Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T20:30:41.329Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Can irrationality be intelligently discussed?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Daniel Kahneman  and
Amos Tversky
Daniel Kahneman
Affiliation:
a Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T I W5
Amos Tversky
Affiliation:
b Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. 94305
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 1983 , pp. 509 - 510
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, M. J. (1980) Inductive deductions and deductive inductions. In: Attention and perfornwnce, vol. 8, ed. Nickerson, R. S.. Erlbaum. [RR]Google Scholar
Ann Arbor News (1979) February 6. [RMD]Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1961) Other minds. In: Philosophical papers. Oxford University Press. [CJC]Google Scholar
Bar-Hillel, M. (1979) The Role of Sample Size in Sample Evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 24:245–57. [LJC]10.1016/0030-5073(79)90028-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, S. (1981) Rational animal? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:331–32. [IL]S0140525X00009109 10.1017/S0140525X00009109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braine, M. D. S. (1978) On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic. Psychological Review 85:1–21. [GSK, RR]10.1037/0033-295X.85.1.1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucci, W. (1978) The interpretation of universal affirmative propositions. Cognition 6:55–77. [RR]10.1016/0010-0277(78)90009-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casscells, W., Schwenberger, A. & Craboys, T. B. (1978) Interpretation by physicians of clinical laboratory results. New England journal of Medicine 299:99–1001. [JEA]78444 10.1056/NEJM197811022991808 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ceraso, J. & Provitera, A. (1971) Sources of error in syllogistic reasoning. Cognitive Psychology 2:400–410. [RR]10.1016/0010-0285(71)90023-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, L. J. & Chapman, J. P. (1969) Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 74:271–80. [CRM]10.1037/h0027592 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherniak, C. (1981) Minimal rationality. Mind 90:161–83. [CC]10.1093/mind/XC.358.161 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, H. H. (1977) Bridging. In: Thinking: Readings in cognitive science, ed Johnson-Laird, P. N. & Wason, P. C.. Cambridge University Press. [RR]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1962) The diversity of meaning. 2d ed. 1966. Methuen. [LJC]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1970) The implications of induction. Methuen. [CS]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1977) The probable and the provable. Oxford University Press. [JEA, CS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1979) On the psychology of prediction: Whose is the fallacy? Cognition 7:385–407. [LJC, CJ, DK]10.1016/0010-0277(79)90023-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1981a) Are there any a priori constraints on the study of rationality? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:359–67. [CC, LJC, RMD, AG, IL]S0140525X00009390 10.1017/S0140525X00009092 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1981b) Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:317–31. [JEA, LB, CC, LJC, ND, RMD, AC, REC, CJ, GSK, IL, CRM, RB, CS]S0140525X00009092 10.1017/S0140525X00009092 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1982) Are people programmed to commit fallacies? Further thoughts about the interpretation of experimental data on probability judgment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 12:251–74. [LJC]10.1111/j.1468-5914.1982.tb00450.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M. S. (1981) Status of the rationality assumption in psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:332–33. [CC]S0140525X00009110 10.1017/S0140525X00009110 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, N. (1979) Wide reflective equilibrium and theory aacceptance in ethics. Journal of Philosophy 76:256–82. [ND]10.2307/2025881 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, N. (1980) On some methods of ethics and linguistics. Philosophical Studies 37:21–36. [ND]10.1007/BF00353498 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, B. M. (1975) The mind, the model, and the task. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiftron, R. M., Castellen, N. J., Lindman, H. B. & Pisoni, D. B., pp. 87–106. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [RMD]Google Scholar
de, Morgan A. (1847) Formal logic. Open Court Publishing Company, 1926. [RMD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [CJ]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1981a) Three kinds of intentional psychology. In: Reductionism, time and reality, ed. Healy, R.. Cambridge University Press. [CJ]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1981b) True believers: The intentional strategy and why it works. In: Scientific Explanation, ed. Heath, A.. Oxford University Press. [CJ]10.1017/S0140525X00009122 Google Scholar
Diaconis, P. & Freedman, D. (1981) The persistence of cognitive illusions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:333–34. [IL]S0140525X00009122 10.1017/S0140525X00009122 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickstein, L. (1975) Effects of instructions and premise order on errors in syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1:376–84. [RR]10.1037/0278-7393.1.4.376 Google Scholar
Doherty, M. E., Mynatt, C. B., Tweney, R. D. & Shiavo, M. D. (1979) Pseudodiagisosticity. Acta Psychologica 43:111–21. [CRM]10.1016/0001-6918(79)90017-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dummett, M. (1978) The justification of deduction. In: Truth and other enigmas, ed. Dummett, M.. Duckworth. [ND]Google Scholar
Einhorn, H. J. & Hogarth, R. M. (1978) Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. Psychological Review 85:395–416. [CJ]10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.395 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einhorn, H. J. (1981) Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology 32:53–88. [CJ, CRM]10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000413 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekelöf, P. O. (1981) Beweiswert. In: Festschrifi für Fritz Baur, ed Gunsky, W., Stürner, R., Walter, C. & Wolf, M., Mohr, J. C. B.. [CS]Google Scholar
Erickson, J. (1978) Research on syllogistic reasoning. In: Human reasoning, ed. Revlin, R. & Mayer., B. Winston. [RR]Google Scholar
Erickson, J. & Jones, M. (1978) Thinking. Annual Review of Psychology 29:61–90. [RR]10.1146/annurev.ps.29.020178.000425 341792 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, J. St. B. (1973) On the problems of interpreting reasoning data: Logical and psychological approaches. Cognition 1:373–84. [RR]10.1016/0010-0277(72)90003-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. & Pollard, P. (1981) On defining rationality unreasonably. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:335–36. [CC]S0140525X00009146 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finetti, B. de (1963) Foresight: Its logical laws, its subjective sources. In: Studies in subjective probability, ed. Kyburg, H. E. & Smokier, H. E., pp. 93–158. Wiley. (1st ed. 1937) [IL]Google Scholar
Finocchiaro, M. (1981) Fallacies and the evaluation of reasoning. American Philosophical Quarterly 18:13–22. [RMD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. & Garrett, M. (1966) Some reflections on competence and performance. In: Psycholinguistic papers, ed. Lyons, J. & Wales, R. J., pp. 135–54. Edinburgh University Press. [GSK]Google Scholar
Fong, C. T., Krantz, D. H. & Nisbett, R. E. (1982) Improving inductive inference through statistical training. University of Michigan. [CJ]Google Scholar
Gentzen, C. (1969) Investigations into logical deduction. In: Collected papers of Gerhard Gentzen, ed. Szabo, M. E., pp. 68–131. North Holland. [GSK]Google Scholar
Giles, R. (1979) A formal system for fuzzy reasoning. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2:233–57. [CS]10.1016/0165-0114(79)90029-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, A. I. (1978) Epistemics: The regulative theory of cognition. Journal of Philosophy 55:509–23. [CJ]10.2307/2025838 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, N. (1955) Fact, fiction, and forecast. Harvard University Press. 3rd ed., Bobbs-Merrill, 1973. [CJ]Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1972) Problems and projects. Bobbs-Merrill. [JEA]Google Scholar
Crice, H. P. (1967) William James lectures, Harvard University. Published in part as “Logic and conversation” in Cole, P. & Morgan, J., eds., Syntax and semantics, vol. 3: Speed acts. Seminar Press, 1975. [RR]Google Scholar
Crice, H. P. (1975) Logic and conversation. In: The logic of grammar, ed. Davidson, D. & Harman, C.. Dickenson. [JEA]Google Scholar
Griggs, R. & Osterman, L. (1980) Conversion errors in processing artificial set inclusions. Quarterly journal of Experimental Psychology 32:241–46. [RR]10.1080/14640748008401160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, B. M. (1963) Freedom and reason. Oxford University Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Harman, C. (1980) Reasoning and explanatory coherence. American Philosophical Quarterly 17:151–57. [JEA]Google Scholar
Henle, M. (1962) On the relation between logic and thinking. Psychological Review 69:366–78. [RR]10.1037/h0042043 13906458 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilgard, E. R. (1980) The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 16:107–17. [AG]10.1002/1520-6696(198004)16:2<107::AID-JHBS2300160202>3.0.CO;2-Y 11608381 3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphrey, H. (1968) Election eve telecast. [RMD]Google Scholar
Jaskowski, S. (1934) On the rules of supposition in formal logic. Studia Logica 1:5–32. [GSK]Google Scholar
Jeffrey, R. C. (1970) Dracula meets wolfman: Acceptance versus partial belief. In: Induction, acceptance, and rational belief, ed. Swain, M.. Reidel. [ND]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1975) Models of deduction. In: Reasoning: Representation and process, ed. Falmagne, H. J.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CSK]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. & Steedman, M. (1978) The psychology of the syllogism. Cognitive Psychology 10:64–99. [RR]10.1016/0010-0285(78)90019-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1981) Who shall be the arbiter of our intuitions? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:339–40. [IL]S0140525X00009183 10.1017/S0140525X00009195 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972) Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology 3:430–54. [LJC, CJ]10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1973) On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review 80:237–51. [CJ]10.1037/h0034747 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1982a) On the study of statistical intuitions. In: Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, ed. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A., pp. 493–508. Cambridge University Press. [LJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1982b) Variants of uncertainty. In: Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, ed. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A., pp. 509–20. Cambridge University Press. [LJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, I. (1949) Kant's critique of practical reason and other writings in moral philosophy. University of Chicago Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1973) The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment. Journal of Philosophy 18:630–46. [AG]10.2307/2025030 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, D. H. (1981) Improvements in human reasoning and an error in L. J. Cohen's. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:340–41. [IL]S0140525X00009201 10.1017/S0140525X00009201 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, D. H., Fong, C. T. & Nisbett, R. E. (1982) Formal training improves the application of statistical heuristics to everyday problems. Bell Laboratories. [CJ]Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1961) Probability and the logic of rational belief. Wesleyan University Press. [IL]Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1974) The logical foundations of statistical inference. Reidel. [IL]10.1017/S0140525X00009213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1981) Intuition, competence, and performance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:341–42. [CC]S0140525X00009213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, I. (1967) Gambling with truth: An essay on induction and the aims of science. Knopf. [LB]Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1977) “Direct inference.” Journal of Philosophy 74:5–29. [IL]10.2307/2025794 Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1980) The enterprise of knowledge. M.I.T. Press. [IL]10.1017/S0140525X00009213 Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. E. (1981) Should Bayesians sometimes neglect base rates? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:342–43. [lL]S0140525X00009225 10.1017/S0140525X00009213 Google Scholar
Lucas, J. R. (1961) Minds, machines, and Gödel. Philosophy, 36:112–17. [LB].10.1017/S0031819100057983 S0031819100057983 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (1981) “Is” and “ought” in cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:344–45. [AG, CJ]S0140525X00009249 10.1017/S0140525X00009249 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, D. & Slovic, P. (1976) Dominance of accuracy information and neglect of base rates in probability estimation. Acta Psychologica 40:287–98. [LJC]10.1016/0001-6918(76)90032-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1981) Propensity, evidence, and diagnosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:345–46. [IL]S0140525X00009250 10.1017/S0140525X00009262 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margalit, A. & Bar-Hillel, M. (1981) The irrational, time unreasomsable, and the wrong. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:346–49. [IL]S0140525X00009262 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. & Cantor, N. (1982) A book review of R. Nisbett and L. Boss, Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment . Social Cognition 1:83–93. [CJ]10.1017/S0140525X00009274 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niiniluoto, I. (1981) L. J. Cohen versus Bayesiamsism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:349. [IL]S0140525X00009274 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Borgida, E., Crandall, R. & Reed, H. (1976) Popular induction: Information is not always informative. Its: Cognition and social behavior, ed. Carroll, J. S. & Payne, J. W.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [CJ]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H., Jepson, C. & Fong, G. T. (1982) Improving inductive inference. In: Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, ed. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A.. Cambridge University Press. [CJ]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgnsent. Prentice Hall. [JEA, CC, LJC, CJ]Google Scholar
Osherson, D. N. (1975) Logical abilities in children, vol. 3. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CSK]Google Scholar
Peirce, C. (1955) The fixation of belief. In: Philosophical writings of Peirce, ed. Buchler, J.. Dover. [CC]Google Scholar
Phillips, L. D. & Edwards, W. (1966) Conservatism in a simple probability inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 72:346–54. [LJC]10.1037/h0023653 5968681 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J. (1972) A theory of justice. Clarendon Press, [AG]Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1974) The independence of moral theory. Proceedings and Addresses of the Anserican Philosophical Association 67:5–22. [ND]10.2307/3129858 Google Scholar
Reid, T. (1969) Essays on the intellectual powers of man. M.I.T. Press. (Reproduced from the 1814, 1815 edition; first published 1785.) [CRM]Google Scholar
Revlin, R. Ammerman, K. Petersen, K. & Leirer, V. (1978) Category relations and syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Educational Psychology 70:613–25. [RR]10.1037/0022-0663.70.4.613 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revlin, R. & Leirer, V. (1978) The effect of personal biases on syllogistic reasoning: Rational decisions from personalized representations. In: Human reasoning, ed. Revlin, R. & Mayer, R.. Winston. [RR]Google Scholar
Revlin, R. (1980) Understanding quantified categorical expressions. Memory and Cognition 8:447–58. [RR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Revlin, R., Leirer, V., Yopp, H. & Yopp, R. (1980) The belief-bias effect in formal reasoning: The influence of knowledge on logic. Memory and Cognition 8:584–92. [RR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Revlin, R. (1975a) Syllogistic reasoning: Logical decisions from a complex data base. In: Psychological studies of logic and its development, ed. Falmagne, R.. Erlbaumn. [RR]Google Scholar
Revlin, R. (1975b) Two models of syllogistic reasoning: Feature selection and conversion. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:180–95. [RR]10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80064-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rips, L. J. (forthcoming) Reasoning as a central intellective activity, in: Advances in the study of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Erlbaum. [LJC]Google Scholar
Rips, L. & Marcus, S. (1977) Supposition and the analysis of conditional sentences. In: Cognitive processes in comprehension, ed. Just, M. & Carpenter, P.. Erlbaum. [RR]Google Scholar
Ross, L., Lepper, M. R. & Hubbard, M. (1975) Perseverance in self perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32:880–92. [CRM]10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.880 1185517 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, E. E. (1981) Cognitive psychology as ideology. American Psychologist 36:730–43. [AG]10.1037/0003-066X.36.7.730 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1972) The foundations of statistics. 2d ed. [LB]Google Scholar
Seidenfeld, T. (1979) “Why I am not an objective Bayesian.” Theory and Decision 11:413–40. [IL]10.1007/BF00139451 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, G. R. (1976) A mathematical theory of evidence. Princeton University Press. [LB, GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, G. R. (1981) Constructive probability. Synthese 48:1–60. [GS]10.1007/BF01064627 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, G. R. (1982) Lindley's paradox. Journal of the American Statistical Association 77:325–51. [GS]10.2307/2287244 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. A., Turiel, E. & Much, N. C. (1981) The moral intuitions of the child In: Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures, ed. Flavell, J. H. & Ross, L.. Cambridge University Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Siegal, M. (1982) Fairness in children: A social cognitive approach to the study of moral development. Academic Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1959) Models of man. Wiley. [JEA, CJ]10.1159/000271335 Google Scholar
Simpson, E. L. (1974) Moral development research: A case of scientific cultural bias. Human Development 17:81–106. [AG]10.1159/000271335 4853257 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, E. L. (1976) A holistic approach to moral development and behavior. In: Moral development and behavior, ed. Lickona, T., pp. 159–70. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [AG]10.1017/S0140525X00009304 Google Scholar
Skyrms, B. (1981) Conditional probability, taxicabs, and martingales. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:351–52. [IL]S0140525X00009304 10.1017/S0140525X00009304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. (1978) Psychologism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 8:165–91. [CJ[10.1111/j.1468-5914.1978.tb00398.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. P. (1981) Inferential competence: Right you are, if you think you are. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:353–54. [AG]S0140525X0000933X 10.1017/S0140525X0000933X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. P. (1982) Could man be an irrational animal? University of Maryland. [CJ[Google Scholar
Strawson, P. F. (1952) Introduction to logical theory. Methiten. [ND]Google Scholar
Taplin, J. (1971) Reasoning with conditional sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10:218–25. [RR]10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80048-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. & Nisbett, B. E. (in press) Rationality and charity. Philosophy Science. [CJ[Google Scholar
Thomas, J. (1976) Quantifiers and question-asking. Research Report BC 5866, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [RR]Google Scholar
Tsal, Y. (1977) Symmetry and transitivity assumptions about nonspecified logical relations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:677–84. [RR]10.1080/14640747708400641 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A. (1981) L. J. Cohen, again: On the evaluation of inductive intuitions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:354–56. [IL]S0140525X00009341 10.1017/S0140525X00009341 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 125:1124–31. [JEA]10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A. (1977) Causal thinking in judgment under uncertainty. In: Basic problems in methodology and linguistics, ed. Butts, R. & Hintikka, J.. Reidel. [LJC, IL]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1983) Extensional vs. intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review. In press. [DK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TV Facts (1980) Palo Alto, Calif., Decenmber 17–20. [RMD]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1980) Isaac Newton's two uses of hypothetical reasoning: Dual influences on the history of psychology. Storia e Critica della Psicologla 1:63–78. [CRM]Google ScholarPubMed
Tweney, R. D., Doherty, M. E. & Mynatt, C. R., eds. (1981) On scientific thinking. Columbia University Press. [CRM]Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. & Sells, S. (1935) An atmosphere effect in formal syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:451–60. [RR]10.1037/h0060520 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zabell, S. L. (1981) Unphilosophical probability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:358–59. [IL]S0140525X00009377 10.1017/S0140525X00009389 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zadeh, L. (1978) Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1:3–28. [GS]10.1016/0165-0114(78)90029-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar