Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-nqxm9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-23T08:44:43.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Elementary errors about evolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Richard C. Lewontin
Richard C. Lewontin*
Affiliation:
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Mass 02138
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 1983 , pp. 367 - 368
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Barash, D. P. (1976) Male response to apparent female adultery in the mountain bluebird: An evolutionary interpretation. American Naturalist 110:1097–1101. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1980) Optimal-design models and the strategy of model building in evolutionary biology. Philosophy of Science 47:532–61. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1964) Rationality. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [JBen]Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1976) Linguistic behaviour. Cambridge University Press. [JBen], [tarDCD, AR]Google Scholar
Boden, M. (1981) The case for a cognitive biology. In: Minds and mechanisms: Philosophical psychology and computational models. Cornell University Press. taDCD]Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1950) A history of exPerimental psychology. 2d ed. AppletonCentury-Crofts. [MSS]Google Scholar
Cain, A. J. (1964) The Perfection of animals. Viewpoints in Biology 3:37–63. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Cargile, J. (1970) A note on “iterated knowings.” Analysis 30:151–55. [taDCD]10.2307/3328051 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1982) The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press. [MG]Google ScholarPubMed
Cherniak, C. (1981) Minimal rationality. Mind 99:161–83. [taDCD]10.1093/mind/XC.358.161 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1981) Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 78:67–90. [PSC, ACD, rDCD, AR]10.2307/2025900 Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1980a) Language, thought, and information processing. Nous 14:147–69. [PSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1980b) A Perspective on mind-brain research. Journal of Philosophy 78:185–207. [PSC]10.2307/2025588 Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. & Churchland, P. M. (1983) Stalking the wild epistemic engine. Nous. in press. [PSC]Google Scholar
Clark, S. R. L. (1982) The nature of the beast. Oxford University Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E. & Albon, S. D. (1982) Red deer: Behavior and ecology of two sexes. University of Chicago Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1979) Comparison and adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 205:547–65. ‘RD]10.1098/rspb.1979.0084 42060 Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, L. J. (1981) Can human irrationality be exPerimentally demonstrated? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:317–70. [rDCD]S0140525X00009092 10.1017/S0140525X00009092 Google Scholar
Danto, A. C. (1983) Towards a theory of retentive materialism. In: How many questions: Essays in honor of Sidney Morgenbesser, ed. Cauman, L., Levi, I., Parsons, C. & Schwartz, R.. Hackett. [ACD]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. R. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray. [MG]Google Scholar
Davis, J. D. & Wirtshafter, D. (1978) Set-points or settling points for body weight? A reply to Mrosovsky and Powley. Behavioural Biology 24:405–11. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. (1980) Animal suffering. Chapman & Hall. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [tarDCD, DL]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1980) Good strategy or evolutionarily stable strategy? In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature nurture?, ed. Barlow, C. W. & Silverberg, J.. A.A.A.S. Selected Symposium. Westview Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. W. H. Freeman [RD]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. H. (1978) Animal signals: Information or manipulation? In Behavioural ecology, ed. Krebs, J. H. & Davies, N. B., pp. 289–309. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [RD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1969). Content and consciousness. Humanities Press. [rDCD, DL, AR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1971) Intentional systems. Journal of Philosophy 68:87–106. Repr. in Dennett 1978a. ‘tarDCD, DL, RGM]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1975) Brain writing and mind reading. In: Language, mind, and knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science vol. 7, ed. Gunderson, K.. Repr. in Dennett 1978a. [DL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1976) “Conditions of Personhood.” In: The identities of Persons, ed. Rorty, A. O.. University of California Press. Repr. in Dcnnett 1978a. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978a) Brainstorms. Bradford/MIT Press. [PSC, tarDCD, CC, DL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978b) Reply to Arbib and Gunderson. In: Brainstorms. Bradford/MIT Press. [DL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978c) Why not the whole iguana? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:103–4. [taDCD, RGM]10.1017/S0140525X00059859 S0140525X00059859 Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1979) On the absence of phenornenology. In: Body, mind, and method, ed. Custafson, D. F. & Tapscott, B. L., pp. 93–113. D. Reidel Publ. [DL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1980) Passing the buck to biology. Behavioral and Brain Scieces 3:19. [rDCD]S0140525X00001552 10.1017/S0140525X00001552 Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1981a) Making sense of ourselves. Philosophical Topics 12:63–81. [taDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. (1981b) Three kinds of intentional psychology. In: Reductionism, time and reality, ed. Healey, R.. Cambridge University Press. [PSC, tarDCD, RCM]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1981c) True believers: The intentional strategy and why it works. In: Scientific explanation, ed. Heath, A.. Oxford University Press. [tarDCD, DL, RCM]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1982) How to study consciousness empirically: Or nothing comes to mind. Synthese 53:159–80. [tarDCD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1983) Styles of mental representation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, in press. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. & Haugeland, J. (forthcoming) Intentionality. In: The Oxford companion to the mind, ed. Gregory, H.. Oxford University Press. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1956) What is an adaptive trait? American Naturalist 90:337–47. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Dover, Wilson J. (1951) What happens in Hamlet. 3rd ed. Cambridgc University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1981) Knowledge and the flow of information. Bradford/MIT Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Duhem, P. (1906) La théore physique: Son object et sa structure. Chevalier et Riviere. [GH]Google Scholar
Eisenberg, J. F. (1981) The mammalian radiations. Athlone Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Fisher, D. (1975) Swimming and burrowing in Limulus anti Mesolimulus . Fossils and Strata 4:281–90. [rDCD, NE]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1968) Psychological explanation. Random House. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. Crowell. \PSC, rDCD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1980) Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:63–109. [PSC]S0140525X00001771 10.1017/S0140525X00001771 Google Scholar
von, Frisch K. (1967) The dance language and orientations of bees. Translated by Chadwick, L. E.. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [HST]Google Scholar
Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1978) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 309:37–76. [MSS]10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb29441.x 284726 Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1969) The triumph of the Darwinian method. University of California Press. [MG]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1981) Categories, life, and thinking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:269–83. [MC]S0140525X00008852 10.1017/S0140525X00008852 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1982) On the mechanisms of cnlturl evoluion, and the evolution of language and the common law. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:11. [MG]10.1016/0166-4328(82)90088-2 S0140525X00010177 Google Scholar
Could, J. L. & Gould, C. G. (1982) The insect mind: Physics or metaphysics? In: Animal mind-human mind, ed Griffin, D. R.. Dahlem Workshop. Springer-Verlag. [tarDCD]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ever since Darwin. W. V. Norton & Co. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1980) The panda's thumb: More reflections in natural history. W. W. Norton & Co. [MC]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1981) The mismeasure of man. Norton. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Paisglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London) B205:581–98. [RD. taDCD, NE, RCL, AR, MSS]Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1957) Meaning. Philosophical Review 66:377–88. [taDCD, GH, JH, HST]10.2307/2182440 Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1969) Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical Review 78: 147–77. [taDCD, JH, HST]10.2307/2184179 Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1978) Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:527–38. [ORG. HST]10.1017/S0140525X00076524 S0140525X00076524 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1981) The question of animal awareness. 2d ed. Rockefeller University Press. [RD, ORG. CAR]Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H., Harvey, P. H. Larson, S. C. & Short, R. V. (1981) Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates. Nature 293:55. [RD]10.1038/293055a0 7266658 Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1973) Thought. Princeton University Press. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1974) Review of Meaning, by Stephen Schiffer. Journal of Philosophy 71:224–29. [GH]10.2307/2025349 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, P. H., Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Mace, G. (1980) Brain size and ecology in small mammals and primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:4387–89. [RD]10.1073/pnas.77.7.4387 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heil, J. (1982) Speechless brutes. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 42:400–406. [JH]Google Scholar
Heil, J. (1983) Perception and cognition. University of California Press. [JH]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1950) Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning. Revue lnternationale de Philosophic 11:41–63. [GH]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1970) Animal behaviour. McGraw-Hill. [DMcF]Google Scholar
von, Holst E. & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950) Das Reafferenzprinzip. Naturtvissenschoften 37:464–76. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K. (1978) Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [HST]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Crowing points in ethology. ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1979) Nature's sychologists. In: Consciousness and the physical world, ed. Josephson, B. D. & Rarnachandran, V. S., pp. 57–75. Pergamon Press. [NH]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1980) Nature's psychologists. In: Consciousness and the physical world, ed. Josephson, B. D. & Ramachandran, V. S., pp. 57–75. Pergamon Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1982) Consciousness: a Just-So story. New Scientist 95:474–77. [NH]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–73. [taDCD]S0140525X00007950 10.1017/S0140525X00007950 Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (unpublished) Some remarks on the computer metaphor. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Kalman, R. E. (1963) Mathematical description of linear dynamical systems. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Control Series A.1. 152–92. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1925) The mentality of apes. Liveright. [EWM]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1947) Gestalt psychology. Liveright. [EWM]Google Scholar
Kummer, H. (1982) Social knowledge in free-ranging primates. In: Animal mind-human mind, ed. Griffin, D. R., pp. 113–30. Dahlem Workshop. Springer-verlag. [AJ]Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. Jr, (1983) Rational belief. Bebsavioral and Brain Sciences 6:231–73. [rDCD]S0140525X00015661 10.1017/S0140525X00015661 Google Scholar
Lewin, R. (1980) Evolutionary theory under fire. Science 210:881–87. [taDCD]10.1126/science.210.4472.881 17800836 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1974) Radical interpretation. Symithese 23:331–44. [taDCD]10.1007/BF00484599 Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1961) Evolution and the theory of games. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1:328–403. [taDCD]10.1016/0022-5193(61)90038-8 13736849 Google Scholar
Lewoniti, R. (1972) Testing the theory of natural selection. Nature 236:181–82. [JHea]10.1038/236181a0 Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1978a) Adaptation. Scientific American 213–30. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1978b) Fitness, survival anti optimality. In: Analysis of ecological systems, ed. Horn, D. H., Mitchell, R. & Stairs, G. R.. Ohio State University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1979) Sociobiology as an adaptationist paradigm. Behavioral Science 24:5–14. [HO, taDCD]10.1002/bs.3830240103 435219 Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1981) The inferiority complex. New York Review of Books, 10 22, pp. 12–16. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Lloyd, M. & Dybas, H. S. (1966) The Periodical cicada problem. Evolution 20: 132–49; 466–505. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z. (1971) Studies in animal and human behavior. Harvard University Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1971) Feedback mechanismns in animal behaviour. Academic Press. [DMcF]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. & Houston, A. (1981) Quantitative ethology. Pitman Books. [rDCD, DMcF]Google Scholar
Martin, R. D. (1981) Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates. Nature 293:57–60. [RD]10.1038/293057a0 7266659 Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1972) On evolution. Edinburgh University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1974) The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflict. Journal of Theoretical Biology 49:209–21. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:31–56. [taDCD]10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.000335 Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought. Harvard University Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1969) Naturalistic and exPerimental approaches to primate behavior. In: Naturalistic viewpoints in psychological research, ed Willems, E. & Raush, H.. Holt, , Rinehart and Winston. [EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1971) Communication about the environment in a group of young chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica 15:220–32. [EWM]10.1159/000155381 Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1974) A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In: Behavior of nonhuman primates, vol. 5, ed. Schrier, A. M. & Stollnitz, F.. Academic Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1979) General discussion of the methodological problems involved in the study of social interaction. In: Social interaction analysis: Methodological issues, ed. Lamb, M. & Stephenson, C.. University of Wisconsin Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. & Johnson, M. K. (1976) Communication and cognitive organization in humans and other animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:131–42. [EWM]10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25481.x Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. (1978) Should cognitive concepts be defended or assumed? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:586–87. [EWM]10.1017/S0140525X00076846 Google Scholar
Midgley, M. (1979) Gene juggling. Philosophy 54:439- 58. [RD]11661921 S0031819100063488 Google Scholar
Miller, G., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [EWM]Google Scholar
Millikan, R. G. (forthcoming) Language, thought, and other biological categories. Bradford/MIT Press. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1894) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott. [JH, DMcF]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1900) Animal behaviour. Walter Scott. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1909) An introduction to comnparative psychology. 2d. ed. Walter Scott. [MG]Google Scholar
Mrosovsky, N. & Powley, T. L. (1977) Set points for body weight and fat. Behavioural Biology 20: 205–5. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1982) The knowledge level. 1980 presidential address, American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 18:87–127. [tarDCD]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, state, and utopia. Basic Books. [GH]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1981) Philosophical explanations. Harvard University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Oster, G. F. & Wilson, E. O. (1978) Caste and ecology in the social insects. Princeton University Press. [RD, taDCD]Google Scholar
Patterson, F. (1978) The gestures of a gorilla; Language acquisition in another pongid. Brain and Language 5:72–97. [MSS]10.1016/0093-934X(78)90008-1 618570 Google Scholar
Patterson, F. & Linden, E. (1981) The education of Koko. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [HST]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, C. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:515–26. [taDCD, AJ]10.1017/S0140525X00076512 S0140525X00076512 Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1951) Two dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical Review 60:20–43. [CH]10.2307/2181906 Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1960) Word and object. MIT Press. [tarDCD]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:371–418. [HR]S0140525X00009407 10.1017/S0140525X00009407 Google Scholar
Reddinguis, J. (1980) Control theory and the dynamics of body weight. Physiology and Behaviour 24:27–32. [DMcF]10.1016/0031-9384(80)90009-8 Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1983) The comparative method and adaptations for mating. Oxford University Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Ristau, C. A. (1983) Language, cognition and awareness in animals? In: The use of animals in biomedical research, ed. Sechzer, J.. New York Academy of Sciences. [CAR]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982) The meaning of representation in animal memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:352–406. [taDCD, HLR, HST]Google Scholar
Romanes, C. J. (1882) Animal intelligence. Kegan Paul, Trench. [DMcF, MSS]Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1980) Sociobiology and the preemption of social science. Johns Hopkins University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1905) On denoting. Mind, pp. 479–93. Repr. inGoogle Scholar
Russell, B. (1958) Logic and knowledge, Allen & Unwin. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1919) Introduction to mathematical philosophy. (1971 Reprint). Touchstone Books. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Sarkar, H. (1982) A theory of group rationality. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13:55–72. [JBea]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Rumbaugh, D. M. & Boysen, S. (1978) Linguistically mediated tool use and exchange by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:539–54. [JBen, taDCD]10.1017/S0140525X00076536 S0140525X00076536 Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1976) Research at Yale in natural language processing. Research report 84, Yale University Department of Computer Science. [IaDCD]Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. & Lacey, H. (1982) Behaviorism, science, and human nature. W. V. Norton & Co. [CC]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & Petitto, L. A. (1979) Signing behavior in apes: A critical review. Cognition 7:177–215. [MSS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1981) Ape signing: Problems of method and interpretations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 364:115–29. [MSS]Google Scholar
Seyfarth, R., Cheney, D. L. & Marler, P. (1980) Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Science 210:801–3. [tarDCD, HST]7433999 Google Scholar
Shannon, C. (1949) The mathematical theory of communication (with an introductory essay by Warren Weaver). University of Illinois Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Sheffield, F. D. (1965) Relation between classical conditioning and instrumental learning. In: Classical conditioning, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. \HST]Google Scholar
Shwayder, D. (1965) The stratification of behaviour. Roultedge and Kegan Paul. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Simmons, K. E. L. (1952) The nature of the predator reactions of breeding birds. Behaviour 4:101–76. [taDCDa]Google Scholar
Simon, H. (1957) Models of man. Wiley. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1931) The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology 5:427–58. [HST]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [BFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1964) Behaviorism at fifty. In: Behaciorism and phemmomenology: Contrasting bases for modern psychology, ed. Wann, T. W.. University of Chicago Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond freedom and dignity. Knopf. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1981) Selection by consequences. Science 213:501–4. \BFS]7244649 Google Scholar
Skutch, A. F. (1976) Parent birds and their young. University of Texas Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Small, W. S. (1901) ExPerimental study of the mental processes of the rat. American journal of Psychology 12:218–20. [HR]Google Scholar
Sommerhoff, G. (1950) Analytical biology. Oxford University Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Sordahl, T. A. (1981) Sleight of wing. Natural history 90:43–49. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Stabler, E. P. Jr, (1983) How are grammars represented? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 391–421. [rDCD]S0140525X00016678 10.1017/S0140525X00016678 Google Scholar
Stafford, S. (unpublished) The origins of the intentional stance. Tufts University Working Paper in Cognitive Science. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Stich, S. P. (1982) On the ascription of content. In: Thought and object, ed. Woodfield, A., pp. 153–206. Clarendon Press. [PSC]Google Scholar
Süffert, F. (1932) Phänomene visueller Anpassung. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 26:147–316. [MC]Google Scholar
Sulloway, F. (1979) Freud. biologist of the mind. Basic Books. [EWM]Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1964) The explanation of behaviour. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [JBen, rDCD]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1982a) Can animals think? New Society 4:339–42. [HST]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1982b) Why Koko can't talk. Sciences 22:8–10. [HST]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1983) Animal cognition. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. C. & Terrace, H. S.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [HST]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1965) Behavior and natural selection. In: Ideas in modern biology, ed. Moore, J. A., pp. 519–42. Natural History Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1980) Animal behaviour: A systems approach. J. Wiley & Sons. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932) Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Repr. University of California Press, 1949. [HLR]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1951) Behavior and psychological man. University of California Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1959) Principles of purposive behavior. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S., pp. 92–157. McGraw-Hill. [HLR]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57. [taDCD]10.1086/406755 Google Scholar
Wiener, N. (1946) Cybernetics. MIT Press. [EWM]Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969) Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent nonreinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:511-20. [HST]10.1901/jeab.1969.12-511 16811370 Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [MG]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [taDCD]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O., Durlach, N. I. & Roth, L. M. (1958) Chemical releasers of necrophoric behavior in ants. Psyche 65:108–14. [taDCD]10.1155/1958/69391 Google Scholar
Wirtshafter, D. & Davis, J. D. (1977) Set points, settling points, and the control of body weight. Physiology and Behaviour 19:75–78. [DMcF]10.1016/0031-9384(77)90162-7 Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1958) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1979) Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 7:333–62. [taDCD]Google Scholar