Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T14:31:19.829Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emotions are objective events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Elzbieta Fonberg
Elzbieta Fonberg
Affiliation:
Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , September 1982 , pp. 429 - 430
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, D. B. (1979) Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:201–42. [EF, LDK, tarJP, HU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adelman, H. M. & Maatsch, J. L. (1956). Learning and extinction based upon frustration, food reward, and exploratory tendency. Journal of Experimental Psychology 52:311–15. [JAG]Google Scholar
Ahern, G. L., Landin, M. L., & Wolf, G. (1978) Escape from deficits in sodium intake after thalamic lesions as a function of preoperative experience. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:544–54. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, M. & Perachio, A. A. (1973) The influence of target sex and dominance on evoked attack in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 38:543–47. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amsel, A. (1962) Frustrative nonreward in partial reinforcement and discrimination learning: Some recent history and a theoretical extension. Psychological Review 69:306–28. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anisman, H. (1975) Task complexity as a factor in eliciting heterosis in mice: Aversively motivated behaviors. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89:976–84. [HA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anisman, H., Grimmer, L., Irwin, J., Remington, G., & Sklar, L. S. (1979) Escape performance after inescapable shock in selectively bred lines of mice. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:229–41. [HA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L., & Sklar, L. S. (1981) Contribution of neurochemical change to stress-induced behavioral deficits. In: Theory in psychophannacology vol I, ed. Cooper, S. J.. London: Academic Press. [HA]Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1941) The basic works of Aristotle, ed. McKeon, R.. New York: Random House. [JRA, MS]Google Scholar
Arnold, M. B. (1960a) Emotion and personality, vol. 1, Psychological aspects. New York: Columbia University Press. [MBA, CE1]Google Scholar
Arnold, M. B. (1960b) Emotion and personality, vol. 2, Neurological and physiological aspects. New York: Columbia University Press. [MBA, CEI, rJP]Google Scholar
Arnold, M. B. & Gasson, J. (1968) Feelings and emotions as dynamic factors in personality integration. In: The nature of emotion, ed. Arnold, M. B., pp. 203–21. Middlesex: Penguin. [WL]Google Scholar
Arnold, M. B. & Gasson, J. (1970) Perennial problems in the field of emotion. In: Feelings and emotions: The Loyola symposium, ed. Arnold, M. B.. New York: Academic Press. [JRR]Google Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1974) An analysis of psychophysiological symbolism and its influence on theories of emotion. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 4:147–90. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1979) Anger. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, ed. Howe, H. & Dienstbier, R., pp, 1–80. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [JRA]Google Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1980a) A constructivist view of emotion. In: Theories of emotion, ed. Plutchik, R. & Kellerman, H., pp. 305–39. New York: Academic Press. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1980b) On the paucity of positive emotions. In: Assessment and modification of emotional behaviors, ed. Blankstein, K. R., Pliner, P., & Pliner, J., pp. 7–45. New York: Plenum Press. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ax, A. F. (1953) The physiological differentiation of fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 15:433–42. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baccclli, G., Albertini, R., Mancia, G., & Zanchetti, A. (1976) Interactions between sino-aortic reflexes and cardiovascular effects on sleep and emotional behavior in cat. Circulation Research 38, Suppl. 2:30–34. [taJP]Google Scholar
Baecelli, G., Guazzi, M., Libretti, A., & Zanchetti, A. (1965) Pressoceptive and ehemoceptive aortic reflexes in decorticate and in decerebrate cats. American Journal of Physiology 208:708–14. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachus, S. E. & Valenstein, E. S. (1979) Individual behavioral responses to hypothalamic stimulation persist despite destruction of tissue surrounding electrode tip. Physiology and Behavior 23:421–26. [taJP]Google Scholar
Balagura, S., Wilcox, R. H., & Coscina, D. V. (1969) The effect of diencephalic lesions on food intake and motor activity. Physiology and Behavior 4:629–33. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, P. (1928) A diencephalic mechanism for expression of rage with specific reference to the sympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology 34:490. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, P. (1934) On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Psychological Reviews 41:309. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, P. & Macht, M. B. (1958) The behaviour of chronically decerebrated cats. In: Neurological basis of behaviour. Ciba Foundation Symposium, pp. 55–75. London: Churchill. [taJP]Google Scholar
Bard, P. & Mountcastel, V. B. (1948) Some forebrain mechanisms involved in expression of rage with special reference to suppression of angry behavior. Research Publications: Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 27:362–404. [taJP]Google ScholarPubMed
Barta, S. G., Kemble, E. D., & Klinger, E. (1975) Abolution of cyclic activity changes following amygdaloid lesions in rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 5:236–38. [EK]Google Scholar
Baxter, B. L. (1968) Elicitation of emotional behavior by electrical stimulation applied at the same loci in cat mesencephalon. Experimental Neurology 21:1–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Beagley, W. K. & Holley, T. L. (1977) Hypothalamic stimulation facilitates contralateral visual control of a learned response. Science 196:321–22. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, W. W. & Beatty, P. A. (1970). Hormonal determinants of sex differences in avoidance behaviour and reactivity to electric shock in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 73:446–55. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, C. (1806) The anatomy and philosophy of expression as connected with the fine arts. London: H. G. Bohn. [taJP]Google Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. (1981) Dominance: The baby and the bathwater. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:419–57. [JMRD]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G. (1972) Blockade and release of hypothalamically and naturally elicited aggressive behaviors in cats following midbrain lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:541–54. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernston, G. G. & Micco, D. J. (1976) Organization of brainstem behavioral systems. Brain Research Bulletin 1:471–83. [taJP]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Potolicchio, S. J., & Miller, N. E. (1973) Evidence for higher functions of the cerebellum: Eating and grooming elicited by cerebellar stimulation in cats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70:2497–499. [rJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual—motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1:41–92. [taJP, FMT]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1970) Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review 77:32–48. [HA, FMT]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1971) Species-specific defense reactions. In: Aversive conditioning and learning., ed. Brush, F. R., pp. 183–233. New York: Academic Press. [HA]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1972) Reinforcement, expectancy and learning. Psychological Review 79:394–409. [HU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C. & Fanselow, M. S. (1980) A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:291–323. [EF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1981) Mood and memory. American Psychologist 36:129–48. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, G. H. & Miller, N. E. (1958) Rewarding and punishing effects from stimulating the same place in the rat's brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 51:669–78. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, John (1980) Loss. vol. 3 of Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books. [RdeS]Google Scholar
Braestrup, C. & Squires, R. F. (1977) Specific benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain characterized by high-affinity 3H-diazepam binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America 74:3805–9. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadhurst, P. L. (1960). Applications of biometrical genetics to the inheritance of behaviour. In: Experiments in personality, vol. 1, Psychogenetics and psychophannacology, ed. Eysenck, H. J., pp. 3–102. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [JAG]Google Scholar
Brodie, B. B. & Shore, P. A. (1957) A concept for a role of serotonin and norepinephrine as chemical mediators in the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 66:631–42. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. (1978) Knowing when, where and how to remember: A problem of metacognition. In: Advances in instructional psychology, vol. 1, ed. Glaser, R., pp. 77–165. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CL]Google Scholar
Brown, A. & Barclay, C. (1976) The effects of training specific mnemonics on the meta-mnemonic efficiency of retarded children. Child Development 47:70–80. [CL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, N. (1951) The attitude theory of emotions. New York: Nervous and mental diseases Monograph no. 81. [RP]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. (1971) Physiological role of pleasure. Science 173:1103–7. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caggiula, A. R. (1969) Stability of behavior produced by electrical stimulation of the rat hypothalamus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2:343–58. [rJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, B. A. & Baez, L. A. (1974) Dissociation of arousal and regulatory behaviors following lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:142–49. [taJP]Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1927) The James-Lange theory of emotions. American Journal of Psychology 39:106. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1929) Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. London: Brandford. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1931) Again the James-Lange and the thalamic theories of emotion. Psychological Review 38:281–95. [taJP]Google Scholar
Carlsson, A. (1965) Morphologic and dynamic aspects of dopamine in the nervous system. In: Biochemistry and pharmacology of basal ganglia, ed. Casta, E., Cote, J., & Yahr, M. D., pp. 107–13. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Carrol, E. N. & Zuckerman, M. (in press) A test of the optimal level of arousal theory of sensation seeking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [MZ]Google Scholar
Chapman, W. P. (1958) Studies of the periamygdaloid area in relation to human behavior. Research Publications of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 36:258–77. [taJP]Google Scholar
Chi, C. C., Handler, R., & Flynn, J. P. (1976), Neuroanatomic projections related to biting attack elicited from the ventral midbrain in cats. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 13:91–110. [AS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chi, C. C. & Flynn, J. P. (1971). Neuroanatomic projections related to biting attack elicited from hypothalamus in cats. Brain Research 35:51–65. [AS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christopher, M. & Butter, C. M. (1968) Consummatory behaviors and locomotor exploration evoked from self-stimulation sites in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66:335–39. [taJP]Google Scholar
Clarke, S. (1971) Sniffing and fixed-ratio behavior in sucrose and brain stimulation reward in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 7:695–99. [taJP]Google Scholar
Clarke, S., Panksepp, J., & Trowill, J. A. (1970) A method of recording sniffing in the free-moving rat. Physiology and Behavior 5:125–26. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, S. & Trowill, J. A. (1971) Sniffing and motivated behavior in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 6:49–52. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clavier, R. M., Fibiger, H. C., & Phillips, A. G. (1976) Evidence that self-stimulation of the region of the locus coeruleus in rats does not depend upon noradrenergic projections to telencephalon: Brain Research 113:71–81. [taJP]Google Scholar
Clynes, M. (1969) Toward a theory of man: Precision of essentic form in living communication. In: Information processing in the nervous system, ed. Leibovie, K. N. & Eccles, J. C.. New York: Springer. [MC]Google Scholar
Clynes, M. (1973) Sentics - Biocybernetics of emotion communication. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 220:55–131. [MC]Google Scholar
Clynes, M. (1975) Communication and generation of emotion through essentic form. In: Emotions - Their parameters and measurement, ed. Levi, L., pp. 561–602. New York: Raven Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Clynes, M. (1980) The communication of emotion: Theory of sentics. In: Theories of emotion, ed. Plutchik, R. & Kellerman, H., pp. 271–301. New York: Academic Press. [MC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clynes, M. & Nettheim, N. (1982) The living qualities of music: Neurobiologic basis of communicating qualities of feeling. In: Music, mind, and brain: The neuropsychology of music, ed. Clynes, M., pp. 47–82. New York: Plenum Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Clynes, M. & Walker, J. (1980) Recognition by aboriginals of expressive sounds derived from expressive touch of urban subjects. 10th International Congress on Acoustics. Abstract K-12.4. [MC]Google Scholar
Clynes, M., Walker, J., & Nettheim, N. (1981) Touch and sound have a common brain program for the production and recognition of emotion expression. Society for Neuroscience, llth Annual Meeting. Abstract 7:883. [MC]Google Scholar
Cogan, T. (1802) A philosphical treatise on the passions. 2nd ed.London: S. Hazard. [tarJP, JRR, CHV]Google Scholar
Corbett, D. & Wise, R. A. (1979) Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic fiber systems of the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain: A moveable electrode mapping study. Brain Research 177:423–36. [taJP]Google Scholar
Coscina, D. V., Seggie, J., Godse, D. D., & Stancer, H. C. (1973) Induction of rage in rats by central injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1:1–6. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosby, E. C. & Showers, M. J. C. (1969) Comparative anatomy of the preoptic and hypothalamic areas. In: The hypothalamus, ed. Haymaker, W., Anderson, E., & Nauta, W. J. H., pp. 61–135. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. [taJP]Google Scholar
D'Andrade, R. (1974) Memory and the assessment of behavior. In: Measurement in the social sciences, ed. Blalock, T., pp. 159–86. Chicago: Aldine. [CL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872/1965) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Reprint ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Orig. ed. London: John Murray. [CEI, taJP, RP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, K. (1980) Opioid control of canine social behavior. Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Ohio. [rJP]Google Scholar
Davis, M. (1979) Diazepam and flurazepam: Effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm. Psychophannacology 62:1–7. [taJP]Google Scholar
Davitz, J. R. (1964) The communication of emotional meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill. [rJP]Google Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R. (1964) Free behavior and brain stimulation. In: International review of neurobiology, vol. 6, ed. Pfeiffer, C. C. & Smythies, J. R., pp. 349–449. New York: Academic Press. [JMRD]Google Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R. (1969) Physical control of the mind: Toward a psychocivilizcd society. New York: Harper & Row. [JMRD, taJP]Google Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R. (1979) Inhibitory functions in the neostriatum. In: The neostriatum, ed. Divac, I., Gunilla, R., & Oberg, E., pp. 241–61. New York: Pergamon Press. [JMRD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R. (1980) Neuronal constellations in aggressive behavior. In: Procedural conference on psychobiology of aggression and violence (Saint Vincent, Italy), ed. Valzelli, L.. [JMRD]Google Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R., Roberts, W. W., & Miller, N. E. (1954) Learning motivated by electrical stimulation of the brain. American Journal of Physiology 179:587–93. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Molina, A. F. & Hunsperger, R. W. (1962) Organization of the subcortical system governing defence and flight reactions in the cat. Journal of Physiology 160:200–13. [taJP]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Requisition for a Pexgo. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:57 [RdeS]Google Scholar
de Rivera, J. (1977) A structural theory of the emotions. New York: International Universities Press. [JdeR]Google Scholar
de Rivera, J. (1981) Conceptual encounter. Washington, D.C.: Universities Press of America. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1650) Treatise on the passions of the soul. [RdeS]Google Scholar
de Sousa, R. (1980) The rationality of emotions. In: Explaining emotions, ed. Rorty, A. O., pp. 127–52. Berkeley: University of California Press. [RdeS]Google Scholar
Deutsch, J. A. (1960) Structural basis of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [FMT]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [FMT]Google Scholar
Dodds, E. R. (1951) The Creeks and the irrational. Berkeley: University of California Press. [JJ]Google Scholar
Duffy, E. (1941) The concept of energy mobilization. Psychological Review 58:30–40. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1976) Brain and free will. In: Consciousness and the brain: A scientific and philosophical inquiry, ed. Globus, G., Maxwell, C., & Savodnik, I.. New York: Plenum Press. [GGG]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1979) Human ethology: Concepts and implications for the sciences of man. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:1–59. [taJP]Google Scholar
Eichelman, B., Thoa, N. B., & Ng, K. Y. (1972) Facilitated aggression in the rat following 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Physiology and Behavior 8:1–3. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ekman, P., ed. (1973) Darwin and facial expression. New York: Academic Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Edman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1972) Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press. [CEI]Google Scholar
Ellison, G. D. & Flynn, J. P. (1968) Organized aggressive behavior in cats after surgical isolation of the hypothalamus. Archives of Italian Biology 106:1–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Enloe, L. J. (1975) Extralimbic mediation of emotionality and social cohesiveness effects. Physiology and Behavior 15:271–76. [taJP]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. (1967) The biological basis of personality. Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas [JRR]Google Scholar
Fass, B., Jordan, H., Rubman, A., Seibel, S., & Stein, D. (1975) Recovery of function after serial or one-stage lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area. Behavioral Biology 14:283–94. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Feigl, H. (1967) The ‘mental’ and the ‘physical.’ Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [GGG]Google Scholar
Feldon, J., Guillamon, A., Gray, J. A., de Wit, H., & McNaughton, N. (1979). Sodium amylobarbitone and responses to nonrcward. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:19–50. [JAG]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. P. (1967) The neural basis of aggression in cats. In: Neurophysiology and emotion, ed. Class, D. C.. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [rJP]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. P. (1976) Neural basis of threat and attack. In: Biological foundations of psychiatry, ed. Grenell, R. G. & Gabay, S., pp. 273–95. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. P., Edwards, S. B., & Bandler, R. J. (1971) Changes in sensory and motor systems during centrally elicited attack. Behavioral Science 6:1–19. [taJP]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. P., Vanegas, H., Foote, W., & Edwards, S. (1970). Neural mechanisms involved in a cat's attack on a rat. In: The neural control of behavior, ed. Whalen, R. E., Thompson, R. F., Verzeano, M., & Weinberger, N. M., pp. 135–73. New York: Academic Press. [AS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1958) The manifestation of the defensive reactions in neurotic states. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis 18:89–116. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1961) On the transfer of two different defensive conditioned reflexes type 11. Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences-Serie des Sciences Biologiques 9:47–49. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1963) The inhibitory role of amygdala stimulation. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis 23:171–80. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1966) Emotional reactions evoked by electrical stimulation of subcortical structures and their role in the conditioning of alimentary and defensive reactions. 18th International Congress of Psychology, Moscow, pp. 125–29. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1967) The motivational role of the hypothalamus in animal behaviour. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis 27:303–18. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1968) The role of the amygdaloid nucleus in animal behaviour. Progress in Brain Research 22:273–81. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonberg, E. (1972). Control of emotional behaviour through the hypothalamus and amygdaloid complex. In: Physiology, emotion and psychosomatic illness, ed. Knight, J. & Porter, R., pp. 131–61. Amsterdam: Elsevier Excerpta Medica, North-Holland. [EF, rJP]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1979a) Emotions and neuroses [in Polish]. “Ossolineum.” PWN, Wroclaw, pp. 1–231. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1979b) Physiological mechanisms of emotional and instrumental aggression. In: Aggression and behavior change, ed. Feshbach, S. & Fraczek, A., pp. 6–53. New York: Praeger Publisher. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1980) Pain and fear are different motivations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:308–10. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1981). Amygdala and emotions. In: The body weight regulatory system: Normal and disturbed mechanisms, ed Cioffi, L. A., James, W. P. T., & Van Itallie, T. B., pp. 25–32. New York: Raven Press. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. & Kostarczyk, E. (1980) Motivational role of social reinforcement in dog-man relations. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 40:117–36. [EF]Google Scholar
Fowler, C. A. & Turvey, M. T. (1978) The concept of “command neurons” in explanations of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:20–21. [RdeS]Google Scholar
Frigyesi, T. L., Ige, A., Iulo, A., & Schwartz, R. (1971) Denigration and sensorimotor disability induced by ventral tegmental injections of 6 hydroxydopamine in cats. Experimental Neurology 33:78–87. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, S., Dalsass, M., Siegel, H. E., & Siegel, A. (1981). The neural pathways mediating quiet biting attack behavior from the hypothalamus in the cat: A functional autoradiographic study. Aggressive Behavior 7:51–67. [AS]Google Scholar
Fuchs, S., Siegel, A., & Edinger, H. (1980). Functional mapping of hypothalamic pathways eliciting aggression and escape behavior in the cat: A radioautographic study. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 7:420. [AS]Google Scholar
Fuchs, S., Siegel, A., & Edinger, H. (1981). The neural basis of escape behavior elicited from the feline hypothalamus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8:755. [AS]Google Scholar
Gall, F. J. (1835) On the functions of the brain and each of its parts. 6 vols., trans. Lewis, W.. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon. [taJP]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [LDK, FMT]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1981) Précis of The organization of action: A new synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:609–19. [LDK]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R., Karreman, G. A., & Reivich, M. (1977) (14C) 2-deoxy-glucose uptake marks systems activated by rewarding brain stimulation. Brain Research Bulletin 2:149–52. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallup, G. G. (1965). Aggression in rats as a function of frustrative nonreward in a straight alley. Psychonomic Science 3:99–100. [JAG]Google Scholar
Geertz, H. (1959) The vocabulary of emotion: A study of Javanese socialization processes. Psychiatry 22:225–37. [CL]Google Scholar
Geller, I. & Seifter, J. (1960). The effects of meprobamate, barbiturates, D-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Psychophannacologia 1:482–92. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gellhorn, E., Koella, W. P., & Ballin, H. M. (1955) The influence of hypothalamic stimulation on evoked cortical potentials. Journal of Psychology 39:77–78. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
German, D. C. & Bowden, D. M. (1974) Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: A hypothesis. Brain Research 73:381–419. [taJP]Google Scholar
Gessa, G. L. & Tagliamonte, A. (1974) Role of brain monoamines in male sexual behavior. Life Sciences 14:425–36. [MZ]Google Scholar
Glickman, S. E. & Schiff, B. B. (1967) A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychological Review 74:81–109. [taJP]Google Scholar
Goltz, F. (1892) Der Hund ohne Grosshirn. Pflugers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 51:570–614. [taJP]Google Scholar
Goodale, M. A. (1981) Vision as a sensorimotor system. In: Behavioral contributions to brain research, ed. Robinson, T. E.. New York: Oxford University Press. [CHV]Google Scholar
Goodale, M. A. (1981) Vision as a sensorimotor system. In: Behavioral contributions to brain research, ed. Robinson, T. E.. New York: Oxford University Press. [CHV]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1972) The structure of the emotions and the limbic system. In: Physiology, emotion and psychosomatic illness, ed. Porter, R. & Knight, J., pp. 87–130. Amsterdam: Associated Scientific Publishers. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1975) Elements of a two-process theory of learning. London: Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1977). Drug effects on fear and frustration: Possible limbic site of action of minor tranquilisers. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H., vol. 8, pp. 433–529. New York: Plenum Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1979a) A neuropsychological theory of anxiety. In: Emotions in personality and psychopathology, ed. Izard, C. E., pp. 303–35. New York: Plenum Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1979b). Emotionality in male and female rodents: A reply to Archer. British Journal of Psychology 70:425–40. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982a). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [JAG, MZ]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982b) Précis of Gray's The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:469–534. [JAG, MZ]Google Scholar
Greenspan, P. S. (1980) A case of mixed feelings: Ambivalence and the logic of emotion. In: Explaining emotions, ed. Rorty, A. O.. Berkeley: University of California Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1976) The question of animal awareness. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [rJP]Google Scholar
Grill, H. J. & Norgren, R. (1978) The taste reactivity test. 2. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Research 143:281–97. [taJP]Google Scholar
Grings, W. W. & Dawson, M. E. (1978) Emotions and bodily responses: A psychophysiological approach. New York: Academic Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Grinker, R. & Serota, H. (1938) Studies on cortico-hypothalamic relations in the cat and man. Journal of neurophysiology 1:573. [taJP]Google Scholar
Groves, P. M., Wilson, C. J., Young, S. J., & Rebec, G. V. (1975) Self-inhibition by dopaminergic neurons. Science 190:522–29. [taJP]Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1955) Culture and experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [CL]Google Scholar
Hamburg, M. D. (1971) Hypothalamic unit activity and eating behavior. American Journal of Physiology 220:980–85. [taJP, FMT]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. (1971) Learning to love. San Francisco: Albion. [JJ]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1964) Pleasure response of human subjects to direct stimulation of the brain: Physiologic and psychodynamic considerations. In: The role of pleasure in behavior, ed. Heath, R. G., pp. 219–43. New York: Harper & Row. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1975) Brain function and behavior: 1. Emotion and sensory phenomena in psychotic patients and in experimental animals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 160:159–75. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1976) Correlation of brain function with emotional behavior. Biological Psychiatry 11:463–80. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1977) Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemaker: Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165:300–17. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Cox, A. W. & Lustick, L. S. (1974) Brain activity during emotional states. American Journal of Psychiatry 131:858–62. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Dempsey, C. W., Fontana, C. J. & Fitzjarrell, A. T. (1980) Feedback loop between cerebellum and septal-hippocampal sites: Its role in emotion and epilepsy. Biological Psychiatry 15:541–56. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Franklin, D. E. & Shraberg, D. (1979) Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 167:585–92. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. & Gallant, D. M. (1964) Activity of the human brain during emotional thought. In: The role of pleasure in behavior, ed. Heath, R. G., pp. 83–106. New York: Harper & Row. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Llewellyn, R. C., & Rouchell, A. M. (1980) The cerebellar pacemaker for intractable behavioral disorders and epilsepsy: Follow-up report. Biological Psychiatry 15:254–56. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. & Mickle, W. A. (1960) Evaluation of seven years experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. In: Electrical studies on the unanesthetized brain, ed. Ramey, E. R. & O'Doherty, D. S., pp. 214–42. New York: Hoeber. [EF]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Monroe, R. R., & Mickle, W. A. (1955) Stimulation of the amygdaloid nucleus in a schizophrenic patient. American Journal of Psychiatry 3:862–63. [RGH, taJP]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1980) Essay on mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CHV]Google Scholar
Herberg, L. J., Stephens, D. N., & Franklin, K. B. J. (1976) Catecholamines and self-stimulation: Evidence suggesting a reinforcing role for noradrenaline and a motivating role for dopamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 4:575–82. [taJP]Google Scholar
Herman, B. H. (1979) An exploration of brain social attachment substrates in guinea pigs. Ph.D. dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Ohio. [taJP]Google Scholar
Herman, B. H. & Panksepp, J. (1981) Ascending endorphin inhibition of distress vocalization. Science 211:1060–62. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Hess, W. R. (1957) The functional organization of the diencephalon. New York: Grune & Stratton. [taJP]Google Scholar
Hetherington, A. W. & Ranson, S. W. (1942) The spontaneous activity and food intake of rats with hypothalamic lesions. American Journal of Physiology 136:609–17. [taJP]Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. A. and Holstege, G. (1978) Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the rat. Experimental Brain Research 32:529–47. [rJP]Google Scholar
Hunsperger, R. W., Brown, J. L., & Rosvold, H. E. (1964) Combined stimulation in areas governing threat and flight behaviour in the brain stem of the cat. In: Topics in basic neurology, vol. 6, Progress in brain research, ed. Bargmann, W. & Schade, J. P.. pp. 191–97. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huston, J. P. & Borbely, A. A. (1974) The thalamic rat: General behavior, operant learning with rewarding hypothalamic stimulation, and effects of amphetamine. Physiology and Behavior 12:433–48. [taJP]Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. R. & Renfrew, J. W. (1966) Stalking attack and eating behavior elicited from the same sites in the hypothalamus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 61:360–67. [rJP]Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. R. & Renfrew, J. W. (1978) Functional parallels between the neural and environmental antecedents of aggression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review 2:33–58. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, L. L. (1978) Biochemical psychopharmacology of GABA. In: Psychopharmacology, a generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A. & Killam, K. F., pp. 25–38. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1971) The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [CEI, rJP]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1972) Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1979) Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press. [CEI]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. & Buechler, S. (1979) Emotion expressions and personality integration in infancy. In: Emotions in personality and psychopathology, ed. Izard, C. E., pp. 447–72. New York: Plenum Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Dougherty, L. M., Coss, C. L., & Hembree, E. A. (1981) Age-related and individual differences in infants' facial expressions following acute pain. Unpublished paper, University of Delaware. [CEI]Google Scholar
James, W. (1884) What is emotion? Mind 19:188–205. [taJP]Google Scholar
James, W. (1892) Psychology: The briefer course. New York: Harper & Row. [taJP]Google Scholar
Jasper, H. H. & Rasmussen, T. (1958) Studies of clinical and electrical responses to deep temporal stimulation in man with some consideration of functional anatomy. Research Publications: Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 36:316–34. [taJP]Google Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JJ]Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1972) The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergebnisse der Physiologic 64:166–307. [rJP]Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1979) What does a cat dream about? Trends in Neurosciences 2:280–82. [rJP]Google Scholar
Jürgens, U. & Ploog, D. (1970) Cerebral representation of vocalization in the squirrel monkey. Experimental Brain Research 10:532–54. [taJP]Google Scholar
Jus, A., Jus, K., Villeneuve, A., Pires, A., Rachance, R., Fortier, J., & Villeneuve, R. (1973) Studies on dream recall in chronic schizophrenic patients after prefrontal lobotomy. Biological Psychiatry 6:275–93. [rJP]Google Scholar
Kabat, H. (1936) Electrical stimulation of points in the forebrain and midbrain: The resultant alterations in respiration. Journal of Comparative Neurology 64:187–208. [taJP]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1978) Systematic foraging by a nectar-feeding bird, the Amakihi (Loxops virens). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:388–96. [FMT]Google Scholar
Karli, P. & Vergnes, M. (1964) Nouvelles données sur les bases neurophysiologiques du comportement d'aggression interspécifique rat-souris. Journal de Physiologie 56:384. [taJP]Google Scholar
Karplus, J. P. & Kreidl, A. (1909) Gehirn und Sympathicus. 1. Zwischenhirnbasis und Halssympathicus. Pflugers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology 129:138–44. [taJP]Google Scholar
Karplus, J. P. & Kreidl, A. (1927) Gehirn und Sympathicus. F. Über Beziehunger der Hypothalamuszentren zu Blutdruck und innerer Sekretion. Pflugers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 215:667–70. [taJP]Google Scholar
Kelly, D. (1980) Anxiety and emotions. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. [rJP]Google Scholar
King, H. E. (1961) Psychological effects of excitation in the limbic system. In: Electrical stimulation of the brain, ed. Sheer, D. E., pp. 477–86. Austin: University of Texas Press. [EF, taJP]Google Scholar
Klein, D. F. (1981) Anxiety reconceptualized. In: Anxiety: New research and changing concepts, ed. Klein, D. F. & Rabkin, J., pp. 235–63. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Klinger, E. (1975) Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review 82:1–25. [EK]Google Scholar
Klinger, E. (1977) Meaning and void: Inner experience and the incentives in people's lives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [EK]Google Scholar
Klinger, E., Barta, S. G., & Kemble, E. D. (1974) Cyclic activity changes during extinction in rats: A potential model of depression. Animal Learning and Behavior 2:313–16. [EK]Google Scholar
Klüver, H. & Bucy, P. C. (1937) “Psychic blindness” and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physiology 119:352–53. [taJP]Google Scholar
Klüver, H. & Bucy, P. C. (1939) Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 42:979–1000. [taJP]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1981) Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In: Moral development and behavior, ed. Lickona, T.. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [JJ]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. R. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3–40. [taJP]Google Scholar
Langer, S. K. (1973) Mind: an essay on human feeling, vols. 1 & 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Langsdorf, P., Izard, C. E., & Rayias, M. (1981) Interest expression, attention, and heart rate changes in two- to eight-month-old infants. Unpublished paper, University of Delaware. [CEI]Google Scholar
Lavater, J. C. (1789–1798) Essays on physiognomy: Designed to promote the knowledge and love of mankind. 3 vols., trans. Hunter, H.. London: J. Murray. [taJP]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill. [JRR]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., Averill, J. R., & Opton, E. M. (1970) Towards a cognitive theory of emotion. In: Feelings and emotions: The Loyala symposium, ed. Arnold, M. B.. New York: Academic Press. [JRR]Google Scholar
Leeper, R. W. (1948) A motivational theory of emotion to replace emotion as disorganized response. Psychological Review 55. Reprinted in: The nature of emotion, ed. Arnold, M. B.. Penguin. [WL]Google Scholar
Levy, R. (1973) Tahitians: Mind and experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [CL]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1979) Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological Bulletin 86:1054–83. [FMT]Google Scholar
Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1981) Joy, elation, and gladness. In: Conceptual encounter, ed. de Rivera, J.. Washington, D.C.: Universities Press of America. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Lindsley, D. B. (1950) Emotions and the electroencephalogram. In: Feelings and emotions: The Mooseheart symposium, ed. Reymert, M. L., pp. 238–46. New York: McGraw-Hill. [taJP, JRR]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1970) Studies in animal and human behaviour. London: Methuen, vol. 1. [WL]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. & Leyhausen, P. (1973) Motivation of human and animal behavior: An ethological view. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, chap. 10. [WL]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1973) The working brain. New York: Basic Books. [JRA]Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1981) Situation based emotion frames and the cultural construction of emotions. In: Proceedings of the third annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 84–89. Berkeley, Calif. [CL]Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1982) The domain of emotion words on Ifaluk. American Ethnologist 9:113–28. [CL]Google Scholar
Lyons, W. (1980) Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [WL]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1949) Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine 11:338–53. [taJP]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1973) A triune concept of the brain and behavior. In: The Hincks memorial lectures, ed. Boag, T. & Campbell, D., pp. 6–66. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [JJ, taJP]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1975) Sensory and perceptive factors in emotional functions of the triune brain. In: Emotions: their parameters and measurement, ed. Levi, L.. New York: Raven Press. [RP]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1981) Role of transhypothalamic pathways in social communication. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. B, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J.. pp. 259–87. New York: Marcel Dekker. [tarJP]Google Scholar
MacPhail, E. M. & Miller, N. E. (1968) Cholinergic stimulation in cats: Failure to obtain sleep. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 65:499–503. [taJP]Google Scholar
Maier, S. F. & Seligman, M. E. P. (1976) Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology 105:3–46. [HA]Google Scholar
Mancia, B. & Zanchetti, A. (1981) Hypothalamic control of autonomic function. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. B, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 47–202. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Mark, V. H. & Erwin, R. F. (1979) Violence and the brain. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 1–190. [EF]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. (1979) Somatosensory inattention after dopamine depleting intracerebral 6-OH-DA injections: Spontaneous recovery and pharmacological control. Brain Research 177:311–24. [JP]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F., Berrios, N., & Sawyer, S. (1980) Neostriatal dopamine and sensory inattention. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94:833–46. [taJP]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. & Teitelbaum, P. (1974) Further analysis of sensory inattention following lateral hypothalamic damage in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86:375–95. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martín-Ramírez, J., Blanco, J. J., Alonso, A., & Delgado, J. M. R. (1982) Hissing in the cat evoked by brain stimulation. Poster presented at First World Congress of IBRO. Lausanne March 31-April 6, 1982. [JMRD]Google Scholar
Masserman, J. H. (1941) Is the hypothalamus a center of emotion? Psychosomatic Medicine 3:3–25. [taJP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuoka, D. T. & Alcaraz, A. F. (1975) An autoradiographic method of mapping the distribution and density of monoamine neurons in mouse brain. European Journal of Pharmacology 33:125–30. [taJP]Google Scholar
McGinty, D. J. & Sterman, M. B. (1968) Sleep suppression after basal forebrain lesions in the cat. Science 160:1253–55. [taJP]Google Scholar
McIntyre, M. & Stein, D. G. (1973) Differential effects of one- vs. two-stage amygdaloid lesions on activity, exploratory, and avoidance behavior in the albino rat. Behavioral Biology 9:451–65. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Casey, K. L. (1970) The affective dimension of pain. In: Feelings and emotions, ed. Arnold, M. B., pp. 55–68. New York: Academic Press. [LDK]Google Scholar
Millhouse, O. E. (1979) A golgi anatomy of the rodent hypothalamus. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 1, Anatomy of the hypothalamus, ed. Mogane, P. J. & Panksepp, J.. pp. 221–65. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Monroe, R. R. & Heath, R. C. (1954) Psychiatric observations on the patient group. In: Studies in schizophrenia: A multidisciplinary approach to mind brain relationships, ed. Heath, R. C., pp. 345–83. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Morgane, P. J., Jacobs, M. S., & McFarland, W. L. (1980) The anatomy of the brain of the bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Surface configurations of the telencephalon of the bottlenose dolphin with comparative anatomical observations in four other cetacean species. Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 5, supplement 3. [rJP]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley. [JAG]Google Scholar
Moyer, K. E. (1976) The psychobiology of aggression. New York: Harper & Row. [taJP]Google Scholar
Munn, N. L. (1961) Psychology: The fundamentals of human adjustment. New York: Harrap. [WL]Google Scholar
Murphy, M. R., MacLean, P. D., & Hamilton, S. C. (1981) Species-typical behavior of hamsters deprived from birth of the neocortex. Science 213:429–61. [taJP]Google Scholar
Murray, E. J. (1964) Motivation and emotion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [WL]Google Scholar
Myer, J. S. (1971) Some effects of noncontingent aversive stimulation. In: Aversive conditioning and learning, ed. Brush, F. R., pp. 469–536. New York: Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Myers, R. D. (1964) Emotional and autonomic responses following hypothalamic chemical stimulation. Canadian Journal of Psychology 18:6–14. [taJP]Google Scholar
Nakamura, K. & Thoenen, H. (1972) Increased irritability: A permanent behavior change induced in the rat by intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Psychopharmacologia 24:359–72. [taJP]Google Scholar
Nakao, H. (1958) Emotional behavior produced by hypothalamic stimulation. American Journal of Physiology 194:411–18. [taJP]Google Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H. (1946) Hypothalamic regulation of sleep in rats. Journal of Neurophysiology 9:285–316. [taJP]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [RdeS, CL, rJP, CHV]Google Scholar
Olds, J. (1975) Unit recordings during Pavlovian conditioning. In: Brain mechanisms in mental retardation. UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, No. 18, ed. Buchwald, N. A. & Brazier, M. A. B., pp. 343–71. New York: Academic Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Oomura, Y. (1980) Input-output organization in the hypothalamus relating to food intake behavior. in: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 2, Physiology of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., New pp. 557–620. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Palkovits, M. & Záborszky, L. (1979) Neural connections of the hypothalamus. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 2, Anatomy of the hypothalamus, pp. 379–509. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1971a) Aggression elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in albino rats. Physiology and Behavior 6:321–29. [LDK, tarJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1971b) Drugs and stimulus-bound attack. Physiology and Behavior 6:317–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1971c) Effects of hypothalamic lesions on mouse-killing and shock-induced fighting in rats. Physiology and Behavior 6:321–29. [taJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1979a) Offense and defense vs. rage and fear: A matter of semantics? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:225–26. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1979b) Cost-benefits of computer modelling. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:114. [rJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1981a) Hypothalamic integration of behavior: Rewards, punishments, and related psychological processes. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. B, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 289–431. New York: Marcel Dekker. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1981b) Brain opioids - A neurochemical substrate for narcotic and social dependence. In: Theory in psychophantiacology. vol. 1., ed. Cooper, S.. London: Academic Press. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1982a) The pleasure in brain substrates of foraging. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:71–72. [rJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1982b) Foraging-expectancy command circuitry of the brain: A functional theory of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation, submitted. [rJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Bishop, P. (1981) An autoradiographic map of (3H) diprenorphine binding in rat brain: Effects of social interaction. Brain Research Bulletin 7:405–10. [taJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Gandelman, R., & Trowill, J. (1970) Modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation and escape behavior by chlordiazepoxide. Physiology and Behavior 5:965–69. [rJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Herman, B., Conner, R., Bishop, P., & Scott, J. P. (1978) The biology of social attachments: Opiates alleviate separation distress. Biological Psychiatry 13:607–18. [rJP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Herman, B. H., Vilberg, T., Bishop, T., & DeEskinazi, F. C. (1980) Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 4:473–87. [LDK, tarJP]Google Scholar
Papez, J. W. (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 38:725–44. [taJP]Google Scholar
Parent, A. (1979) Anatomical organization of monoamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing neuronal systems in the vertebrate hypothalamus. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 1, Anatomy of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 511–54. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Perochio, A. A. & Alexander, M. (1974) Neurophysiological approaches to the study of aggression. In: The neuropsychology of aggression, ed. Whalen, R. E., pp. 65–83. Advances in Behavioral Biology 12. New York: Plenum Press. [EF]Google Scholar
Phillips, A. G. (1975) Object-carrying by rats: Disruption by ventral mesencephalic lesions. Canadian Journal of Psychology 29:250–62. [taJP]Google Scholar
Phillips, A. G. & Fibiger, H. C. (1973) Dopaminergic and noradrenergic substrates of positive reinforcement: Differential effects of d- and I-amphetamine. Science 179:575–77. [taJP]Google Scholar
Phillips, A. G., McDonald, A. C., & Wilkie, D. M. (1981) Disruption of autoshaped responding to a signal of brain-stimulation reward by neuroleptic drags. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 14:543–48. [rJP]Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. (1981) The logical and empirical form of feeling. Journal of Aesthetic Education 15:31–53. [MC]Google Scholar
Pinel, J. P. J. & Treit, D. (1978) Burying as a defensive response in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:708–12. [HA]Google Scholar
Plotnik, R., Mir, D., & Delgado, J. M. R. (1971) Aggression noxiousness and brain stimulation in unrestrained rhesus monkeys. In: The physiology of aggression and defeat, ed. Eleftheriou, B. E. & Scott, J. P., pp. 143–222. New York: Plenum. [taJP]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R. (1962) The emotions: Facts, theories and a new model. New York: Random House. [RP, JRR]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R. (1970) Emotions, evolution and adaptive processes. In: Feelings and emotions, ed. Arnold, M.. New York: Academic Press. [RP]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R. (1980) Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. [JdeR, RSL, taJP, RP]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R., Kellerman, H., & Conte, H. R. (1979) A structural theory of ego defenses. In: Emotions, personality and psychopathology, ed. Izard, C. E.. New York: Plenum. [RP]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R., McFarland, W. L., & Robinson, B. W., (1966) Relationships between current intensity, self-stimulation rates, escape latencies and evoked behavior in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 61:181–88. [RP]Google Scholar
Plutchik, R. & Platman, S. R. (1977) Personality connotations of psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165:418–22. [RP]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1978) Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology. Psychological Review 85:417–35. [FMT]Google Scholar
Pradhan, S. N. & Bose, S. (1978) Interactions among central neurotransmitters. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F., pp. 271–81. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Pradhan, S. N. & Kamat, K. A. (1973) Effects of anticholinergic agents on self-stimulation. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynarnie et de Therapie 201:16–24. [taJP]Google Scholar
Pradines, M. (1958) Traité de psychologie generate, vol. 1, 6th ed., Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. [WL]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. & Melges, F. (1969) Psychophysiological basis of emotion. In: Handbook of clinical neurology, ed. Vinken, P. J. & Brunyn, G. W.. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Ranson, S. W. (1934) Autonomic reactions induced by electrical stimuation of the hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology 109:85. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ranson, S. W. (1939) Somnolence caused by hypothalamic lesions in the monkey. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 41:1–23. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ranson, S. W. & Magoun, H. W. (1939) The hypothalamus. Ergebnisse der Physiologic 41:56–163. [taJP]Google Scholar
Redmond, D. E. Jr., & Hunag, Y. H. (1979) Current Concepts. 2. New evidence for a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine connection with anxiety. Life Sciences 25:2149–62. [taJP]Google Scholar
Reeves, A. G. & Plum, F. (1969) Hyperphagia, rage, and dementia accompanying a ventromedial hypothalamic neoplasam. Archives of Neurology 20:616–24. [taJP]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Solomon, R. L. (1967) Two process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Psychological Review 74:151–82. [HA]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. W. (1958) Rapid escape learning without avoidance learning motivated by hypothalamic electrical stimulation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 51:391–99. [taJP]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. W. (1980) (14C) deoxyglucose mapping of first order projections activated by stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites eliciting gnawing, eating and drinking in rats. Journal of Comparative Neurology 194:617–38. [taJP]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. W. & Berquist, E. (1968) Attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in cats raised in social isolation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66:590–96. [taJP]Google Scholar
Robinson, B. W., Alexander, M., & Browne, G. (1969) Dominance reversal resulting from aggressive responses evoked by brain telestimulation. Physiology and Behavior 4:749–52. [taJP]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1980) Activity of hypothalamic and related neurons in the alert animal. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. A, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 439–66. New York: Marcel Dekker. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. & Kelly, P. H. (1972) Neural basis of stimulus-bound locomotor activity in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:173–82. [taJP]Google Scholar
Rorty, A. O., ed. (1980) Explaining emotions. Berkeley: University of California Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Routtenberg, A. (1968) The two-arousal hypothesis: Reticular formation and limbic system. Psychological Review 75:51–81. [MZ]Google Scholar
Routtenberg, A. & Malsbury, C. (1969) Brainstem pathways of reward. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68:22–30. [taJP]Google Scholar
Royce, J. R. & Diamond, S. R. (1980) A multifactor-system dynamics theory of emotion: Cognitive affective interaction. Motivation and Emotion 4:263–98. [JRR]Google Scholar
Ruckmick, C. A. (1936) The psychology of feeling and emotion. New York: McGraw-Hill. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ruger, J. & Schulkin, J. (1980) Preoperative sodium appetite experience and hypothalamic lesions in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94:914–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Schacter, S. (1964) The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional states. In: Psychological and biological approaches to social behavior, ed. Leederman, P. & Shapiro, D.. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [JRR]Google Scholar
Schachter, S. & Singer, J. E. (1962) Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 69:379–99. [taJP, HU]Google Scholar
Schaefer, E. & Plutchik, R. (1966) Interrelationships of emotions, traits and diagnostic constructs. Psychological Reports 18:399–410. [HP]Google Scholar
Schreiner, L. & Kling, A. (1953) Behavioral changes following rhinencephalic injury in cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 16:643–59. [taJP]Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. & Teitelbaum, P. (1974) Dissociation between learning and remembering in rats with lesions in the lateral hypothalamus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:384–98. [taJP]Google Scholar
Sem-Jacobsen, C. W. & Torkildsen, A. (1969) Depth recording and electrical stimulation in the human brain. In: Electrical studies on the unanesthetized brain, ed. Ramey, E. R. & O'Doherty, D. S., pp. 275–87. New York: Hoeber. [EF]Google Scholar
Shand, A. (1914) The foundations of character. London: Macmillan. [WL]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1900) Experiments on the value of vascular and visceral factors for the genesis of emotion. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), Series B 66:390–403. [taJP]Google Scholar
Shiller, V. M. & Izard, C. E. (1981) Patterns of emotion expressions during separation. Unpublished paper, University of Delaware. [CEI]Google Scholar
Siegel, A. & Edinger, H. (1981) Neural control of aggression and rage behavior. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. B, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 203–40. New York: Marcel Dekker. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1974) About behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. [CHV]Google Scholar
Smith, D. A. (1972) Increased perioral responsiveness: A possible explanation for the switching of behavior observed during lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Physiology and Behavior 8:617–21. [taJP]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. C. (1976) The passions. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor. [JRA]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L. (1980) The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation. American Psychologist 35:691–712. [rJP]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1969) A modified concept of consciousness. Psychological Review 76:532–36. [GGG]Google Scholar
Spurzheim, J. G. (1832) Phrenology or the doctrine of the mental phenomena. vol. 1, Physiological part. New York: Harper & Row. [taJP]Google Scholar
Spurzheim, J. G. (1846) Phrenology, or the doctrine of the mental phenomena. New York: Harper & Brothers. [rJP]Google Scholar
Stark, P. & Boyd, E. S. (1963) Effects of cholinergic drugs on hypothalamic self-stimulation rates of dogs. American Journal of Physiology 205:745–48. [JP]Google Scholar
Starr, C. (1968) The awakening of the Greek historical spirit. New York: Knopf. [JJ]Google Scholar
Stein, L. (1964) Reciprocal action of reward and punishment mechanisms. In: The role of pleasure in behavior, ed. Heath, R. G., pp. 113–39. New York: Harper & Row. [FMT]Google Scholar
Stein, L. (1978) Reward transmitters: Catecholamines and opioid peptides. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F., pp. 569–81. New York: Raven Press. [taJP, MZ]Google Scholar
Stein, L. & Belluzzi, J. D. (1978) Brain endorphins and the sense of well-being: A psychobiological hypothesis. In: The endorphins, ed. Costa, E. & Trabucchi, M., pp. 299–311. New York: Raven Press. [taJP]Google Scholar
Straus, E. (1963) The primary world of senses. London: Free Press of Glencoe. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Strieker, E. M. & Zigmond, M. J. (1976) Recovery of function after damage to central catecholamine-containing neurons: A neurochemical model for the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. In: Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology, vol. 6, ed. Sprague, J. M. & Epstein, A. N., pp. 121–88. Academic Press: New York. [taJP]Google Scholar
Strongman, K. T. (1973) The psychology of emotion. London: John Wiley. [taJP]Google Scholar
Strongman, K. T. (1978) The psychology of emotion, 2nd ed.New York: Wiley & Sons. [JRR]Google Scholar
Swanson, L. W. & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1980) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. Journal of Comparative Neurology 194:555–70. [rJP]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1963) Learning and instinct in animals. London: Methuen, chap. 4. [WL]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1980) Animal behaviour - A systems approach. Chichester: Wiley. [FMT]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1982) Exploration as a motivational and learning system. A (tentative) cognitive-incentive model. In: Exploration in animals and man, ed. Archer, J. & Birke, L. I. A.. Wokingham: Van Nostrand. [FMT]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. & Birke, L. I. A. (1982) Motivation - A new perspective on some old ideas. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol 5, ed. Bateson, P. & Klopfer, P. H.. New York: Plenum Press. [FMT]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. (1962) Affect, imagery, consciousness, vol. 1, The positive affects. New York: Springer. [JdeR]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. (1963) Affect, imagery, consciousness, vol. 2, The negative affects. New York: Springer. [JJ]Google Scholar
Treit, D., Pinel, J. P. J., & Fibiger, H. C. (1981) Conditioned defensive burying: A new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 15:619–26. [HA]Google Scholar
Trowill, J. A., Panksepp, J., & Gandelman, R. (1969) An incentive model of rewarding brain stimulation. Psychological Review 76:264–81. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1965) The effect of amygdaloid lesions on flight and defence behavior in cats. Experimental Neurology 11:61–79. [taJP]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1980) Personality, activation, and somatic health: A new psychosomatic theory. In: Coping and health, ed. Levine, S. & Ursin, H., pp. 259–79. New York: Plenum Press. [HU]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. & Kaada, B. R. (1960) Functional localization within the amygdaloid complex in the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 12:1–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S., Cox, V. C., & Kakolewski, J. W. (1970) Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation behavior. Psychological Review 77:16–31. [HA, EK, tarJP]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. (in press) The influence of psychological concepts on brain-behavior research. In: Behavioral contributions to brain research, ed. Robinson, T. E.. New York: Oxford University Press. [CHV]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. & Robinson, T. E. (1981) Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:459–514. [rJP, CHV]Google Scholar
von Economo, C. (1930) Sleep as a problem of localization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 71:249–59. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wada, J. A. & Matsuda, M. (1970) Can hypothalamically induced escape be conditioned? Experimental Neurology 28:507–12. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wada, J. A., Matsuda, M., Jung, E., & Hamm, A. (1970) Mesencephalically induced escape behavior and avoidance performance. Experimental Neurology 29:215–20. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1972) Phenotypic and genetic relations between initial response to electric shock and rate of avoidance learning in mice. Behavior Genetics 2:211–40. [HA]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1924) Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. Philadelphia: Lippincott. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wayner, M. J., Barone, F. C., & Loullis, C. C. (1981) The lateral hypothalamus and adjunctive behavior. In: Handbook of the hypothalamus. vol. 3, pt. B, Behavioral studies of the hypothalamus, ed. Morgane, P. J. & Panksepp, J., pp. 107–46. New York: Marcel Dekker. [taJP]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I., Pohorecky, L. A., Bailey, W. H., & Schneider, L. H. (1979) Coping behavior and stress-induced behavioral depression: Studies of the role of brain catecholamines. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 125–60. New York: Academic Press. [HA]Google Scholar
Wellman, H. (in press) A child's theory of mind: The development of conceptions of cognition. In: The growth of insight in the child, ed. Yussen, S. R.. New York: Academic Press. [CL]Google Scholar
Wheatley, M. C. (1944) The hypothalamus and affective behavior in cats. Archives Neurology and Psychiatry (Chicago) 52:296–316. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wilcock, J. (1968). Strain differences in response to shock in rats selectively bred for emotional elimination. Animal Behaviour 16:294–97. [JAG]Google Scholar
Willis, T. (1683) Two discourses concerning the soul of brutes. London. [tarJP]Google Scholar
Willis, T. (1664/1965) The anatomy of the brain and nerves. Tercentenary, ed. Montreal: McGill University Press. [JRA]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (1971) Individual differences in effects of hypothalamic stimulation: The role of stimulation locus. Physiology and Behavior 6:569–72. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (1978) Catecholamine theories of reward: A critical review. Brain Research 152:215–47. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (1982) Neuroleptics and operant behavior: The anhedonia hypothesis. Brain and Behavioral Sciences. 5:39–87. [taJP]Google Scholar
Wishart, T. B. & Walls, E. K. (1974) Reduction of stimulus-bound food consumption in the rat following amphetamine administration. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:741–45. [HA]Google Scholar
Young, P. T. (1961) Motivation and emotion. New York: Wiley. [WL]Google Scholar
Zaner, R. (1970) The way of phenomenology: Criticism as a philosophical discipline. New York: Pegasus. [GGG]Google Scholar
Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (in press) The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [EK]Google Scholar
Zolovick, A. J., Rossi, J. III, Davies, R. F., & Panksepp, J. (1982) An improved pharmacological procedure for depletion of noradrenaline: Pharmacology and assessment of noradrenaline-associated behaviors. European Journal of Pharmacology: [taJP]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1979) Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsadale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [MZ]Google Scholar