Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T02:45:36.077Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Are the concepts of enhancement and preparedness necessary?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Wallace R. McAllister  and
Dorothy E. McAllister
Wallace R. McAllister
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. 60115
Dorothy E. McAllister
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. 60115
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , June 1979 , pp. 177 - 178
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akiyama, M. (1968) Effects of extinction techniques on avoidance response. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University, 17: 1973. [IM]Google Scholar
Akiyama, M. (1971) Relation of CR and competing responses in avoidance learning. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University, 20: 208–9. [IM]Google Scholar
Amsel, A. (1958) The role of frustrative nonreward in noncontinuous reward situations. Psychological Bulletin 55: 102–19. [DJL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amsel, A. (1962) Frustrative nonreward in partial reinforcement and discrimination learning: some recent history and a theoretical extension. Psychological Review 69: 306. [JW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amsel, A. (1972) Inhibition and mediation in classical, Pavlovian, and instrumental conditioning. In inhibition and learning, edited by Boakes, R. A. and Halliday, M S.. London: Academic Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Amsel, A.; Wong, P. T. P.; and Traupmann, K. L. (1971) Short-term and long-term factors in extinction and durable persistence, fournal of Experimental Psychology 90: 90–95. [PTPW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, O. D., and Parmenter, R. (1941) A long-term study of the experimental neurosis in the sheep and dog. Psychosomatic Medicine Monograph Supplement. [HJE]Google Scholar
Badia, P.; Culbertson, S.; and Harsh, J. (1973) Choice of longer or stronger signalled shock over shorter or weaker unsignalled shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 19: 25–32. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1969) Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [HJE]Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1974) Behaviour theory and the models of man. American Psychologist. 29: 859–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977) Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall. [MJM, TLR]Google Scholar
Bandura, A., and Rosenthal, T. L. (1966) Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3: 54–62. [MZ]Google Scholar
Baum, M. (1966) Rapid extinction of an avoidance response following a period of response prevention in the avoidance apparatus. Psychological Reports 18: 59–64. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, M. (1969a) Extinction of an avoidance response following response prevention: some parametric investigations. Canadian Journal of Psychology 23: 1–10. [HJE]Google Scholar
Baum, M. (1969b) Extinction of an avoidance response motivated by intense fear: social facilitation of the action of response prevention (flooding) in rats. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 7: 57–62. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, M. (1970) Extinction of avoidance responding through response prevention (flooding). Psychological Bulletin. 74: 276–84. [HJE, IM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, M. (1972) Repeated acquisition and extinction of avoidance in rats using flooding (response prevention). Learning and Motivation 3: 272–78. [IM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Berkun, M. M. (1957) Factors in the recovery from approach-avoidance conflict. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54: 65. [JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bersh, P. J. (in press) Eysenck's theory of incubation: a critical analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. [HJE, JAG]Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1968) Neuropsychological interpretation of the effects of drive and incentive-motivation on general activity and instrumental behavior. Psychological Review 75: 1–22. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindra, D. (1972) A unified account of classical conditioning and operant training. In Classical conditioning II: current theory and research, edited by Black, A. H. and Prokasy, W. F.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DB]Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1974) A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychological Review 81: 199–213. [DB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1976) A theory of intelligent behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DB]Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alter native to response-reinforcement. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 41–91. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindra, D., and Cameron, L. (1953) Changes in experimentally produced anxiety with the passage of time: incubation effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology 45: 197–203, [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitterman, M. E. (1975) The comparative analysis of learning. Science 188: 699–709. [DJL]Google Scholar
Bitterman, M. E. (1976) Flavor aversion studies. Science 192: 266–67. [DJL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black-Cleworth, P.; Woody, C. D.; and Niemann, J. (1975) A conditioned eye blink obtained by using electrical stimulation of the facial nerve as the unconditioned stimulus. Brain Research 90: 45–56. [SSS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlin, G. (1971) Monotonous stimulation, sleep onset and habituation of the orienting reaction. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 31: 593–601. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolles, R. C. (1972) Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review 79: 394–409. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. (1972) Effects of expectancy on the outcome of systematic desensitization and implosive treatments for analogue anxiety. Behaviour Therapy 3: 29–40. [HJE]Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. (1974) Heart-rate process during systematic desensitization and implosive therapy for analogue anxiety. Behaviour Therapy 5: 636–41. [HJE]Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., and Glasgow, R. E. (1973) Boundary conditions of false heartrate feedback effects on avoidance behavior: a resolution of discrepant results. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11: 171–77. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boulougouris, J. C.; Marks, I.; and Marset, P. (1971) Superiority of flooding (implosion) to desensitization for reducing pathological fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 7–16. [HJE]Google Scholar
Bregadze, A. N. (1953) On the problem of establishment of the conditioned defensive reflex in dogs. Transactions of the Physiological Institute of I. S. Beritashvili 9: 43–59. [SSS]Google Scholar
Bregman, E. (1934) An attempt to modify the emotional attitudes of infants by the conditioned response technique. Journal of Genetic Psychology 45: 169–98. [HJE, DJL, WRM]Google Scholar
Breland, K., and Breland, M. (1966) Animal behavior. New York: Macmillan. [HJE]Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In Cognition and the symbolic processes, edited by Weimer, W. B. and Palermo, D. S., pp. 1–420, Hillsdale N.J.: Erlbaum. [MJM]Google Scholar
Breznitz, S. (1967) Incubation of threat and duration of anticipation and false alarm as determinants of the fear reaction to an unavoidable frightening event. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 2: 173–79. [HJE]Google Scholar
Bridger, W. N., and Mandel, I. J. (1964) A comparison of GSR fear responses produced by threat and electric shock. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2: 31–40. [HJE]Google Scholar
Broadhurst, P. L. (1960) Abnormal animal behaviour. In Handbook of abnormal psychology, edited by Eysenck, H. J.. London: Pitman. [JW]Google Scholar
Brown, P. L., and Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11: 1–8. [WRM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brush, F. R. (1957) The effect of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50: 547–52. [DJL]Google Scholar
Brush, F. R. (1964) Avoidance learning as a function of time after fear conditioning and unsignalled shock. Psychonomic Science 1: 405–6. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brush, F. R. (1971) Retention of aversively motivated behavior. In Aversive conditioning and learning, edited by Brush, F. R.. New York: Academic Press. [WRM]Google Scholar
Brush, F. R., and Levine, S. (1966) Adrenocortical activity and avoidance learning as a function of time after fear conditioning. Physiology and Behaviour 1: 309–11. [HJE]Google Scholar
Butollo, W. H. (1974) Experimente zur Modifikation aversiver Emotionen. Vienna: Verband der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs. [HJE]Google Scholar
Bykov, K. M. (1957) The cerebral cortex and the internal organs. Translated by Gantt, W. H.. New York: Chemical Publishing. [HJE]Google Scholar
Campbell, D.; Sanderson, R. E.; and Laverty, S. G. (1964) Characteristics of a conditioned response in human subjects during extinction trials following a simple traumatic conditioning trial. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 68: 627–39. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1932) The wisdom of the body. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. [RAD]Google Scholar
Carlton, P. L., and Vogel, J. R. (1967) Habituation and conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63: 348–51. [WW]Google Scholar
Chamove, A. S.; Eysenck, H. J.; and Harlow, H. F. (1972) Personality in monkeys: factor analysis of rhesus social behaviour. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 24: 496–504. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champion, R. A., and Jones, J. E. (1961) Forward, backward, and pseudoconditioning of the GSR. Journal of Experimental Psychology 62: 58–61. [WST]Google Scholar
Cole, M., and Maltzman, I., eds. (1969) A handbook of contemporary Soviet psychology. New York: Basic Books. [JMN]Google Scholar
Cook, S. W., and Harris, R. E. (1937) The verbal conditioning of the galvanic skin reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology 21: 202–5. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coover, G.; Ursin, H.; and Levine, S. (1973) Corticosterone and avoidance in rats with basolateral amygdala lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Physiology 85: 111–22. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Costello, C. G. (1970) Dissimilarities between conditioned avoidance responses and phobias. Psychological Review 77: 250–54. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Crider, A., and Lunn, R. (1971) Electrodermal lability as a personality dimension. Journal for Experimental Research in Personality 5: 145–50. [HJE]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. E., and Furedy, J. J. (1976) The role of awareness in human differential autonomic classical conditioning: the necessary gate hypothesis. Psychophysiology 13: 50–53. [AÖ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeBold, R. C.; Miller, N. E.; and Jensen, D. D. (1965) Effect of strength of drive determined by a new technique for appetitive classical conditioning of rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59: 102–8. [JAG]Google Scholar
Denny, M. I., and Ditchman, R. E. (1962) The basis of maximal “Kamin effect” in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55: 1069–70. [HJE]Google Scholar
Desiderato, O.; Butler, B.; and Meyer, C. (1966) Changes in fear generalisation gradients as a function of delayed testing. Journal of Experimental Psychology 72: 678–82. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desiderato, O., and Newman, A. (1971) Conditioned suppression produced in rats by tones paired with escapable or inescapable shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77: 427–31. [SM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desiderato, O., and Wassarman, M. E. (1967) Incubation of anxiety: effect on generalisation gradients. Journal of Experimental Psychology 74: 506–10. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deSilva, P.; Rachman, S.; and Seligman, M. E. P. (1977) Prepared phobias and obessions: therapeutic outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 65–77. [DJL]Google Scholar
Dickinson, D., and Mackintosh, N. J. (1978) Classical conditioning in animals. In Annual review of psychology, edited by Rosenzweig, M. and Porter, L.. Palo Alto, Cal.: Annual Reviews. [WST]Google Scholar
Di Loreto, A. (1971) Comparative psychotherapy. New York: Aldine-Atherton. [HJE]Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1950) A quantitative comparison of the discrimination and reinforcing functions of a stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology 40: 458–72. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1954) Punishment. I. The avoidance hypothesis. Psychological Review 61: 34–46. [HJE]Google Scholar
Diven, K. (1937) Certain determinants in the conditioning of anxiety reactions. Journal of Psychology 3: 291–308. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobrzecka, C.; Sychowa, B.; and Konorski, J. (1965) The effect of lesions within the sensory-motor cortex upon instrumental response to the “specific tactile stimulus.” Ada Biol. Exp. 25: 91–106. [SSS]Google Scholar
Dollard, J., and Miller, N. E. (1950) Personality and psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill. [HJE]Google Scholar
Domjan, M., and Gregg, B. (1977) Long-delay backward taste-aversion conditioning with lithium. Physiology and Behavior 18: 59–62. [WST]Google Scholar
Dykman, R. A. (1965) Toward a theory of classical conditioning: cognitive, emotional, and motor components of the CR. In Experimental approaches to personality, vol 2, edited by Maher, B., pp. 229–317. [RAD]Google Scholar
Dykman, R. A., and Gantt, W. H. (1958) Cardiovascular conditioning in dogs and humans. In Physiological basis of Psychiatry, edited by Gantt, W. H., pp. 171–95. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Dykman, R. A., and Gantt, W. H. (1960a) A case of experimental neurosis and recovery in relation to the orienting response. Journal of Psychology 50: 105–10. [HJE]Google Scholar
Dykman, R. A., and Gantt, W. H. (1960b) Experimental psychogenic hypertensions: blood pressure changes conditioned to painful stimuli (Schizokinesis). Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 107: 72–89. [HJE]Google ScholarPubMed
Dykman, R. A.; Gantt, W. H.; and Whitehorn, J. C. (1956) Conditioning as emotional sensitization and differentiation. Psychological Monographs 7: no. 15, 1–17. [RAD, HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykman, R. A.; Mack, R. L., and Ackerman, P. T. (1965) The evaluation of autonomie and motor components of the unavoidance conditioned response in the dog. Psychophysiology 1: 209–30. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykman, R. A.; Murphee, O. D.; and Ackerman, P. T. (1966) Litter patterns in the offspring of nervous and stable dogs: II. Autonomic and motor conditioning. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 144: 419–31. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eaves, L., and Eysenck, H. J. (1975) The nature of extraversion: a genetical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 102–12. [HJE]Google Scholar
Genotype-environmental model for psychoticism. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1:5–26. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eikelboom, R., and Stewart, J. (1979) Conditioned temperature effects using morphine as the unconditioned stimulus. Psychopharmacology 61: 31–38. [DB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970) The discovery of the unconscious. London: Allen Lane. [HJE]Google Scholar
Elliott, K., and Whelan, J. (1978) Functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 58 (new series). Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1974) Humanistic psychotherapy: the rational-emotive approach. New York: Julian Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., and Kuipers, A. C. M. (1979) Agoraphobia: a followup study 4 years after treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 134: 352–355. [IM]Google Scholar
English, H. B. (1929) Three cases of the “conditional fear response.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 34: 221–25. [HJE, DJL, WRM]Google Scholar
Epstein, S. (1972) The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship to expectancy. In Anxiety: current trends in theory and research, edited by Spielberger, C. D., pp. 292–338. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. (1943) Discriminative conditioning: I. A discriminative property of conditioned anticipation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 32: 150–55. [HJE]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. (1972) Reinforcement in human behavior. American Scientist 60: 723–29. [DB]Google ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1950) Criterion analysis: an application of the hypotheticodeductive method to factor analysis. Psychological Review 57: 38–53. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1956) The inheritance of extraversion-introversion. Acta Psychologica 12: 95–110. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1959) Learning theory and behavior therapy. Journal of Mental Science 105: 61. [JW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1960) Behavior therapy and the neuroses. London: Pergamon Press. [HDK]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1961) Classification and the problem of diagnosis. In Handbook of abnormal psychology, edited by Eysenck, H. J.. London: Pitman. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (ed.). (1964) Experiments in motivation. London: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967a) The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Ill: C. C. Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967b) Single-trial conditioning, neurosis and the Napalkov phenomenon. Behaviour Research and Therapy 5: 63–65. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1968) A theory of the incubation of anxiety/fear response. Behaviour Research and Therapy (1968) 6: 309–21. [TDB, HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1970) A dimensional system of psychodiagnostics. In New approaches to personality classification, edited by Mahrer, A. R.. New York: Columbia University Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1972) Behaviour therapy as a scientific discipline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 36: 314–19. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1972) Behaviour therapy is behavioristic. Behaviour Therapy 3: 609–13. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (ed.). (1973) Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. (2d ed.) London: Pitman. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1975a) Anxiety and the natural history of neurosis. In Stress and anxiety, edited by Spielberger, C. and Sarason, I.. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1975b) A note on backward conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy 13: 201–2. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1976a) Behaviour therapy – dogma or applied science? In edited by Feldman, M. P. and Broadhurst, A.London: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1976b) Genetic factors in personality development. In Human behavior genetics, edited by Kaplan, A. R., pp. 198–229. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (ed.) (1976c) The measurement of personality. Lancaster: Medical and Technical Publishers. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1976d) The learning theory model of neurosis – a new approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy 14: 251–67. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977a) Crime and personality. 3rd ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977b) You and neurosis. London: Temple Smith. [HJE, JAG]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977c) Neurotizismusforschung: Der Neurotizismus und die Theorie der Neurose. In Handbuch der Klinischen Psychologie, edited by Pongratz, L. J., pp. 565–98. Gottingen: Verlag für Psychologie. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977d) Genetische Faktoren bei psychischer Abnormalität. in Band 8/2, Handbuch der Klinischen Psychologie, edited by Pongratz, L. J., pp. 3039–73. Gottingen: Verlag für Psychologie. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979) A psychological theory of hysteria. In Hysteria, edited by Roy, A.. London: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979a) The causes and effects of smoking. London: Temple Smith. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (in press) A unified theory of psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, and sponta neous remission. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1978) Psychopathy, personality and genetics. In Psychopathic behaviour, edited by Hare, R. D. and Schalling, D., pp. 197–223. London: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., and Frith, C. D. (1977) Reminiscence, motivation, and person ality. New York: Plenum. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., and Prell, D. B. (1951) The inheritance of neuroticism: an experimental study. Journal of Mental Science 97: 441–65. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J., and Rachman, S. (1965) Causes and cures of neurosis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., and Wilson, G. D. (1973) The experimental study of Freudian theories. London: Methuen. [HJE]Google Scholar
Fehr, F. S., and Stern, J. A. (1965) Heart rate conditioning in the rat. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 8: 441–53. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finley, W. W.; Wansley, R. A.; and Blenkarn, M. (1977) Conditioning treatment of enuresis using a 70% intermittent reinforcement schedule. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 419–28. [HJE]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1956) On the manifestation of conditioned defensive reactions in stress. Bull. Soc. Sci. Lettr. Lodz. Class III. Sci. Math. Natur, (Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Wydzial III. Nauk Matematycznoprzyrodniczych. Bulletin.) 7: 1. [JW]Google Scholar
Franks, C. M. (1963) Behaviour therapy, the principles of conditioning and the treatment of the alcoholic. Quarterly Journal on the Study of Alcoholism 24: 511–29. [DB, HJE]Google Scholar
Franks, C. M. (1966) Conditioning and conditioned aversion therapies in the treatment of alcoholics. International Journal of Addiction 1: 61–98. [DB, HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredrikson, M., and Öhman, A. (1979a) Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. Psychophysiology 16: 1–7. [AÖ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredrikson, M., and Öhman, A. (1976b) A comparison between “natural” and laboratory-produced fear responses. Paper presented at the 19th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Cincinnati. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Galbrecht, C. D.; Dykman, R. A.; and Peters, J. (1960) The effect of traumatic experiences on the growth and behavior of the rat. Journal of Genetic Psychology 50: 227–51. [HJE]Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (1944) Experimental basis for neurotic behaviour. Psychosomatic Medicine Monographs 3 (nos. 3 and 4):1–211. [JW]Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (1973a) Pain, conditioning and schizokinesis. Conditioned Reflex, 8: 63–66. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gantt, W. H. (1973b) The physiological basis of psychiatry: the conditional reflex. In Basic problems in psychiatry, edited by Wortis, J., pp. 52–89. New York: Grune & Stratton. [SSS]Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (1973c) Retrospect and prospect. In Physiological bases of psychiatry, edited by Gantt, W. H.. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. [RAD]Google Scholar
Garcia, J.; McGowan, B. K.; and Green, K. F. (1972) Biological constraints on conditioning. In Classical Conditioning II. Current research and theory, edited by Black, A. H. and Prokasy, W. F.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE, DJL]Google Scholar
Geer, J. H. (1965) The development of a scale to measure fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 3: 45–53. [HJE]Google Scholar
Geer, J. H.; Davison, G. C.; and Gatchel, R. I. (1970) Reduction of stress in humans through nonveridical perceived control of aversive stimulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16: 731–38. [MZ]Google Scholar
Gleitman, H.; Nachmias, J.; and Neisser, U. (1954) The S-R reinforcement theory of extinction. Psychological Review 61: 23–33. [JW]Google Scholar
Goldfried, M. R., and Goldfried, A. P. (1975) Cognitive change methods. In Helping people change, edited by Kanfer, F. H. and Goldstein, A. P.. New York: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Golin, S. (1961) Incubation effect: role of awareness in an immediate versus delayed test of conditioned emotionality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63: 534–39. [HJE]Google Scholar
Golin, S., and Golin, A. K. (1966) Incubation and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology 71: 208–11. [HJE]Google Scholar
Gourney, A. B., and O'Connor, P. J. (1971) Anxiety associated with flying. British Journal of Psychiatry 119: 159–66. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, D. A. (1964) Classical and operant conditioning, in Categories of human learning, edited by Melton, A. W., New York: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1971) The psychology of fear and stress. London: World University Library. [HJE, JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1975) Elements of a two-process theory of learning. London: Academic Press. [HJE, JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1976) The behavioural inhibition system: a possible substrate for anxiety. In Theoretical and experimental bases of behaviour modification, edited by Feldman, M. P. and Broadhurst, A. M., pp. 3–41. London: Wiley. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects on fear and frustration: possible limbic site of action of minor tranquilizers. In Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 8, edited by Iversen, L. L.; Iversen, S. D., and Snyder, S. H., pp. 433–529. New York: Plenum. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1978) The 1977 Myers lecture: The neuropsychology of anxiety. British Journal of Psychology 69: 417–34. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (in press) Pavlov. London: Fontana Paperbacks; New York: Viking. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A.; Feldon, J.; Rawlins, J. N. P.; Owen, S.; and McNaughton, N. (1978) The role of the septo-hippocampal system and its noradrenergic afferents in behavioural responses to nonreward. In Functions of the septohippocampal system, edited by Elliott, K. and Whelan, J., Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 58 (new series), pp. 275–300. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A.; Rawlins, J. N. P.; and Feldon, J. (in press) Brain mechanisms in the inhibition of behaviour. In Mechanisms of learning and motimtion: a memorial volume for Jerzy Konorski, edited by Dickinson, A. & Boakes, R. A.. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. [JAG]Google Scholar
Greenfield, H., and Riccio, D. C. (1972) Conditioned reinstatement in rats: effects of exposure distribution and type of cue. Psychological Reports 31: 79–83. [WST]Google Scholar
Grey, S.; Sartory, G.; and Rachman, S. (1979) Synchronous and desynchronous changes during fear reduction. Behaviour Research and Therapy 17: 137–47. [AÖ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grings, W. W. (1973) Cognitive factors in electrodermal conditioning. Psychological Bulletin 79: 200–10. [AÖ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grinker, R., and Spiegel, J. (1945) Men under stress. London: Churchill. [HJE]Google Scholar
Groves, P. M., and Thompson, R. F. (1970) Habituation: a dual-process theory. Psychological Review 77: 419–50. [HJE]Google Scholar
Hallam, R. S., and Rachman, S. (1976) Current status of aversion therapy. In Progress in behavior modification, vol. 2, edited by Herson, M., Eisler, R. and Miller, P. M., pp. 179–222. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Hallam, R. S.; Rachman, S.; and Falkowski, W. (1972) Subjective, attitudinal and physiologic effects of electrical aversion therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 10: 1–14. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, B. (1979) Whatever happened to little Albert? American Psychologist 34: 151–60. [MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, S. C. (1976) The role of approach contingencies in phobic behavior. Behaviour Therapy 7: 28–36. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1946) The nature of fear. Psychological Review 53: 259–76. [MZ]Google Scholar
Heidbreder, E. (1933) Seven psychologies. New York: Appleton-Century. [WRM]Google Scholar
Hemming, J. H. (1979) Personality and extinction of a conditioned electrodermal response. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18: 105–10. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, R. W., and Harris, K. (1979, in press) Inhibitory protection of conditioned fear from extinction. Acta Neurobioliae Experimentalis. [SSS]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1969) Method and theory in the study of avoidance. Psychological Review 76: 49–69. [HJE]Google Scholar
Heth, C. D. (1976) Simultaneous and backward fear conditioning as a function of number of CS-UCS pairings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 2: 117–29. [WST]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A., and Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1973) Constraints on learning. London: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. (1977) Negative reinforcement and avoidance. In Handbook of operant behavior, edited by Honig, W. K. and Staddon, J. E. R.. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall. [SM]Google Scholar
Hodgson, R., and Rachman, S. (1974) Desynchrony in measures of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 12: 319–26. [HJE, AÖ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgson, R. J.; Rachman, S.; and Marks, I. M. (1972) The treatment of chronic obessive-compulsive neurosis: follow-up and further findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy 10: 181–89. [HJE]Google Scholar
Horn, G., and Hinde, R. A. (1970) Short-term changes in neural activity and behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K. (1978) Electrodermal conditioning to potentially phobic stimuli: effects of instructed extinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy 16: 315–21. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K.; Fredrikson, M.; and Öhman, A. (1977) “Preparedness” and “arousability” and determinants of electrodermal conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 345–53. [HJE, SSS]Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K., and Öhman, A. (1977) Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 3: 608–18. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behaviour. London: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DB, HJE, WRM, JW]Google Scholar
Irwin, F. W. (1971) Intentional behaviour and motivation: a cognitive theory. New York: Lippincott. [HJE]Google Scholar
Jakubowska, E., and Zielinski, K. (1979) Avoidance acquisition in cats as a function of temporal and intensity factors. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 39: 67–86. [KZ]Google ScholarPubMed
John, E. R. (1967) Mechanisms of memory. New York: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Jones, M. C. (1924a) A laboratory study of fear: the case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary 31: 308–15. [HJE]Google Scholar
Jones, M. C. (1924b) The elimination of children's fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology 7: 383–90. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kalat, J. W., and Rozin, P. (1973) You can lead a rat to poison but you can't make him think. In Biological boundaries of learning, edited by Seligman, M. E. P. and Hager, J. L.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kalish, H. I. (1954) Strength of fear as a function of the number of acquisition and extinction trials. Journal of Experimental Psychology 47: 1–9. [WRM]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1957) The retention of incompletely learned avoidance responses. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50: 457]60. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1963) Retention of an incompletely learned avoidance response: some further analyses. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56: 713–18. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1969) Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning. In Punishment and aversion behaviour, edited by Campbell, B. A. and Church, R. M.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE, JAG, SSS]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J.; Brimer, C. J.; and Black, A. H. (1963) Conditioned suppression as a monitor of fear of the CS in the course of avoidance training. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56: 497–501. [SM]Google Scholar
Kantorowitz, D. A. (1978) Personality and conditioning of tumescence and detumescence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16: 117–23. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E., and Wilson, G. T. (1978) Evaluation of behavior therapy. Massachusetts: Ballinger. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kimble, G. (1961) Hilgard and Marquis, “conditioning and learning.” New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE, PTPW]Google Scholar
Kimble, G., and Perlmuter, L. C. (1970) The problem of volition. Psychological Review 77: 361–84. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimmel, H. D. (1963) Management of conditioned fear. Psychological Reports 12: 313–14. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, H. D. (1971) Pathological inhibition of emotional behavior. In Experimental psy-chopathology, edited by Kimmel, H. D.. New York: Academic Press. [HDK]Google Scholar
Kimmel, H. D. (1974) Instrumental conditioning of autonomic responses in human beings. American Psychologist 29: 325–35. [HDK]Google Scholar
Kimmel, H. D. (1975) Conditioned fear and anxiety. In Stress and anxiety, edited by Spielberger, C. D. and Sarason, I. G., vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE, HDK, SM]Google Scholar
Kimmel, H. D.; Kimmel, E. B.; and Silver, A. I. (1969) The effect of UCS intensity in classical and avoidance GSR conditioning. Conditional Reflex 4: 32–51. [HDK]Google Scholar
Klein, D. G. (1964) Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes. Psychopharmacologia 5: 397–408. [IM]Google Scholar
Konorski, J. (1967) The integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [WW]Google Scholar
Kostenetskaya, N. A. (1949) Establishment of inhibitory conditioned reflexes to indifferent stimuli. Trudy Fiziologicheskih Laboratorii imenii I. P. Pavlova (Works of Pavlov Physiological Laboratories) 15: 124. (In Russian) [WW]Google Scholar
Kowalska, D.; Dabrowska, J.; and Zieliński, K. (1975) Effects of partial prefrontal lesions in dogs on go, no-go avoidance reflex differentiation and reversal learning. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 35: 549–80. [KZ]Google Scholar
Krane, R. V., and Wagner, A. R. (1975) Taste aversion learning with a delayed shock US: implications for the “generality of the laws of learning.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88: 882–89. [WST]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977) The essential tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [MJM]Google Scholar
Lader, M. H. (1967) Palmar skin conductance measures in anxiety and phobic states. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11: 271–81. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lader, M. H. (1975) The psychophysiology of anxious and depressed patients. In Clinical applications of psychophysiology, edited by Fowles, D. C., pp. 12–41. New York: Columbia University Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Lader, M. H., and L., Wing (1966) Physiological measures, sedative drugs and morbid anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I., and Musgrave, A., eds. (1970) Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [MJM]Google Scholar
Landy, F. J., and Gaupp, L. A. (1971) A factor analysis of the fear survey schedule III. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 89–93. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1968) Fear reduction and fear behavior: problems in treating a construct. In Research in psychotherapy, vol. 3, edited by Shlien, J. M., pp. 90–102. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1970) Stimulus control, response control and desensitization of fear. In: Learning approaches to therapeutic behavior change, edited by Levis., D.Chicago: Aldine Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1971) The application of psychophysiological methods to the study of psychotherapy and behavior modification. In Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: an empirical analysis, edited by Bergin, A. E. & Garfield, S. L., pp. 75–125. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1977) Imagery in therapy: an information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy 8: 862–86. [TDB]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1978) Anxiety: toward a psychophysiological definition. In Psychiatric diagnosis: exploration of biological predictors, edited by Akiskal, H. S. and Webb, W. L., pp. 365–90. Jamaica: Spectrum. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., and Lazovik, P. O. (1963) Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 66: 519–25. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J.; Sroufe, L. A.; and Hastings, J. E. (1967) Effects of feedback and instructional set on the control of cardiac-rate variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology 75: 425–31. [HJE]Google Scholar
Larson, C. A. (1969) Watson's concept of “mental disease” and how to deal with it. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D.C. [LK]Google Scholar
Lautsch, H. (1971) Dental phobia. British Journal of Psychiatry 119: 151–58. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lawlis, G. F. (1971) Response styles of a patient population on the fear schedule. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 95–102. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., and Averill, J. R. (1972) Emotion and cognition: with special reference to anxiety. In Anxiety: current trends in theory and research, vol. 2, edited by Spielberger, C. D., pp. 242–84. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Levey, A., and Martin, I. (1979) Personality and conditioning. In A model for personality, edited by Eysenck, H. J.. New York: Springer. [HJE]Google Scholar
Levine, S.; Goldman, L.; and Coover, G. D. (1972) Expectancy and the pituitary-adrenal system. In Ciba Foundation symposium: physiology, emotion and psychosomatic illness, pp. 281–91. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Levine, S.; Weinberg, J.; and Ursin, H. (1978) Definition of the coping process and statement of the problem. In Psychobiology of stress: a study of coping men, edited by Ursin, H., Baade, E., and Levine, S., pp. 3–21. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J. (1966) Effects of serial CS presentation and other characteristics of the CS on the conditioned avoidance response. Psychological Reports 18: 755–66. [DJL]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J. (1970) Between-trial transporting of animals: a methodological consideration. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 2: 157–60. [DJL]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J. (1971) One-trial-a-day avoidance learning. Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation 3: 65–67. [DJL]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J.; Bouska, S.; Eron, J.; and McIlhon, M. (1970) Serial CS presentation and one-way avoidance conditioning: a delayed responding. Psychonomic Science 20: 147–49. [DJL]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J., and Boyd, T. L. (1979) Symptom maintenance: an infrahuman analysis and extension of the conservation of anxiety principle. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88: 107–20. [DJL]Google Scholar
Levis, D. J., and Hare, N. (1977) A review of the theoretical and rational and empirical support for the extinction approach of implosive (flooding) therapy. In Progress in behavior modification, edited by Hersen, M.; Eisler, R. M., and Miller, P. M.. New York: Academic Press. [DJL]Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, P. E. (1950) Studies of anxiety: I. The production of a feeding inhibition in dogs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 43: 16–29. [HJE, WRM]Google Scholar
Liddell, H. G. (1944) Conditioned reflex methodology and experimental neurosis. In: Personality and the behaviour disorders, edited by Hunt, McV.. New York: Ronald Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. J. (1970) The conflict of Buridan's ass or some dilemmas of affluence: the theory of attractive stimulus overload. American Journal of Psychiatry 127: 49–55. [DB]Google Scholar
Locke, E. A. (1971) Is “behavior therapy” behavioristic? Psychological Bulletin 76: 318–27. [HJE]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1979) Taste aversion and the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Bulletin 86: 276–96. [WRM]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1973) Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 79: 398–407. [WRM]Google Scholar
Maatsch, J. L. (1959) Learning and fixation after a single shock trial. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 52: 408–10. [HJE, WRM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllister, D. E., and McAllister, W. R. (1967) Incubation of fear: an examination of the concept. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 2: 180–90. [HJE]Google Scholar
McAllister, W. R., and McAllister, D. E. (1963) Increase over time in the stimulus generalisation of acquired fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology 65: 576–82. [HJE, WRM]Google Scholar
McAllister, W. R., and McAllister, D. E. (1965) Variables influencing the conditioning and the measurement of acquired fear. In Classical conditioning: a symposium, edited by Prokasy, W. F., pp. 172–91. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE]Google Scholar
McAllister, W. R., and McAllister, D. E. (1971) Behavioral measurement of conditioned fear. In Aversive conditioning and learning, edited by Brush, F. R.. New York: Academic Press. [WRM]Google Scholar
McAllister, W. R.; McAllister, D. E.; Dieter, S. E.; and James, J. H. (1979) Preexposure to situational cues produces a direct relationship between two-way avoidance learning and shock intensity. Animal Learning and Behavior 7: 165–73. [WRM]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. London: Academic Press. [HJE, JAG, DJL, SSS]Google Scholar
McMichael, J. S. (1966) Incubation of anxiety and instrumental behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 61: 208–11. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mahoney, M. J. (1976) Scientist as subject: the psychological imperative. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [MJM]Google Scholar
Mahoney, M. J. (1977) Reflections on the cognitive-learning trend in psychotherapy. American Psychologist 32: 5–13. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mahoney, M. J., and Arnkoff, D. B. (1978) Cognitive and self-control therapies. In Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 2d ed., edited by Garfield, S. L. and Bergin, A. E., pp. 689–722. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [MJM]Google Scholar
Maltzman, I. (1977) Orienting in classical conditioning and generalization of the galvanic skin response to words: an overview. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106: 111–19. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1975) Mind and emotion. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [MJM, AÖ]Google Scholar
Mandler, G.; Mandler, J. M.; and Uviller, E. T. (1958) Autonomic feedback: the perception of Autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56: 367–73. [TDB]Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1969) Fears and phobias. London: Academic Press. [HJE, JAG, IM, MZ]Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1971) Phobic disorders 4 years after treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 118: 683. [IM]Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1977) Phobias and obsessions. In Experimental psychopathology, edited by Maser, J. and Seligman, M.. San Francisco: Wiley. [IM]Google Scholar
Marks, I. M., and Huson, J. (1973) Physiological aspects of neutral and phobic imagery: further observations. British Journal of Psychiatry 122: 567–72. [HJE]Google Scholar
Marks, I. M.; Viswanathan, R.; and Lipsedge, M. S. (1972) Enhanced relief of phobias by flooding during waning diazepan effect. British Journal of Psychiatry 121: 493–505. [HJE]Google Scholar
Martin, I., and Levey, A. (1968) The genesis of the classical conditioned response. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Martin, I., and Levey, A. (1978) Evaluative conditioning. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1: 57–101. [HJE]Google Scholar
Martin, I., and Levey, A. (1979) Classical conditioning. In Psychosomatic approaches in medicine, vol. 1: Behavioural approaches, edited by Christie, M. and Mellett, P.. London: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE]Google Scholar
Maser, J., and Seligman, M. (1977) Psychopathology: experimental models. San Francisco: Wiley. [IM]Google Scholar
Masserman, J. H. (1943) Behavior and neurosis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Masserman, J. H. (1971) The uncertainty principle in neurotigenesis. In Experimental psychopathology, edited by Kimmel, H. D.. New York: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. M., Johnstone, D. W.; Lancashire, M.; Munley, M.; Star, P. M.; and Gelder, M. G. (1976) Imaginal flooding and exposure to real phobic situations: treatment outcome with agoraphobic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 129: 362–71. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. M., and Shaw, P. (1973) Emotional arousal and persuasion effects in flooding. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11: 587–98. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mednick, M. T. (1957) Mediated generalization and the incubation effect as a function of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55: 315–21. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meichenbaum, P. H. (1975) Self-instructional methods. In: Helping people change, edited by Kanfer, F. H. and Goldstein, A. P.. New York: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mellstrom, M., Cicala, G. A.; and Zuckerman, M. (1976) General versus specific trait anxiety measures in the prediction of fear of snakes, heights, and darkness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 44: 83–91. [MZ]Google Scholar
Miller, B. V., and Levis, D. J. (1971) The effects of varying short visual exposure time to a phobic test stimulus on subsequent avoidance behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 17–21. [HJE]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1948) Studies of fear as a learnable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38: 89–101. [HJE]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1951a) Learnable drives and rewards. In Handbook of experimental psychology, edited by Stevens, S. S.. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [HJE, WRM]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1951b) Comments on multiple process conceptions of learning. Psychological Review 58: 375–81. [HJE]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1963) Some reflections on the law of effect produce a new alternative to drive reduction. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, edited by Jones, M. R., pp. 65–112. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [DB, HJE]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E., and Dollard, J. (1941) Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Miller, R. R., and Springer, A. D. (1973) Amnesia, consolidation, and retrieval. Psychological Review 80: 69–72. [WST]Google Scholar
Mineka, S. (1979, in press) The role of fear in theories of avoidance learning, flooding, and extinction. Psychological Bulletin. [SM]Google Scholar
Mineka, S., and Gino, A. (1979) Dissociative effects of different types and amounts of nonreinforced CS exposure on avoidance extinction and the CER. Learning and Motivation 10: 141–60. [SM]Google Scholar
Mineka, S., and Kihlstrom, J. F., (1978) Unpredictable and uncontrollable events: a new perspective on experimental neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87: 256–71. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Moore, J. W., and Gormezano, I. (1977) Classical conditioning. In Fundamentals and applications of learning, edited by Marx, M. and Bunch, M.. New York: Macmillan. [WST]Google Scholar
Morley, S. (1977) The incubation of avoidance behaviour: strain differences in susceptibility. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 365–67. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1939) A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review 46: 553–65. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1940) Anxiety-reduction and learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 27: 497–516. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1947) On the dual nature of learning – a reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving.” Harvard Educational Review 17: 102–48. [TDB, HJE, DJL, SM]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1950) Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Arnold Press. [HJE, HDU]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1956) Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychological Review 63: 114–28. [HJE]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1960a) Learning theory and behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DJL]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) Learning theory and the symbolic processes. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DB, HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. H., and Jones, H. M. (1945) Habit strength as a function of the pattern of reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 35: 293. [JW]Google Scholar
Napalkov, A. V. (1963) Information process of the brain. In Progress in brain research, vol. 2: Nerve brain and memory models, edited by Wiener, N. and Sefade, J. C., pp. 59–66. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [HJE, HDK, DJL, SM]Google Scholar
Nunes, J. S., and Marks, I. M. (1975) Feedback of true heart-rate during exposure in vivo. Archives of General Psychiatry 32: 983–94. [HJE]Google Scholar
Obrist, P. A.; Gaebelein, C. J.; Teller, E. S.; Langer, A. W.; Grignolo, A.; Light, K. C.; and McCubbin, J. A. (1978) The relationship among heart rate, carotid dP/dt, and blood pressure in humans as a function of the type of stress. Psychophysiology 15: 102–15. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Obrist, P. A.; Lawler, J. E.; Howard, J. L.; Smithson, K. W.; Martin, P. L.; and Manning, J. (1974) Sympathetic influences on cardiac rate and contractility during acute stress in humans. Psychophysiology 11: 405–27. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Obrist, P. A.; Wood, D. M.; and Perez-Reyez, M. (1965) Heart rate during conditioning in humans: effects of UCS intensity, vagal blockade, and adrenergic block of vasomotor activity. Journal of Experimental Psychology 70: 32–42. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1979a) Fear relevance, autonomic conditioning, and phobias: a laboratory model. In Trends in behavior therapy, edited by Sjödén, P.-O., Bates, S., and Dockens, W. S. III pp. 107–33. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1979b) The orienting response, attention and learning: an information processing perspective. In The orienting reaction in humans, edited by Kimmel, H. D., Orlebeke, J., and van Olst, E. H., pp. 443–71. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Öhman, A.; Eriksson, A.; and Olofson, C. (1975) One-trial learning and superior resistance to extinction of autonomic responses conditioned to potentially phobic stimuli. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88: 619–27. [HJE]Google Scholar
Öhman, A.; Erixon, G.; and Löfberg, I. (1975) Phobias and preparedness: phobic versus neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli for human autonomic responses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84: 41–45. [HJE, SSS]Google Scholar
Öhman, A.; Frederikson, M.; and Hugdahl, K. (1978) Towards an experimental model of simple phobic reactions. Behavioural Analysis and Modification 2: 97–114. [HJE, AÖ]Google Scholar
Öhman, A.; Frederikson, M.; Hugdahl, K.; and Rimmö, P-A. (1976) The premise of equipotentiality in human classical conditioning: Conditioned electrodermal responses to potentially phobic stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105: 313–37. [HJE]Google Scholar
Page, H. A., and Hall, J. F. (1953) Experimental extinction as a function of the prevention of a response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 46: 33–34. [HJE]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditional reflexes. Translated by Anrep, G. V.. London: Oxford University Press. [RAD]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1928) Lectures on conditioned reflexes. New York: International Publishers. [HJE, JAG, WW]Google Scholar
Platonov, K. (1959) The word as a physiological and therapeutic factor. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. [HJE]Google Scholar
Polin, J. T. (1959) The effect of flooding and physical suppression as extinction techniques on the anxiety-motivated locomotor response. Journal of Psychology 47: 253–55. [HJE]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1972) Objective knowledge: an evolutionary approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [MJM]Google Scholar
Proctor, S. (1968) Duration of exposure of items and pretreatment training factors in systematic desensitization therapy. In Advances in behaviour therapy, edited by Rubin, R. D. and Franks, C. M.. London: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rabavilas, A. D.; Boulougouris, J. G.; and Stefanis, D. (1976) Duration of flooding session in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 14: 349–55. [IM]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1966a) Studies in desensitization: II. Flooding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4: 1–6. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1966b) Sexual fetishism: an experimental analogue. Psychological Research 16: 293–96. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1968) Phobias: their nature and control. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1971) The effects of psychotherapy. London: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1974) The meaning of fear. Middlesex: Penguin Books. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1977) The conditioning theory of fear-acquisition: a critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 375–87. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1978) Biologically significant fears. Behavioural Analysis and Modification 2: 234–39. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1978) Fear and courage. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Rachman, S., and Eysenck, H. J. (1966) Reply to a “critique and reformulation” of behavior therapy. Psychological Bulletin 65: 165–73. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. J. (1968) Experimentally induced “sexual fetishism.” Psychological Record 18: 25–27. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. J. (1974) Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy 12: 311–18. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S.; Hodgson, R. J.; and Marks, I. (1971) Treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 237–47. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S.; Marks, I. M.; and Hodgson, R. J. (1973) The treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurotics by modelling and flooding in vivo. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11: 463–71. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rachman, S., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1976) Unprepared phobias: “Be prepared.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 14: 333–38. [DJL, TLR]Google Scholar
Rankin, N. O., Nomikos, M. S.; Opton, E. M.; and Lazarus, R. S. (1964) The roles of surprise and suspense in a stress reaction. Paper delivered at Western Psychological Association meeting. Quoted by Stone and Borkovec 1975. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rashotte, M. E.; Griffin, R. W.; and Sisk, C. L. (1977) Second order conditioning of the pigeon's keypeck. Animal Learning and Behavior 5: 25–38. [SSS]Google Scholar
Razran, G. (1956) Extinction re-examined and re-analysed: a new theory. Psychological Review, 63: 39–52. [HJE]Google Scholar
Razran, G. (1961) The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review 68: 81–147. [JMN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 6, edited by Bower, G. H.. New York: Academic Press. [WST]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1974) Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86: 101–6. [WST]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1978) Some implications of a cognitive perspective on Pavlovian conditioning. In Cognitive processes in animal behavior, edited by Hulse, S., Fowler, H., and Honig, W.. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. [WST]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., and Heth, D. C. (1975) Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1: 88–96. [SM]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., and Solomon, R. L. (1967) Two-process learning theory: relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review 74: 151–82. [DB]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., and Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Ravlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In Classical conditioning II: current research and theory, edited by Black, A. H. and Prokasy, W. F., pp. 64–99. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JAG, SSS]Google Scholar
Reynierse, J. H. (1966) Effects of CS-only trials on resistance to extinction of an avoidance response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 61: 156–58. [HJE, SSS]Google Scholar
Reynierse, J. H., and Wiff, L. J. (1973) Effects of temporal placement of response prevention on extinction of avoidance in rats. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11: 119–24. [HJE]Google Scholar
Ritchie, B. F. (1951) Can reinforcement theory account for avoidance? Psychological Review 58: 382–86. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rizzley, R. C., and Rescorla, R. A. (1972) Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 81: 1–11. [SSS]Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, M. and Riccio, D. C. (1970) Paradoxical enhancement of learned fear. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 75: 210–16. [HJE, WRM, SM]Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, M.; Riccio, D. C.; and Arthur, A. (1972) Paradoxical enhancement of conditioned suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy 10: 125–30. [HJE, WRM, SM]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L., and Bandura, A. (1978) Psychological modeling: theory and practice. In Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 2d ed., edited by Garfield, S. L. and Bergin, A. E.. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [TLR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L., and Zimmerman, B. J. (1978) Social learning and cognition. New York: Academic Press. [TLR]Google Scholar
Ross, S. M. and Proctor, S. (1973) Frequency and duration of hierarchy item response in a systematic desensitization analogue. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11: 303–12. [HJE]Google Scholar
Rubin, B. M.; Katkin, E. S.; Weiss, B. W.; and Efran, J. S. (1968) Factor analysis of a fear survey schedule. Behaviour Research and Therapy 6: 65–75. [HJE]Google Scholar
Saltz, G., and Asdourian, D. (1963) Incubation of anxiety as a function of cognitive differentiation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66: 17–22. [HJE]Google Scholar
Sarason, I. G. (1958) Interrelationships among individual difference variables, behavior in psychotherapy, and verbal conditioning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 50: 339–44. [HJE]Google Scholar
Sartory, G., and Eysenck, H. J. (1976) Strain differences in acquisition and extinction of fear responses in rats. Psychological Reports 38: 163–87. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Sartory, G., and Eysenck, H. J. (1978) Fear conditioning and extinction in rats at different times of day. Journal of General Psychology 99: 87–92. [HJE]Google Scholar
Savage, R. D., and Eysenck, H. J. (1964) The definition and measurement of emotionality. In Experiments in motivation, edited by Eysenck, H. J., pp. 292–314. London: Pergamon Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Schachter, S., and Singer, J. E. (1962) Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 69: 379–99. [HJE]Google Scholar
Schiff, R.; Smith, W.; and Prochaska, J. (1972) Extinction of avoidance in rats as a function of duration and number of blocked trials. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81: 356–59. [HJE]Google Scholar
Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950) An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoidance behaviour. In Anxiety, edited by Hoch, P. H. & Zubin, J., pp. 70–99. New York: Grune & Stratton. [HJE, JMV]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1968) Chronic fear produced by unpredictable electric shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66: 402–11. [HJE]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77: 406–18. [HJE, HDK, DJL, WRM, HR, WW]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971) Phobias and preparedness. Behaviour Therapy 2: 307–20. [HJE, JAG, DJL, SM]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., and Campbell, B. L. (1965) Effects of intensity and duration of punishment on extinction of an avoidance response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59: 295–97. [HJE]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., and Hager, J. L., eds. (1972) Biological boundaries of learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [HJE]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., and Johnston, J. C. (1973) A cognitive theory of avoidance learning. In Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning, edited by Guigan, F. J. & Lumsden, D. B., pp. 69–110. Washington, D.C.: V. N. Winston & Sons. [HJE]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P.; Maier, S. F.; and Solomon, R. L. (1971) Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. In Aversive conditioning and learning, edited by Brush, F. R.. New York: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Shenger-Krestovnikova, N. R. (1921) Contributions to the question of differentiations of visual stimuli and the limits of differentiation by the visual analyser of the dog. Bulletin of the Lesgaft Institute of Petrograd 3: 1–43. [HJE]Google Scholar
Shields, J. (1973) Heredity and psychological abnormality. In Handbook of abnormal psychology, edited by Eysenck, H. J., pp. 540–603. London: Pitman. [HJE]Google Scholar
Sidman, M. (1953) Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science 46: 253–61. [HJE]Google Scholar
Sidman, M. (1955) Some properties of the warning stimulus in avoidance behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 48: 444–50. [SM]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1977) Learning and psychopharmacology. In Psychopharmacology in the practice of medicine, edited by Jarvik, M. E.. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DB]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1978) Tolerance to the hyperthermic effect of morphine in the rat is a learned response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 1137–49. [DB]Google Scholar
Siegeltuch, M. B., and Baum, M. (1971) Extinction of well-established avoidance responses through response prevention (flooding). Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 103–8. [HJE]Google Scholar
Silvestri, R., Rorbaugh, M.; and Riccio, D. C. (1970) Conditions influencing the retention of learned fear in young rats. Developments Psychology 2: 389–95. [HJE, WRM, SSS]Google Scholar
Sipprelle, R. C.; Ascough, J. C.; Detrio, D. M.; and Horst, P. H. (1977) Neuroticism, extraversion, and response to stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy 15: 411–18. [HJE]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L. and Brush, E. G. (1956) Experimentally derived conceptions of anxiety and aversion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 4, edited by Jones, M. R., pp. 212–305. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L.; Kamin, L. J.; and Wynne, L. C. (1953) Traumatic avoidance learning: the outcome of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48: 291–302. [HJE, SM]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L., and Wynne, L. C. (1953) Traumatic avoidance learning. Psychological Monographs 67: 4. [HJE, WRM]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L., and Wynne, L. C. (1954) Traumatic avoidance learning: the principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility. Psychological Review 61: 353–85. [HJE, DJL]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1960a) Studies on the avoidance conditioning. II. Differentiation and extinction of avoidance reflexes. Acta Biologiae Experimentaos 20: 171–82. [SSS]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1960b) Studies on the avoidance conditioning. III. Alimentary conditioned reflex model of the avoidance reflex. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis 20: 183–93. [SSS]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1963) Inhibitory feedback in avoidance conditioning. Bol. Inst. Estud. Med. Biol. Mex. 21: 433–49. [SSS]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1964) Inhibitory feedback in avoidance conditioning. In Feedback systems controlling nervous activity, edited by Escobar, A., pp. 316–31. Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Fisiologicas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1971) The effect of satiation upon conditioned and unconditioned salivary responses. Acta Neurobioliae Experimentalis 31: 59–63. [SSS]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1975a) Post-consummatory arousal of drive as a mechanism of incentive motivation. Acta Neurobioliae Experimentalis 35: 447–74. [SSS]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S. (1975) Studies on the avoidance conditioning: III. Alimentary conditioned reflex model of the avoidance reflex. Acta Biologica Experimentalis 20: 183–92. [HJE]Google Scholar
Soltysik, S.; Konorski, J.; Holownia, A.; and Rentoul, T. (1976) The effect of conditioned stimuli signalling food upon the autochthonous instrumental responses in dogs. Acta Neurobioliae Experimentalis 36: 277–310. [SSS]Google Scholar
Spear, N. E. (1973) Retrieval of memory in animals. Psychological Review 80: 163–94. [WST]Google Scholar
Spence, K. (1951) Theoretical interpretations of learning. In Handbook of experimental psychology, edited by Stevens, S. S.. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [IM]Google Scholar
Spence, K. (1960) Behavior theory and learning. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: PrenticeHall. [DB]Google Scholar
Spring, D., Prochaska, J.; and Smith, N. (1974) Fear reduction in rats through avoidance blocking. Behaviour Research and Therapy 12: 29–34. [HJE]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R., and Simmelhag, V. L. (1971) The “superstition” experiment: a reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior. Psychological Review 78: 16–43. [HR]Google Scholar
Stampfl, T. G., and Levis, D. J. (1967) The essentials of implosive therapy: a learning-theory-based psychodynamic behavioral therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 72: 496–503. [DJL]Google Scholar
Stampfl, T. G., and Levis, D. J. (1969) Learning theory: an aid to dynamic therapeutic practice. In Relationship of theory to practice in psychotherapy, edited by Eron, L. D. and Callahan, R.. Chicago: Aldine. [DJL]Google Scholar
Stampfl, T. G., and Levis, D. J. (1976) Implosive therapy: a behavioral therapy. In Behavioral approaches to therapy, edited by Spence, J. T.; Carson, R. C. and Thibaut, J. W.. Morristown, N. J.: General Learning Press. [DJL]Google Scholar
Starr, M. D., and Mineka, S. (1977) Determinants of fear over the course of avoidance learning. Learning and Motivation 8: 332–50. [SM]Google Scholar
Staub, E. (1968) Duration of stimulus-emotion as determinant of the efficacy of flooding procedures in the elimination of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 6: 131–32. [HJE]Google Scholar
Stern, J. G., and Ward, T. J. (1961) Changes in cardiac response of the albino rat as a function of electro convulsive seizures. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 54: 389–91. [HJE]Google Scholar
Stern, J. G., and Ward, T. J. (1962) Heart rate danger during avoidance conditioning in the male albino rat. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 6: 157–62. [HJE]Google Scholar
Stern, J. G., and Ward, T. J. (1973) A comparison of brief and prolonged flooding in agoraphobia. Archives of General Psychiatry 28: 210–16. [HJE]Google Scholar
Stone, N. M., and Borkovec, T. D. (1975) The paradoxical effect of brief CS exposure on analogue phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 13: 51–54. [TDB, HJE]Google Scholar
Sue, D. (1975) The effect of duration of exposure on systematic desensitization and extinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy 13: 55–60. [HJE]Google Scholar
Tarpy, R. M. (1966) Incubation of anxiety as measured by response suppression. Psychonomic Science 4: 189–90. [HJE]Google Scholar
Terry, W. S., and Wagner, A. R. (1975) Short-term memory for “surprising” versus “expected” unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1: 122–33. [WST]Google Scholar
Testa, T. J. (1975) Effects of similarity of location and temporal intensity pattern of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on the acquisition of conditioned suppression in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1: 114–21. [WST]Google Scholar
Thayer, R. E. (1970) Activation states as assessed by verbal report and four psychophysiological variables. Psychophysiology 7: 86–94. [HJE]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932) Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century. [DB]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1949) There is more than one kind of learning. Psychological Review 56: 144–55. [HJE]Google Scholar
Torgersen, S. (1979) The nature and origin of common phobic fears, British Journal of Psychiatry 134: 343–51. [HJE]Google Scholar
Trouton, D. S., and Maxwell, A. E. (1956) The relation between neurosis and psychosis. Journal of Mental Science 102: 1–21. [HJE]Google Scholar
Turner, L. H., and Solomon, R. S. (1962) Human traumatic avoidance learning: theory and experiments on the operant-respondent distinction and failure to learn. Psychological Monographs 76(40):1–31. [DJL]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1978) Activation, coping, and psychosomatics. In Psychobiology of stress: a study of coping men, edited by Ursin, H., Baade, E., and Levine, S., pp. 202–28. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1979, in press) Personality, activation, and somatic health: a new psychosomatic theory. In Coping and health, edited by Levine, S. and Ursin, H.. New York: Plenum. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Ursin, H.; Baade, E.; and Levine, S., (1978) Psychobiology of stress: a study of coping men. New York: Academic Press. [AÖ]Google Scholar
Valins, S. (1966) Cognitive effects of pulse heart rate feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4: 400–8. [HJE]Google Scholar
Valins, S., and Ray, A. A. (1967) Effects of cognitive desensitization on avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7: 345–50. [HJE]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S., and Brazhnik, E. S. (1978) Neuronal aspects of septo-hip-pocampal relations. In Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, edited by Elliott, K. and Whelan, J., Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 58 (new series), pp. 145–71. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1978) Expectancies and the priming of STM. In Cognitive processes in animal behavior, edited by Hulse, S., Fowler, H., and Honig, W.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [WST]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R., and Terry, W. S. (1975) Backward conditioning to a CS following an expected vs. a surprising UCS. Animal Learning and Behavior 3: 370–74. [WST]Google Scholar
Walker, R. C. (1942) Effect of a discriminative stimulus transferred to a previously unassociated response. Journal of Experimental Psychology 31: 312–21. [HJE]Google Scholar
Ward, W. D. (1976) The effects of manipulation of the CS and variations in the duration of response prevention on extinction of avoidance responses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15: 167–77. [HJE]Google Scholar
Wasserman, E. A. (1973) Pavlovian conditioning with heat reinforcement produces stimulus-directed pecking in chicks. Science 181: 875–77. [DB]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1916) Behavior and the concept of mental disease. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods 13: 589–97. [LK]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1924) Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. 2d ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott. [LK]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1928) The unconscious of the behaviorist. In The unconscious: a symposium, pp. 91–113. New York: Knopf. [LK]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B., and Rayner, R. (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3: 1–14. [HJE, LK, DJL, WRM, MZ]Google Scholar
Watson, J. P.; Gaind, R.; and Marks, I. M. (1972) Physiological habituation to continuous phobic stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy 10: 269–78. [HJE]Google Scholar
Watts, F. (1971) Desensitization as an habituation phenomenon: I. Stimulus intensity as determinant of the effects of stimulus length. Behaviour Research and Therapy 9: 209–17. [HJE, JAG]Google Scholar
Weimer, W. B. (1979) Notes on the methodology of scientific research. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [MJM]Google Scholar
Weinberger, N. M. (1965) Effects of detainment on extinction of avoidance responses. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60: 135–38. [HJE]Google Scholar
Weldin, G. H. (1976) Artifacts in paradoxical enhancement of conditioned fear. Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1975. Dissertation Abstracts International 36: 6426B. University Microfilms no. 76–8933,102. [WRM]Google Scholar
Werka, T., and Zieliński, K. (1978) Effects of lesions in nucleus centralis of amygdala on acquisition and retention of avoidance reflex in cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 38: 13–35. [KZ]Google Scholar
White, N., and Wong, P. T. P. (1975) Schedule induced behaviours under FT schedules of food or shock. Paper presented at the Canadian Psychological Association meeting in Quebec City. [PTPW]Google Scholar
Wilson, G. T., and Davison, G. C. (1971) Process of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: animal studies. Psychological Bulletin 76: 1–14. [TDB]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1952) Experimental neuroses as learned behavior. British Journal of Psychology 43: 243. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1954) Reciprocal inhibition as the main basis of psychotherapeutic effects. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry 72: 205. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1958) Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [HJE, JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1967) Parallels between animal and human neuroses. In Comparative psychopathology, edited by Zubin, J. and Hunt, H. F.. New York: Grune and Stratton. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1974) The practice of behavior therapy. 2d ed. New York: Pergamon Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1975) Foreword. In Psychotherapy versus behavior therapy, edited by Sloane, R. B., Staples, F. R., Cristol, A. H., Yorkston, N. J., and Whipple, K.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1976a) Behavior therapy and its malcontents – II. Multimodal eclecticism, cognitive exclusivism and “exposure” empiricism. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 7: 109–16. [MJM]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1976b) Theme and variations: a behavior therapy casebook. New York: Pergamon Press. [JW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1978) Cognition and causation in human behavior and its therapy. American Psychologist 33: 437–46. [HJE]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J., and Lang, P. J. (1964) A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2: 27–30. [HJE]Google Scholar
Wong, P. T. P. (1977) Durable partial reinforcement effects and social dominance in the rat. Learning and Motivation 8: 275–83. [PTPW]Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1979) A behavioral field approach to generaly activity: sex differences and food deprivation in the rat. Animal Learning and Behavior 7: 111–18. [PTPW]Google Scholar
Wong, P. T. P., and Amsel, A. (1976) Prior fixed-ratio training and durable persistence. Animal Learning and Behavior 4: 461–466. [PTPW]Google Scholar
Wong, P. T. P.; Traupmann, K. L.; and Brake, S. (1974) Does delay of reinforcement produce durable persistence? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 26: 218–28. [PTPW]Google Scholar
Wood, D. J. (1974) Paradoxical enhancement of learned anxiety responses. Psychological Reports 35: 295–304. [HJE]Google Scholar
Yates, A. J. (1962) Frustration and conflict. London: Methuen. [HJE]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1970) Retention of the escape reflex after prefrontal lobectomy incats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 30: 43–57. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1971) Increase versus decrease in noise intensity as a cue in avoidance conditioning. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 31: 331–40. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1972a) Stimulus intensity and prefrontal lesion effects on latencies of the barpressing avoidance response in cars. Bulleting de L'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Série des Sciences Biologiques 20:821–26. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1972b) Effects of prefrontal lesions in avoidance and escape reflex. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 32: 393–415. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1974) Changes in avoidance response latencies after prefrontal lesions in cats: group versus individual data. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 34: 477–90. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K. (1979, in press) Cueing properties of the decrease of white noise intensity for avoidance conditioning in cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis.Google Scholar
Zieliński, K., and Czarkowska, J. (1973) Go-no go avoidance reflex differentiation and its retention after prefrontal lesion in cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 33: 467–90. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zieliński, K., and Czarkowska, J. (1974) Quality of stimuli and prefrontal lesions effects on reversal learning in go-no go avoidance reflex differentiation in cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 34: 43–68. [KZ]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1979) Sensation seeking and risk taking. In Emotions in personality and psychopathology, edited by Izard, C. E.. New York: Plenum. [MZ]Google Scholar