No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
A bazaar of opinions mostly fit within picoeconomics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 October 2005
Abstract
The will has generated a wider range of opinions than most phenomena, lacking as it does both an animal model and consistent behavioral correlates. It has even been held not to exist. The commentators approached my intertemporal bargaining (picoeconomic) model from many angles. Doubts about the existence of the underlying phenomenon, hyperbolic discounting, were still raised by some, but other commentators added to the evidence for it, which I regard now as overwhelming. Where mechanisms of self-control were specified, I found it possible to place them within a picoeconomic framework.
- Type
- Author's Response
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005
References
Ainslie, G. (1974) Impulse control in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:485–89. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1975) Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin 82:463–96. [arGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1986) Beyond microeconomics: Conflict among interest in a multiple self as a determinant of value. In: The multiple self, ed. Elster, J., pp. 133–75. Cambridge University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1991) Derivation of “rational” economic behavior from hyperbolic discount curves. American Economic Review 81:334–40. [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1992) Picoeconomics: The strategic interaction of successive motivational states within the person. Cambridge University Press. [arGA, DR]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1995) A utility-maximizing mechanism for vicarious reward: Comments on Julian Simons “Interpersonal allocation continuous with intertemporal allocation.” Rationality and Society 7:393–403. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1999) The dangers of willpower: A picoeconomic understanding of addiction and dissociation. In: Getting hooked: Rationality and addiction, ed. Elster, J. & Skog, O-J., pp. 65–92. Cambridge University Press. [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press. [arGA, HA-C, KB, BB, TC, LF, LG, RG, GWH, JP, HR, DR, FS, KES, JDS, XTW]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2005a) Can thought experiments prove anything about the will? Presented at the conference, Mind and World II, University of Alabama, Birmingham, March 18, 2005; proceedings to be published by Routledge. [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2005b) Emotion as motivated behavior. In: Agents that want and like: Motivational and emotional roots of cognition and action. Proceedings of a Symposium at the Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour ‘05 Convention, Hatfield, U.K., AISB ed. Canamero, L., pp. 1–8. [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (in press a) A selectionist model of the ego: Implications for self-control. In: Disorders of volition, ed. Sebanz, N. & Prinz, W.. MIT Press. [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (in press b) You can't give permission to be a bastard. Commentary on Henrich et al. (2005), “Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6). [rGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Haendel, V. (1983) The motives of the will. In: Etiology aspects of alcohol and drug abuse, ed. Gottheil, E., Druley, K., Skodola, T. & Waxman, H., pp. 119–40. Charles C. Thomas. [arGA, GWH]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1981) Preference reversal and delayed reinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 9:476–82. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Monterosso, J. (2003a) Building blocks of self-control: Increased tolerance for delay with bundled rewards. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 79:83–94. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Monterosso, J. (2003b) Hyperbolic discounting as a factor in addiction: A critical analysis. In: Choice, behavioural economics, and addiction, ed. Vuchinich, R. R. & Heather, N., pp. 35–62. Pergamon. [rGA]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. APA Press. [aGA, LG]Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1984) The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Barnes, J.. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arló-Costa, H. & Helzner, J. (2005) Comparative ignorance and the Ellsberg's phenomenon. In: ISIPTA ‘05: Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Imprecise Probabilities and Their Applications, ed. Cozman, F. G., Nau, R. & Seidenfeld, T., pp. 21–31. Brightdoc. Available at: http://www.sipta.org/isipta05/proceedings/index.html. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Baier, A. (1991) A progress of sentiments: Reflections on Hume's treatise. Harvard University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. & Shaw, L. L. (1991) Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism or prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry 2:159–68. [aGA]Google Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1974) On two types of deviation from the matching law: Bias and undermatching. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22:231–42. [rGA]Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Heatherton, T. (1996) Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry 7:1–15. [aGA]Google Scholar
Becker, G. & Murphy, K. (1988) A theory of rational addiction. Journal of Political Economy 96:675–700. [aGA]Google Scholar
Beecher, H. (1959) Measurement of subjective responses. Oxford University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Bell, D. E. (1982) Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research 30:961–81. [TC]Google Scholar
Benzion, U., Rapoport, A. & Yagil, J. (1989) Discount rates inferred from decisions: An experimental study. Management Science 35:270–84. [GWH]Google Scholar
Berns, G. S., McClure, S. M., Pagnoni, G. & Montague, P. R. (2001) Predictability modulates human brain response to reward. Journal of Neuroscience 21:2793–98. [arGA]Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C. (1999) Pleasure, pain, desire, and dread: Hidden core processes of emotion. In: Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, ed. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. & Schwartz, N.. Sage. [rGA]Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C. & Robinson, T. (1998) What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience. Brain Research Reviews 28:309–69. [aGA]Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1950) A history of experimental psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rGA]Google Scholar
Bratman, M. E. (1999) Faces of intention: Selected essays on intention and agency. Cambridge University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Carson, S. M., Moses, L. J. & Hix, H. R. (1998) The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief. Child Development 69:672–91. [RG]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., Lawrence, J. W. & Scheier, M. F. (1996) A control-process perspective on the origins of affect. In: Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation, ed. Martin, L. L. & Tesser, A., pp. 11– 52. Erlbaum. [XTW]Google Scholar
Chapman, G. B. & Elstein, A. S. (1995) Valuing the future: Temporal discounting of health and money. Medical Decision Making 15:373–86. [LG]Google Scholar
Chung, S. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1967) Choice and delay of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10:67–74. [aGA]Google Scholar
Clum, George A., Clum, Gretchen A. & Surls, R. (1993) A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:317–26. [aGA]Google Scholar
Coller, M., Harrison, G. W. & Rutström, E. E. (2003) Are discount rates constant? Reconciling theory and observation. Working Paper 3–31, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Central Florida. [GWH]Google Scholar
Coller, M. & Williams, M. B. (1999) Eliciting individual discount rates. Experimental Economics 2:107–27. [GWH]Google Scholar
Connolly, T. & Reb, J. (2003) Omission bias in vaccination decisions: Where's the “omission”? Where's the “bias”? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 91:186–202. [TC]Google Scholar
Connolly, T. & Zeelenberg, M. (2002) Regret in decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11:212–20. [TC]Google Scholar
Curry, S., Marlatt, A. & Gordon, J. R. (1987) Abstinence violation effect: Validation of an attributional construct with smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55:145–49. [rGA]Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1969) How is weakness of the will possible? In: Moral concepts, ed. Weinberg, J., pp. 93–113. Oxford University Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Deluty, M. Z., Whitehouse, W. G., Mellitz, M. & Hineline, P. N. (1983) Selfcontrol and commitment involving aversive events. Behavior Analysis Letters 3:213–19. [aGA]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Artificial intelligence as philosophy and as psychology. In: Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology, ed. Dennett, D. C., pp. 109–26. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [rGA]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. & Perner, J. (1999) A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:735–808. [KES]Google Scholar
Donahoe, J. W., Burgos, J. E. & Palmer, D. C. (1993) A selectionist approach to reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 60:17–40. [aGA]Google Scholar
Donahoe, J. W., Palmer, D. C. & Burgos, J. E. (1997) The S-R issue: Its status in behavior analysis and in Donahoe and Palmer's Learning and Complex Behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 67:193–211. [aGA]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1981) States that are essentially by-products. Social Science Information 20:431–73. Reprinted in Elster, J., (1983) Sour grapes: Studies in the subversion of rationality, pp. 43–108. Cambridge University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (2003) In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:454–59. [KES]Google Scholar
Forzano, L. B. & Logue, A. L. (1992) Predictors of adult humans’ self-control and impulsiveness for food reinforcers. Appetite 19:33–47. [aGA]Google Scholar
Fox, C. R. & Tversky, A. (1991) Ambiguity aversion and comparative ignorance. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3):585–603. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Gerall, A. A. & Obrist, P. A. (1962) Classical conditioning of the pupillary dilation response of normal and curarized cats. Journal of Experimental Psychology 50:261–63. [aGA]Google Scholar
Gergen, K. J. (1985) The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist 40:266–75. [aGA]Google Scholar
Gibbon, J. (1977) Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review 84:279–325. [rGA]Google Scholar
Glenberg, A. M. (1997) What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:1–55. [KES]Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (in press) If–then plans and the intentional control of thoughts, feelings, and actions. In: Disorders of volition, ed. Sebanz, N. & Prinz, W.. MIT Press. [rGA]Google Scholar
Gosselin, P., Kirouac, G. & Dore, F. Y. (1998) Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68:83–96. [aGA]Google Scholar
Grace, R. C. (1994) A contextual model of concurrent chains choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 61:113–29. [aGA]Google Scholar
Granda, A. M. & Hammack, J. T. (1961) Operant behavior during sleep. Science 133:1485–86. [aGA]Google Scholar
Green, L., Fisher, E. B. Jr., Perlow, S. & Sherman, L. (1981) Preference reversal and self-control: Choice as a function of reward amount and delay. Behaviour Analysis Letter 1:43–51. [aGA]Google Scholar
Green, L., Fristoe, N. & Myerson, J. (1994a) Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1:386. [aGA]Google Scholar
Green, L., Fry, A. & Myerson, J. (1994b) Discounting of delayed rewards: A lifespan comparison. Psychological Science 5:33–36. [arGA]Google Scholar
Green, L. & Myerson, J. (1993) Alternative frameworks for the analysis of self control. Behavior and Philosophy 21:37–47. [LG]Google Scholar
Green, L., Myerson, J. & Macaux, E. W. (in press) Temporal discounting when the choice is between two delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [rGA, LG]Google Scholar
Green, L., Myerson, J. & McFadden, E. (1997) Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward. Memory and Cognition 25:715–23. [LG]Google Scholar
Harland, R. (1987) Superstructuralism: The philosophy of structuralism and poststructuralism. Methuen. [aGA]Google Scholar
Harrison, G. W., Lau, M. I. & Rutström, E. E. (2005) Dynamic consistency in Denmark: A field experiment. Working Paper 5–02, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Central Florida, January 2005. [rGA, GWH]Google Scholar
Harrison, G. W., Lau, M. I. & Williams, M. B. (2002) Estimating individual discount rates for Denmark: A field experiment. American Economic Review 92(5):1606–17. [GWH]Google Scholar
Harvey, C. M. (1994) The reasonableness of non-constant discounting. Journal of Public Economics 53:31–51. [aGA]Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Kapust, J., Leonard, S. R. & Rosenfarb, I. (1981) Escape from freedom: Choosing not to choose in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 36:1–7. [aGA]Google Scholar
Hearst, E. & Jenkins, H. M. (1974) Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. The Psychonomic Society. [FS]Google Scholar
Heath, C., Larrick, R. P. & Wu, G. (1999) Goals as reference points. Cognitive Psychology 38:79–109. [XTW]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1997) The matching law: Papers in psychology and economics, ed. Rachlin, H. & Laibson, D. I.. Sage. [rGA]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Prelec, D. (1992) A theory of addiction. In: Choice over time, ed. Loewenstein, G. F. & Elster, J., pp. 331–60. Sage. [aGA]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. (1996) Resolving the contradictions of addiction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:561–610. [aGA]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. & Hilgard, J. R. (1994) Hypnosis in the relief of pain, revised edition. Brunner/Mazel. [aGA]Google Scholar
Ho, M.-Y., Al-Zahrani, S. S. A., Al-Ruwaitea, A. S. A., Bradshaw, C. M. & Szabadi, E. (1998) 5-hydroxytryptamine and impulse control: Prospects for a behavioural analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology 12:68–78. [aGA]Google Scholar
Holcomb, J. H. & Nelson, P. S. (1992) Another experimental look at individual time preference. Rationality and Society 4(2):199–220. [GWH]Google Scholar
Hollerman, J. R., Tremblay, L. & Schultz, W. (1998) Influence of reward expectation on behavior-related neuronal activity in primate striatum. Journal of Neurophysiology 80:947–63. [aGA]Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J. M. C. & Gigerenzer, G. (2005) Simple heuristics and rules of thumb; where psychologists and behavioral biologists might meet. Behavioural Processes 69:97–124. [FS]Google Scholar
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C. & Rizzolatti, G. (1999) Cortical mechanisms of imitation. Science 286:2526–28. [rGA]Google Scholar
Joyce, J. M. (1999) The foundations of causal decision theory. Cambridge University Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Kacelnik, A. & Bateson, M. (1997) Risk-sensitivity: Crossroads for theories of decision making. Trends in Cognitive Science 1:304–309. [XTW]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1999) Objective happiness. In: Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, ed. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. & Schwartz, N., pp. 3–25.Sage. [rGA]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2003) A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist 58:697–720. [TC]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Frederick, S. (2002) Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In: Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment, ed. Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. & Kahneman, D., pp. 49–81. Cambridge University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Kane, R. (1989) Two kinds of incompatibilism. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50:220–54. [rGA]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1793/1960) Religion within the limits of reason alone, trans. Green, T. & Hucken, H., pp. 15–49. Harper and Row. [aGA]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Kilic, C., Noshirvani, H., Basoglu, M. & Marks, I. (1997) Agoraphobia and panic disorder: 3.5 years after alprazolam and/or exposure treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 66:175–78. [aGA]Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. (1997) Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126:54–70. [aGA, LG]Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. & Guastello, B. (2001) Making choices in anticipation of similar future choices can increase self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 7:154–64. [arGA]Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. & Marakovic, N. N. (1995) Modeling myopic decisions: Evidence for hyperbolic delay-discounting within subjects and amounts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 64:22–30. [aGA, LG]Google Scholar
Klein, B. & Leffler, K. B. (1981) The role of market forces in assuring contractual performance. Journal of Political Economy 89:615–40. [aGA]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1963) The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: I. Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana 6:11–33. [aGA]Google Scholar
Laibson, D. (1997) Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics 62:443–79. [arGA]Google Scholar
Landman, J. (1993) Regret: The persistence of the possible. Oxford University Press. [TC]Google Scholar
Larrick, R. P. & Boles, T. L. (1995) Avoiding regret in decisions with feedback: A negotiation example. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 63:87–97. [TC]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1986) The paradoxes of Allais and Ellsberg. Economics and Philosophy 2:23–56. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Licklider, J. C. R. (1959) On psychophysiological models. In: Sensory communication, ed. Rosenbluth, W. A.. MIT Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1996) Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 35:272–92. [aGA]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1988) Research on self-control: An integrating framework. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:665–78. [FS]Google Scholar
Loomes, G. & Sugden, R. (1982) Regret theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal 92:805–24. [TC]Google Scholar
Lopes, L. L. (1987) Between hope and fear: The psychology of risk. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 20:255–95. [XTW]Google Scholar
Macaulay, S. (1963) Non-contractual relations in business: A preliminary study. American Sociological Review 28:55–67. [aGA]Google Scholar
Machina, M. J. (1989) Dynamic consistency and non-expected utility models of choice under uncertainty. Journal of Economic Literature 27:1622–68. [GWH]Google Scholar
Malekzadeh, A. R. & Nahavandi, A. (1987) Merger mania: Who wins? Who loses? Journal of Business Strategy 8:76–79. [aGA]Google Scholar
Marks, I. & Tobena, A. (1990) Learning and unlearning fear: A clinical and evolutionary perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 14:365–84. [aGA]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1986) Choice between single and multiple delayed reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 46:67–77. [rGA]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1987) An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior V: The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value, ed. Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H.. Erlbaum. [aGA]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1997) Choice, delay, probability, and conditioned reinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 25:131–47. [aGA]Google Scholar
McClennan, E. F. (1990) Rationality and dynamic choice. Cambridge University Press. [aGA, GWH]Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G. & Cohen, J. D. (2004) The grasshopper and the ant: Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 306:503–507. [rGA, DR]Google Scholar
McConkey, K. M. (1984) Clinical hypnosis: Differential impact on volitional and nonvolitional disorders. Canadian Psychology 25:79–83. [aGA]Google Scholar
Meek, C. & Glymour, C. (1994) Conditioning and intervening. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45:1001–21. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Mellers, B. A., Schwartz, A. & Ritov, I. (1999) Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128:332–45. [TC]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Casey, K. L. (1970) The affective dimension of pain. In: Feelings and emotions, ed. Arnold, M. B., pp. 55–68. Academic Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999) A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review 106:3–19. [aGA]Google Scholar
Millar, A. & Navarick, D. J. (1984) Self-control and choice in humans: Effects of video game playing as a positive reinforcer. Learning and Motivation 15:203–18. [aGA]Google Scholar
Miller, N. (1969) Learning of visceral and glandular responses. Science 163:434–45. [aGA]Google Scholar
Mischel, H. N. & Mischel, W. (1983) The development of children's knowledge of self-control strategies. Child Development 54:603–19. [aGA]Google Scholar
Montague, P. R. & Berns, G. S. (2002) Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation. Neuron 36:265–84. [DR]Google Scholar
Montegut, M. J., Bridgeman, B. & Sykes, J. (1997) High refresh rate and oculomotor adaptation facilitate reading from video displays. Spatial Vision 10:305–22. [BB]Google Scholar
Monterosso, J. R., Ainslie, G., Toppi Mullen, P. & Gault, B. (2002) The fragility of cooperation: A false feedback study of a sequential iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Economic Psychology 23:437–48. [rGA]Google Scholar
Myerson, J. & Green, L. (1995) Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 64:263–76. [aGA, LG]Google Scholar
Myerson, J., Green, L., Hanson, J. S., Holt, D. D. & Estle, S. J. (2003) Discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards: Processes and traits. Journal of Economic Psychology 24:619–35. [LG]Google Scholar
Navarick, D. J. (1982) Negative reinforcement and choice in humans. Learning and Motivation 13:361–77. [aGA]Google Scholar
Nemiah, J. C. (1977) Alexithymia: Theoretical considerations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 28:199–206. [aGA]Google Scholar
Nichols, S. & Stich, S. P. (2003) Mindreading: An integrated account of pretence, selfawareness, and understanding other minds. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1969) Newcomb's problem and two principles of choice. Essays in honor of Carl G. Hempel, ed. Rescher, N., pp. 107–33. Reidel. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Ostaszewski, P., Green, L. & Myerson, J. (1998) Effects of inflation on the subjective value of delayed and probabilistic rewards. PsychonomicBulletin and Review 5:324–33. [DR]Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G. (1991) Mood induction and instructions to sustain moods: A test of the subject compliance hypothesis of mood congruent memory. Cognition and Emotion 3:41–52. [aGA]Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G. (1993) Beyond hedonism: Motives for inhibiting good moods and for maintaining bad moods. In: Handbook of mental control, ed. Wegner, D. M. & Pennebaker, F. W.. Prentice-Hall. [aGA]Google Scholar
Peijnenburg, J. (2004) Nemen gedane zaken geen keer? (Is what is done done?). General Dutch Journal of Philosophy (Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte) 96:114–25 (in Dutch). [JP]Google Scholar
Piliavin, J. A., Callero, P. L. & Evans, D. E. (1982) Addiction to altruism? Opponent-process theory and habitual blood donation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43:1200–13. [aGA]Google Scholar
Polivy, J. (1998) The effects of behavioral inhibition: Integrating internal cues, cognition, behavior, and affect. Psychological Inquiry 9:181–204. [aGA]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1995) Self-control: Beyond commitment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:109–59. [aGA, LG]Google Scholar
Rader, N., Bausano, M. & Richards, J. E. (1980) On the nature of the visual-cliffavoidance response in human infants. Child Development 51:61–68. [aGA]Google Scholar
Raineri, A. & Rachlin, H. (1993) The effect of temporal constraints on the value of money and other commodities. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 6:77–94. [LG]Google Scholar
Ramsay, R. W. (1997) Behavioural approaches to bereavement. In: The best of behavior research and therapy, ed. Rachman, S. & Eysenck, H. J.. Pergamon. [aGA]Google Scholar
Reb, J. (2005) The role of regret aversion in decision making. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona. [TC]Google Scholar
Reb, J. & Connolly, T. (2005) Determinants of regret intensity: A comparison of justifiability and normalcy accounts. Working paper, University of Arizona. [TC]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1988) Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist 43:151–60. [arGA]Google Scholar
Rhue, J. W. & Lynn, S. J. (1987) Fantasy proneness: The ability to hallucinate “as real as real.” British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis 4:173–80. [aGA]Google Scholar
Richard, R., van der Pligt, J. & de Vries, N. K. (1996) Anticipated regret and time perspective: Changing sexual risk-taking behavior. Journal of Behavioral Decision making 9:185–99. [TC]Google Scholar
Roberts, R. D. (1991) Myopic discounting: Empirical evidence – Comment. In: Handbook of behavioral economics, vol. 2B, ed. Kaish, S. & Gilad, B.. pp. 342–45. JAI Press. [GWH]Google Scholar
Ross, D. (2005) Economic theory and cognitive science: Microexplanation. MIT Press. [DR]Google Scholar
Rubenstein, A. (2003) “Economics and psychology”? The case of hyperbolic discounting. International Economic Review 44:1207–16. [rGA, HA-C]Google Scholar
Sappington, A. A. (1990) Recent psychological approaches to the free will versus determinism issue. Psychological Bulletin 108:19–29. [rGA]Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1939/1948) The emotions: Sketch of a theory, trans. Frechtman, B.. Philosophical Library. [aGA]Google Scholar
Scitovsky, T. (1976) The joyless economy: An inquiry into human satisfaction and consumer dissatisfaction. Oxford University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Sen, A. K. (1977) Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy and Public Affairs 6:317–44. [aGA]Google Scholar
Shafir, E. & Tversky, A. (1992) Thinking through uncertainty: Nonconsequential reasoning and choice. Cognitive Psychology 24:449–74. [rGA]Google Scholar
Shizgal, P. & Conover, K. (1996) On the neural computation of utility. Current Directions in Psychological Science 5:37–43. [aGA]Google Scholar
Siegal, S. (1983) Classical conditioning, drug tolerance, and drug dependence. In: Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, vol. 1, ed. Smart, R., Glaser, F., Israel, Y., Kalant, H., Popham, R. & Schmidt, W.. Plenum. [aGA]Google Scholar
Simon, J. L. (1995) Interpersonal allocation continuous with intertemporal allocation: Binding commitments, pledges, and bequests. Rationality and Society 7:367–430. [aGA]Google Scholar
Simonson, I. (1992) The influence of anticipating regret and responsibility on purchase decisions. Journal of Consumer Research 19:105–18. [TC]Google Scholar
Simpson, C. A. & Vuchinich, R. E. (2000) Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting. The Psychological Record 50:3–16. [LG]Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. (1996) The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 119:3–22. [KES]Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776/1976) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Oxford University Press. [aGA]Google Scholar
Smith, V. (1992) Game theory and experimental economics: Beginnings and early influences. In: Toward a history of game theory, ed. Weintraub, E. R.. Duke University Press. [rGA]Google Scholar
Solnick, J., Kannenberg, C., Eckerman, D. & Waller, M. (1980) An experimental analysis of impulsivity and impulse control in humans. Learning and Motivation 2:61–77. Review, 2:217–25. [aGA]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1999) Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Erlbaum. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2001) Reductionism in the study of intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:91–92. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2004) The robot's rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. University of Chicago Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W. & Anderson, D. (2001) The adaptive value of preference for immediacy: When shortsighted rules have farsighted consequences. Behavioral Ecology 12:330–39. [FS]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W. & Krebs, J. R. (1986) Foraging theory. Princeton University Press. [XTW]Google Scholar
Strotz, R. H. (1955) Myopia and inconsistency in dynamic utility maximization. Review of Economic Studies 23:165–80. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Tanaka, S. C., Doya, K., Okada, G., Ueda, K. Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2004) Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits corticobasal ganglia loops. Nature Neuroscience 7(8):887–93. [rGA, DR]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1978) Script theory: Differential magnification of affects. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 26:201–36. [aGA]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1972) Elimination by aspects: A theory of choice. Psychological Review 79:281–99. [LG]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211:453–58. [XTW]Google Scholar
Vuchinich, R. E. & Simpson, C. A. (1998) Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 6:292–305. [aGA]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (1994) Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review 101:34–52. [aGA]Google Scholar
Winston, G. C. & Woodbury, R. G. (1991) Myopic discounting: Empirical evidence. In: Handbook of behavioral economics, vol. 2B, ed. Kaish, S. & Gilad, B., pp. 325–42. JAI Press. [GWH]Google Scholar
Wogar, M. A., Bradshaw, C. M. & Szabadi, E. (1993) Effect of lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathways on choice between delayed reinforcers. Psychopharmacology 111:239–43. [rGA]Google Scholar
Zimmerman, J. & Ferster, C. B. (1964) Some notes on time-out from reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:13–19. [aGA]Google Scholar