newbury Park: Sage. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1981) Is altruism a part of human nature? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 121–37. [CDB]Google Scholar
Hofstadter, D. R. (1979) Codel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. Vintage. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A. & Abrams, D. (1988) Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Routledge. [aDSW, KM]Google Scholar
Holt, R. D. (1983) Evolution in structured demes: The Components of selection. Unpublished manuscript. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1980) Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 11: 311–32. [aDSW, AH, DLH, KEH, EAL]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1981) The units of evolution—a metaphysical essay. In: The philosophy of evolution, ed. Jensen, U. & Harre, R.. Harvester Press. [aDSW, JA, RD]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988a) A mechanism and its metaphysics. Biology & Philosophy 3:123–55 [DLH]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988b) A period of development. Biology & Philosophy 11:241–63. [IDLH]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988c) Science as a process: An evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science. University of Chicago Press. [aDSW, CMB, DLH]Google Scholar
Hurst, L. D. (1991) The evolution of cytoplasmic incompatibility or when spite can be successful, journal of Theoretical Biology 148:269–77. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Jimenez, J. & Casadesus, J. (1989) An altruistic model of Rhizobium-legume association. Journal of Heredity 80:335–37. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. S. & Brown, J. L. (1980) Genetic variation among trait groups and apparent absence of close inbreeding in Grey-crowned babblers. Behavioral Ecology and Sodobiology 7:93–98. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1987) The persistence of dichotomies in the study of behavioural development. Developmental Review 7:149—82. [PEG]Google Scholar
Keller, L. & Ross, K. G. (1993) Phenotypic plasticity and “cultural transmission” in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta . Behavioural Ecology and Sodobiology 33:121–29. [PEG]Google Scholar
Kelly, J. K. (1992a) Kin selection in density regulated populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 157:447–61. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Kelly, J. K. (1992b) Restricted migration and the evolution of altruism. Evolution 46:1492–95. [aDSW]Google Scholar
King, D. A. (1990) The adaptive significance of tree height. American Naturalist 135:809–28. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1993) The advancement of learning. Oxford University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P., Sterelny, K. & Waters, K. (1990) The illusory riches of Sobers monism. Journal of Philosophy 87:158–60. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Klein, R. G. (1989) The human career: Human biological and cultural origins. University of Chicago Press. [JM]Google Scholar
Knauft, B. M. (1985) Good company and violence: Sorcery and social action in a lowland New Cuinea society. University of California Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Klein, R. G. (1991) Violence and sociality in human evolution. Current Anthropology 32:391–428. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1984) Essays on moral development: Vol. 2, The psychology of moral development. Harper & Row. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Krebs, D. (1987) The challenge of altruism in biology and psychology. In: Sodobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications, ed. Crawford, C., Smith, M. & Krebs, D.. Erlbaum. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. (1948) Anthropology: Race, language, psychology, prehistory. Harcourt, Brace. [CLB]Google Scholar
Leibenstcin, H. (1976) Beyond economic man: A new foundation for microeconomics. Harvard University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Leigh, E. G. J. (1977) How does selection reconcile individual advantage with the good of the group? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sdences 74:4542–46. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Leigh, E. G. J. (1991) Genes, bees and ecosystems: The evolution of common interest among individuals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:257–62. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Levin, B. R. or Kilmer, W. L. (1974) Interdemic selection and the evolution of altruism: A computer simulation. Evolution 28:527–45. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1970) The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1:1–18. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1978) Adaptation. Scientific American 239:156–69. [KEH]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. & White, M. J. D. (1960) Interaction between inversion polymorphisms of two chromosome pairs in the grasshopper, Moraba scurra. Evolution 14:116–29. [JD]Google Scholar
Ling, T. (1968) A history of religion east and west. Macmillan. [MEH]Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1986) Evaluation of evidence in group selection debates. In: Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Philosophy of Science Association. [EAL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1988) The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory. Greenwood Press. [arDSW, DLH, EAL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1989) Different questions, different answers: An anatomy of the units of selection debates. Paper given at Plenary, History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, London, Ontario, June. Submitted. [EAL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1992) Unit of selection. In: Keywords in evolutionary biology, ed. Keller, E. F. & Lloyd, E. A.. Harvard University Press. [EAL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. & Gould, S. J. (1993) Species selection on variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90:595–99. [EAL]Google Scholar
Lovelock, J. E. (1979) Caia: A new look at life on earth. Oxford University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1983) Production, social controls and ideology: Toward a sociobiology of the phenotype. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 6:297–317. [KM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1988a) Social and personality development: An evolutionary synthesis. Plenum. [KM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1988b) Sociobiology and the cognitive-developmental tradition in moral development research. In: Sodobiological perspectives on human development, ed. MacDonald, K. B.. Springer-Verlag. [aDSW]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1990) Mechanisms of sexual egalitarianism in Western Europe. Ethology and Sociobiology 11:195–238. [KM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1991) A perspective on Darwinian psychology: The importance of domaingeneral mechanisms, plasticity, and individual differences. Ethology and Sociobiology 12: £449–80. [aDSW, KM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1994) A people that shall dwell alone: Judaism as an evolutionary group strategy. Praeger. [aDSW, KM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B. (1995) Separation and its discontents: Toward an evolutionary theory of anti-Semitism. Praeger. [KM]Google Scholar
Mandelker, I. L. (1984) Religion, society, and Utopia in nineteenth-century America. University of Massachusetts Press. [LC]Google Scholar
Mansbridge, J. J. (1990) Beyond self-interest. University of Chicago Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Manson, J. H. & Wrangham, R. W. (1991) Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and humans. Current Anthropology 32:369–90. [JM]Google Scholar
Margolis, H. (1982) Selfishness, altruism and rationality: A theory of social choice. University of Chicago Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Matessi, C. & Jayakar, S. D. (1976) Conditions for the evolution of altruism under Darwinian selection. Theoretical Population Biology 9:360–87. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Matessi, C., Karlin, S. & Morris, M. (1987) Models of intergenerational kin altruism. American Naturalist 130:544–69. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1964) Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201:1145–47. [aDSW, EAS]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1976) Group selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 51:277–83. [aDSW, CJG]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982a) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982b) The evolution of social behavior – a classification of models. In: Current problems in sociobiology, ed. K. C. S. Group. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1987a) How to model evolution. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT press. [arDSW, EAL]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1987b) Reply to Sober. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT press. [arDSW, EAS]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1992) Confusion over evolution: An exchange. New York Review of Books 40:43. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1990) Myxoma and group selection. Biologisches Zentralblatt 109:453–57. [aDSW]Google Scholar
McCauley, D. E. (1989) Extinction, colonization and population structure: A study of a milkweed beetle. American Naturalist 134:365–76. [aDSW]Google Scholar
McCauley, D. E. & Wade, M. J. (1980) Group selection: The genotypic and demographic basis for the phenotypic differentiation of small populations of Tribolium castaneum. Evolution 34:813–21. [aDSW]Google Scholar
McCauley, D. E. & Wade, M. J. (1988) Extinction and recolonization: Their effects on the genetic differentiation of local populations. Evolution 42:995–1005. [aDSW]Google Scholar
McCauley, D. E., Wade, M. J., Breden, F. J. & Wohltman, M. (1988) Spatial and temporal variation in group relatedness: Evidence from the imported willow leaf beetle. Evolution 42 (1):184–92. [aDSW]Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1920) The group mind. Putman's Sons. [GMB]Google Scholar
Meggitt, M. (1977) Blood is their argument. Mayfield. [rDSW]Google Scholar
Mesterton-Gibbons, M. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1992) Cooperation among unrelated individuals: Evolutionary factors. Quarterly Review of Biology 67:267–81. [aDSW, JM]Google Scholar
Michod, R. (1982) The theory of kin selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:23–55. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Michod, R. & Sanderson, M. (1985) Behavioral structure and the evolution of cooperation. In: Evolution — Essays in honor of John Maynard Smith, ed. Greenwood, J. & Slatkin, M.. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Miller, G. F. (1993) Evolution of the human brain through runaway sexual selection: The mind as a protean courtship device. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University Psychology Department. [GFM]Google Scholar
Miller, G. F. & Freyd, J. J. (1993) Dynamic mental representations of animate motion: The interplay among evolutionary, cognitive, and behavioral dynamics. Cognitive Science Research Paper CSRP-290, University of Sussex. [GFM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. D. (1987) Competing units of selection?: A case of symbiosis. Philosophy of Science 54:351–67. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. D. (1994) Superorganisms: Then and now. In: Sociology of sciences yearbook 1994, ed. Wingart, P., Mendelsohn, E. & Maasen, S.. Kluwer Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Montro, U. or Eshel, I. (1988) The three brothers’ problem: Kin selection with more than one potential helper: The case of immediate help. American Naturalist 132:550–66. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Moore, J. (1984) The evolution of reciprocal sharing. Ethology and Sociobiology 5:5–14. [JM]Google Scholar
Moore, J. (1992) Dispersal, nepotism, and primate social behavior. International Journal of Primatology 13:361–78. [JM]Google Scholar
Mueller, L. D. & Feldman, M. W. (1985) Population genetic theory of kin selection: A two-locus model. American Naturalist 125:535–49. [EAL]Google Scholar
Myerson, R. B., Pollock, G. B. & Swinkels, J. M. (1991) Viscous population equilibria. Cames and Economic Behavior 3:101–9. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Nash, J. (1976) Hustlers and con men. Evans. [LAD]Google Scholar
Noonan, K. M. (1987) Evolution: A primer for psychologists. In: Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications, ed. Crawford, C., Smith, M. & Krebs, D.. Erlbaum. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Nunney, L. (1985a) Female-biased sex ratios: Individual or group selection. Evolution 39 (2):349–61. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Nunney, L. (1985b) Group selection, altruism, and structured-deme models. American Naturalist 126:212–30. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Nunney, L. (1989) The maintenance of sex by group selection. Evolution 43 (2):245–57. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Orzack, S. & Sober, E. (1994) Optimality models and the test of adaptationism. American Naturalist 143:361–80. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Owen, R. E. (1986) Colony-level selection in the social insects: Single locus additive and non-additive models. Theoretical Population Biology 29:198–234. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Oyama, S. (1985) The ontogeny of information. Cambridge University Press. [PEG]Google Scholar
Oyama, S. (1989) Ontogeny & the central dogma: Do we need the concept of genetic programming in order to have an evolutionary perspective? In: Systems development. The Minnesota symposia on child psychology, vol. 22, ed Gunnar, M. & Thelen, E.. [PEG]Google Scholar
Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. (1982) Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: Kin selection or game theory? Nature(London) 296:740–42. [JM]Google Scholar
Peck, J. R. (1990) The evolution of outsider exclusion. Journal of Theoretical Biology 142:565–71. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Peck, J. R. (1992) Group selection, individual selection, and the evolution of genetic drift. Journal of Theoretical Biology 159:163–87. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Peck, J. R. (1993) Friendship and the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 162:195–228. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Peck, J. R. & Feldman, M. (1986) The evolution of helping behavior in large, randomly mixed populations. American Naturalist 127:209—21. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Panisse, D. (1993) Cultural and reproductive success in industrial societies: Testing the relationship at the proximate and ultimate levels. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:267–322. [LC]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. (1983) Population viscosity and kin selection. American Naturalist 122:817–29. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. (1988) Suspending disbelief – of Wynne-Edwards and his critics. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2:205–21. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. (1989) Population structure, spite and the iterated prisoner's dilemma. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:459–69. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. (1991) Crossing Malthusian boundaries: Evolutionary stability in the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology 3:159–80. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. (in press) Personal fitness, altruism and the ontology of game theory. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Pollock, G. B. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1992) Reciprocity and the evolution of reputation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 159:25–37. [LAD]Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1970) Selection and covarianee. Nature 277:520–21. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1972) Extension of covarianee selection mathematics. Annals of Human Genetics 35:485–90. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Proctor, H. C. (1989) Occurrence of protandry and a female-biased sex-ratio in a sponge-associated water mite (Acari: Unionicolidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 7:289–98. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1992) Realism and reason. Cambridge University Press. [HRH]Google Scholar
Queller, D. C. (1991) Group selection and kin selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6 (2):64. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Queller, D. C. (1992a) Quantitative genetics, inclusive fitness and group selection. American Naturalist 139:540–58. [aDSW, HRH]Google Scholar
Queller, D. C. (1992b) A general model for kin selection. Evolution 46:376–80. [HRH]Google Scholar
Rapoport, A. (1991) Ideological commitments and evolutionary theory. Journal of Social Issues 47:83–100. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rapoport, A. & Budescu, D. V. (1992) Generation of random series in twoperson strictly competitive games. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121 (3):352–63. [GFM]Google Scholar
Rapoport, A. & Chammah, A. (1965) Prisoner's dilemma. University of Michigan Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Ratnieks, F. L. (1988) Reproductive harmony via mutual policing by workers in eusocial Hymenoptera. American Naturalist 132:217–36. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Ratnieks, F. L. & Reeve, H. K. (1991) The evolution of queen-rearing nepotism in social hymenopteran: Effects of discrimination costs in swarming species. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 4:93–115. [HRH]Google Scholar
Ratnieks, F. L. & Visscher, P. K. (1989) Worker policing in the honeybee. Nature 342:796–97. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1971) A theory of justice. Harvard University Press. [rDSW, DCD, GFM]Google Scholar
Reed, E. (1978) Croup selection and methodological individualism – a critique of Watkins. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 29:256–62. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Richards, R. J. (1987) Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior. University of Chicago. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Richardson, R. (1983) Grades of organization and the units of selection controversy. In: PSA 1982, vol. 2, ed. Asquith, P. & Nickles, T.. Philosophy of Science Association. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1993) The Red Queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature. Viking. [GFM]Google Scholar
Rissing, S. & Pollock, G. (1991) An experimental analysis of pleometric advantage in Messor pergandei. Insect Societies 63:205–11. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rissing, S. W., Pollock, G. B., Higgins, M. R., Hagen, R. H. & Smith, D. R. (1989) Foraging specialization without relatedness or dominance among co-founding ant queens. Nature 338:420–22. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rogers, A. R. (1990) Group selection by selective emigration: The effects of migration and kin structure. American Naturalist 135:398–413. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1983) Coefficients, effects and genie selection. Philosophy of Science 50:332–38. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1985) The structure of biological science. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1986) Toting Darwin seriously. Basil Blackwell. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1989) Genetic similarity, human altruism and group selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:503–59. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sagan, C. & Druyan, A. (1992) Shadows of forgotten ancestors. Random House. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1976) The use and abuse of biology: An anthropological critique of sociobiology University of Michigan Press. [CLB]Google Scholar
Seeley, T. (1989) The honey bee colony as a superorganism. American Scientist 77:546–53. [aDSW, JAS]Google Scholar
Seger, J. (1989) All for one, one for all, that is our device. Nature 338:374–75. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Service, E. R. (1966) The hunters. Prentice Hall. [MEH]Google Scholar
Settle, T. (1993) “Fitness” and “altruism”: Traps for the unwary, bystander and biologist alike. Biology and Philosophy 8:61–83. [QMB]Google Scholar
Shanahan, T. (1990) Group selection and the evolution of myxomatosis. Evolutionary Theory 9:239–54. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Shenker, B. (1986) Intentional communities: Ideology and alienation in communal societies. Routledge. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sherif, M. (1966) In common predicament: The social psychology of intergroup conflict. Houghton-Mifflin. [KM]Google Scholar
Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R. & Sherif, C. W. (1961) Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The robber's cave experiment. University Book Exchange. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1990) A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science 250:1665–68. [CDB, JFC]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1991) Organizations and markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives 5:25–44. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Skyrms, B. (1994) Sex and justice. Journal of Philosophy 91:305–20. [DCD]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (in press) Darwin meets the logic of decision: Correlation in evolutionary game theory. Philosophy of Science.[DCD]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (forthcoming) Justice and commitment. Preprint. [DCD]Google Scholar
Slatkin, M. (1981) Populational heritability. Evolution 35:859–71. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Slatkin, M. & Wade, M. J. (1978) Group selection on a quantitative character. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 75:3531–34. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Slatkin, M. & Wilson, D. S. (1979) Coevolution in structured demes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 70:2084–87. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Smith, D. C. (1990) Population structure and competition among kin in the chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata). Evolution 44:1529–41. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Smith, E. A. & Winterhalder, B. (1992) Natural selection and decisionmaking: Some fundamental principles. In: Evolutionary ecology and human behavior, ed. Smith, E. A. & Winterhalder, B.. Aldine de Gruyter. [EAS]Google Scholar
Smith, R. J. F. (1986) Evolution of alarm signals: Role of benefits of retaining members or territorial neighbors. American Naturalist 128:604–10. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1981) Holism, individualism and the units of selection. In: PSA 1980, vol. 2, ed. Asquith, P. & Giere, R.. Philosophy of Science Association. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1984) The nature of selection: Evolutionary theory in philosophical focus. MIT Press. [arDSW, MB, JD, KEH]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1987) Comments on Maynard Smith's “How to model evolution.” In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupré, J.. MIT press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1990) The poverty of pluralism. Journal of Philosophy 87:151–57. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1992a) Screening-off and the units of selection. Philosophy of Science 59:142–52. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1992b) The evolution of altruism: Correlation, cost and benefit. Biology and Philosophy 7:177–88. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1993a) Evolutionary altruism, psychological egoism and morality – disentangling the phenotypes. In: Evolutionary ethics, ed. Nitecki, M. H. & Nitecki, D. V.. State University of New York Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1993b) Philosophy of biology. Westview Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1994) Did evolution make us psychological altruists? In: From a biological point of view: Essay3 in evolutionary philosophy, ed. Sober, E.. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. & Lewontin, R. (1982) Artifact, cause and genie selection. Philosophy of Scietice 47:157–80. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sober, E. & Wilson, D. S. (1994) A critical review of philosophical work on the units of selection problem. Philosophy of Science. In press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Soltis, J., Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1992) Can group-functional behaviors arise by group selection? An empirical test. Working paper. Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Bielefeld, Germany. [rDSW]Google Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975) A theory of evolution above the species level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72:646–50. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Stanley, S. (1979) Macroevolution: Pattern and process. Freeman. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. & Kitcher, P. (1988) The return of the gene. Journal of Philosophy 85:339–61. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1992) On the use and misuse of Darwinism in the study of human behavior. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.. Oxford University Press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1981) Human groups and social categories. Cambridge University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Tanaka, Y. (1991) The evolution of social communication systems in a subdivided population. Journal of Theoretical Biology 149:145–64. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Clarendon. [CMB]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1988) The evolution of war and its cognitive foundations. Institute for Evolutionary Studies Technical Report 88–1. [CFM]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) Tile psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of cttlture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., Oxford University Press. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1993) The evolutionary psychology of coalitional aggression. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolutionary Society, Aug 4–8, Binghamton University. [GFM]Google Scholar
Toro, M. & Silio, L. (1986) Assortment of encounters in the two-strategy game. Journal of Theoretical Biology 123:193–204. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Treisman, M. (1983) Errors in the theory of the structured deme. Journal of Theoretical Biology 102:339–46. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1990) Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. Nebraska symposium on motivation 1989: Cross-cultural perspectives, vol. 37. University of Nebraska Press. [KM]Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1991) Cross-cultural differences in assertiveness/competition vs. group loyalty/cohesiveness. In: Cooperation and prosocial behavior, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Croebel, J.. Cambridge University Press. [KM]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57. [aDSW, JAS]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummins. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. (1987) Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell. [CDB]Google Scholar
Tylor, E. B. (1871) Primitive ctilture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, language, art, and custom, vol. 1. Murray, John. [CLB]Google Scholar
Uyenoyamn, M. K. or Feldman, M. W. (1980a) Evolution of altruism under group selection in large and small populations in fluctuating environments. Theoretical Population Biology 15:58—85. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Uyenoyamn, M. K. or Feldman, M. W. (1980b) Theories of kin and group selection: A population genetics perspective. Theoretical Population Biology 17:380–414. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Uyenoyamn, M. K. or Feldman, M. W. (1981) On relatedness and adaptive typography in kin selection. Theoretical Population Biology 19:87–123. [EAL]Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. L. & Peter, K. (1988) Hutterites and kibbutzniks: A tale of nepotistic communism. Man 23:522–39. [LC]Google Scholar
Vehreneamp, S. L. (1983) A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies. Animal Behaviour 31:667–82. [JM]Google Scholar
Von Schilchcr, F. & Tennant, N. (1984) Philosophy, evolution and human nature. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Voorzanger, B. (1984) Altruism in. sociobiology: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 13:33–39. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Vrba, E. (1989) Levels of selection and sorting. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 6. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1976) Group selection among laboratory populations of Tribolium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 73:4604–7. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1977) An experimental study of group selection. Evolution 31:134–53. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1978) A critical review of the models of group selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 53:101–14. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1979) The primary characteristics of Tribolium populations group selected for increased and decreased population size. Evolution 33 (2):749–64. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1982a) Group selection: Migration and the differentiation of small populations. Evolution 36:949–62. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1982b) The evolution of interference competition by individual, family and group selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79:3575–78. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1985) Soft selection, hard selection, kin selectipn and group selection. American Naturalist 125:61–73. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M.J. (1991) Genetic variance For rate of population increase in natural populations of flour beetles, Tribolium spp. Evolution 45:1574–84. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M. J. & Breden, F. (1980) The evolution of cheating and selfish behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7:167–72. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M. J., Breden, F. J. & McCauley, D. E. (1988) Spatial and temporal variation in group relatedness: Evidence from the imported willow leaf beetle. Evolution 42:184–92. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wade, M. J. & McCauley, D. E. (1980) Group selection: The phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of small populations. Evolution 34:799–812. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Walton, D. (1991) The units of selection and the bases of selection. Philosophy of Science 58:417–35. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Waters, K. (1991) Tempered realism about the forces of selection. Philosophy of Science 58:553–73. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Werren, J. H. (1991) The paternal sex-ratio chromosome of Nasonia. American Naturalist 137:392–402. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Werren, J. H. & Beukeboom, L. W. (1992) Population genetics of a parasitic chromosome: Experimental analysis of PSR in subdivided populations. Evolution 46:1257–68. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Werren, J. H. & Beukeboom, L. W. (1993) Population genetics of a parasitic chromosome: Theoretical analysis of PSR in subdivided populations. American Naturalist 142:224–41. [aDSW]Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J. (1981) Intragroup selection and the evolution of insect societies. In: Natural selection and social behavior, ed. Alexander, R. D. & Tinkle, D. W.. Chiron Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
White, L. A. (1959) The evolution of culture. McGraw-Hill. [CLB]Google Scholar
Whitlock, M. C. & McCauley, D. E. (1990) Some population genetic consequences of colony formation and extinction: Genetic correlations within founding groups. Evolution 44:1717–24. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [arDSW, JFC, KEH, EAL, EAS, JAS]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1971) Croup selection. Aldine. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1985) A defense of reductionism in evolutionary biology. In: Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol. 2, ed. Dawkins, R. & Ridley, M.. Oxford University Press. [aDSW, DLH]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural selection: Domains, levels and challenges. Oxford University Press. [arDSW, CLB, DLH, KEH, EAL, RMN]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1993) Hard-core Darwinism since 1859. Quarterly Review of Biology 68:409–12. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wills, C. (1989) The wisdom of the genes. Basic Books. [CW]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1991) The maintenance of multiallelic polymorphism at the MHC region. Immunological Reviews 124:165–220. [arDSW, CW]Google Scholar
Wills, C. & Green, D. R. (1994) A genetic herd-immunity model for the maintenance of MHC polymorphism. Immunological Reviews. In press. [CW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975) A general theory of group selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72:143–46. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1976) Evolution on the level of communities. Science 192:1358–60. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1977a) How nepotistic is the brain worm. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:421–25. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1977b) Structured demes and the evolution of group-advantageous traits. American Naturalist 111:157–85. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1978) Structured demes and trait-group variation. American Naturalist 113:606–10. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1980) The natural selection of populations and communities. Benjamin Cummings. [arDSW]Google Scholar
(1983a) The group selection controversy: History and current status. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14:159–87. [aDSW, HRH]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1983b) Reply to Treisman. Journal of Theoretical Biology 102:459–62. [aDSW]Google Scholar
(1985) Adaptive indirect effects. In: Ecological communities, ed. Case, T. & Diamond, J. M.. Harper & Row. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1987) Altruism in Mendelian populations derived from subgroups: The haystack model revisited. Evolution 41:1059–70. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1988) Holism and reductionism in evolutionary ecology. Olios 53:269–73. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1989) Levels of selection: An alternative to individualism in biology and the social sciences. Social Networks 11:257–72. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1990) Weak altruism, strong group selection. Oikos 59:135–40. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1992a) Complex interactions in metacommunities, with implications for biodiversity and higher levels of selection. Ecology 73:1984–2000. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1992b) On the relationship between evolutionary and psychological definitions of altruism and selfishness. Biology and Philosophy 7:61–68. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1993) Croup selection. In: Key words in evolutionary biology, ed. Keller, E. F. & Lloyd, E. A.. Harvard University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Colwell, R. K. (1981) Evolution of sex ratio in structured demes. Evolution 35(5):882–97. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1992) Altruism. In: Key words in evolutionary biology, ed. Keller, E. F. & Lloyd, E. A.. Harvard University Press. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Knollenberg, W. G. (1987) Adaptive indirect effects: The fitness of burying beetles with and without their phoretic mites. Evolutionary Ecology 1:139–59. [arDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S., Pollock, G. B. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1992) Can altruism evolve in purely viscous populations? Evolutionary Ecology 6:331–41. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Sober, E. (1989) Reviving the superorganism. Journal of heoretical Biology 136:337–56. [arDSW, FTC, HRH]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1971) The insect societies. Harvard University Press. [JAS]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1973) Group selection and its significance for ecology. Biosdcnce 23:631–38. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [CDB, CLB]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. & Holldobler, B. (1988) Dense heterarchies and mass communication as the basis of organization in ant colonies. Trends in cology and Evolution 3:65–67. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wilson, J. B. (1987) Group selection in plant populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 1987:493–502. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Wimsatt, W. (1980) Reductionist research strategies and their biases in the units of selection controversy. In: Scientific discovery: Case studies, ed. Nickles, T.. Dordrecht: Reidel. [arDSW, DLH, EAL]Google Scholar
(1981) Units of selection and the structure of the multi-level genome. In: PSA 1980, vol. 2, ed. Asquith, P. & Giere, R.. Philosophy of Science Association. [DLH, EAL]Google Scholar
Woocher, J. S. (1986) Sacred survival: The civil religion of American Jews. Indiana University Press. [KM]Google Scholar
Wood, B. (1992) Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature (London) 355:783–90. [JM]Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1931) Evolutibn in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16:97–159. [JFC]Google Scholar
(1980) Genie and organismic selection. Evolution 34:825–43. [aDSW]Google Scholar
(1988) Surfaces of selective value revisited. American Naturalist 131:115–23. [JFC]Google Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962) Animal dispersion in relation to social behavior. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. [aDSW, CMB, JFC, RHF]Google Scholar
(1986) Evolution through group selection. Blackwell Scientific. [aDSW]Google Scholar
Zeigler, B. P. (1978) On necessary and sufficient conditions for group selection efficacy. Theoretical Population Biology 13:356–64. [aDSW]Google Scholar