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Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2009

John Archer
John Archer
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom. [email protected]://www.uclan.ac.uk/scitech/research/rae2008/psychology/staff_profiles/jarcher.php
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Abstract

I argue that the magnitude and nature of sex differences in aggression, their development, causation, and variability, can be better explained by sexual selection than by the alternative biosocial version of social role theory. Thus, sex differences in physical aggression increase with the degree of risk, occur early in life, peak in young adulthood, and are likely to be mediated by greater male impulsiveness, and greater female fear of physical danger. Male variability in physical aggression is consistent with an alternative life history perspective, and context-dependent variability with responses to reproductive competition, although some variability follows the internal and external influences of social roles. Other sex differences, in variance in reproductive output, threat displays, size and strength, maturation rates, and mortality and conception rates, all indicate that male aggression is part of a sexually selected adaptive complex. Physical aggression between partners can be explained using different evolutionary principles, arising from the conflicts of interest between males and females entering a reproductive alliance, combined with variability following differences in societal gender roles. In this case, social roles are particularly important since they enable both the relatively equality in physical aggression between partners from Western nations, and the considerable cross-national variability, to be explained.

Keywords

aggressionpartner violencesex differencessexual selectionsocial role theory
Type
Main Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 32 , Issue 3-4 , August 2009 , pp. 249 - 266
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

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