Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T02:57:09.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An operational definition of conscious awareness must be responsible to subjective experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Carol A. Fowler
Carol A. Fowler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 03755 and Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Conn. 06510
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , March 1986 , pp. 33 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J. K. (1957). Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness. Psychological Bulletin 54:383–405. [CAF, rDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allport, D. A. (1977) On knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report: The effects of visual masking. In: Attention and performance, vol. 6, ed. Domic, S.. Erlbaum. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1980) Patterns and actions: Cognitive mechanisms are content-specific. In: Cognitive psychology: New directions, ed. Claxton, G.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [taDH]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A., Tipper, S. P. & Chmiel, N. R. J. (in press) Perceptual integration and post-categorical filtering. In: Mechanisms of attention: Attention and performance, vol. 11, ed. Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [rDH]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Anstis, S. M. (1974). A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position. Vision Research 14:589–92. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balota, D. (1983). Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22:88–104. [DAB, CAF, tarDH, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balota, D. A., Pollatsek, A. & Rayner, K. (in press) The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading. Cognitive Psychology. [KR]Google Scholar
Balota, D. A. & Rayner, K. (1983). Parafoveal visual information and semantic contextual constraints. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:726–38. [KR, GU]Google ScholarPubMed
Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J. & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science 1:251–64. [NFD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin 91:276–92. [IF]Google Scholar
Beauvillain, C. & Seguí, J. (1983). Rôle du contexte dans la décision lexicale: Rapidité d'établissement d'une facilitation sémantique. L'Année Psychologique 83:39–52. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, C. A. (1980). Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies. Memory and Cognition 8:489–512. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bisiach, E. (1985) The (haunted) brain and consciousness. Paper prepared for the workshop “The concept of consciousness in contemporary science,” Como. [EB]Google Scholar
Blanchard, H. E., McConkie, G. W., Zola, D. & Wolverton, G. S. (1984). The time course of visual information utilization during fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:75–89. [GWM]Google ScholarPubMed
Bookbinder, J. & Osman, E. (1979). Attentional strategies in dichotic listening. Memory and Cognition 7:511–20. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouma, H. (1973). Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words. Vision Research 13:767–82. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouma, H. (1978) Visual search and reading: Eye movements and functional visual field: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taDH, GWM]Google Scholar
Bradshaw, J. L. (1974). Peripherally presented and unreported words may bias the perceived meaning of a centrally fixated homograph. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103:1200–1202. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. (1980) Unmasking visual masking: A look at the “why” behind the veil of the “how.” Psychological Review 87:52–69. [taDH]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984) Visual masking: An integrative approach. Oxford University Press. [BB, rDH]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. & Ganz, L. (1976). Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychological Review 83:1–36. [BB, LJE, tarDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgeman, B. (1971). Metacontrast and lateral inhibition. Psychological Review 78:528–39. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgeman, B. (1978). Distributed sensory coding applied to simulations of iconic storage and metacontrast. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 40:605–23. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1980). Temporal response characteristics of cells in monkey striate cortex measured with metacontrast masking and brightness discrimination. Brain Research 196:346–64. [BB]Google Scholar
Briscoe, G., Dember, W. N. & Warm, J. S. (1983). Target recovery in visual backward masking: No clear explanation in sight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:898–911. [taDH]Google ScholarPubMed
Broadbent, D. E. (1958) Perception and communication. Pergamon. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1971) Decision and stress. Academic Press. [WAJ]Google Scholar
Brown, W. P. (1961) Conceptions of perceptual defence. British Journal of Psychology Monograph Supplement no. 35. [RL]Google Scholar
Campion, J. & Latto, R. (1985) What is blindsight? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:000–000. [RL]Google Scholar
Campion, J., Latto, R. & Smith, Y. (1983) Is blindsight an effect of scattered light, spared cortex, and near-threshold vision? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:423–86. [CAF, rDH, RL]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H. & Bacharach, V. R. (1976). Perceptual tuning and conscious attention: Systems of input regulation in visual information processing. Cognition 4:281–302. [NFD, taDH]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H., McCauley, C., Sperber, R. D. & Parmelee, C. M. (1982). Words, pictures, and priming: On semantic activation, conscious identification, and automaticity of information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:757–77. [taDH]Google ScholarPubMed
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1983). Distinguishing conscious from unconscious processes. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Diego. [PPM]Google Scholar
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1984) Priming with and without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 36:387–95. [THC, tarDH, PPM, KRP, KES, GW]Google Scholar
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (in press) Word recognition and consciousness. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. & MacKinnon, G.. Academic Press. [THC, LJE, CAF, rDH, PPM]Google Scholar
Cherry, E. C. (1953) Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25:975–79. [taDH]Google Scholar
Collins, A. M. & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82:407–28. [taDH, GU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980a) Deep dyslexia: A review of the syndrome. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [taDH]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980b) Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception and Psychophysics 27:183–228. [IF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, C. (1974). Context effects in sentence comprehension: A study of the subjective lexicon. Memory and Cognition 2:130–38. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, L. M. & Hoskovec, J. (1972). Hypnotic suggestions for learning during stage I REM sleep. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 15:102–11. [RL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corteen, R. S. & Dunn, D. (1974). Shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A test for momentary awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:1143–44. [RSC, NFD, tarDH]Google Scholar
Corteen, R. S. & Wood, B. (1972). Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in an unattended channel. Journal of Experimental Psychology 94:308–13. [RSC, tarDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagenbach, D. & Carr, T. H. (1982) On semantic activation from unidentified and undetected words. Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society Meeting, Minneapolis. [rDH]Google Scholar
Dagenbach, D. & Carr, T. H. (1985) Awareness, attention, and automaticity in perceptual encoding: Conscious influences on unconscious perception. Submitted. [THC]Google Scholar
Dallas, M. & Merikle, P. M. (1976). Semantic processing of nonattended visual information. Canadian Journal of Psychology 30:15–21. [tarDH, GU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. C. & Smith, M. C. (1972). Memory for unattended input. Journal of Experimental Psychology 96:380–88. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, M. E. & Schell, A. M. (1982). Electrodermal responses to attended and unattended significant stimuli during dichotic listening. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:315–24. [taDH, RSC]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. E. & Schell, A. M. (1983). Lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses to nonattended stimuli: A reply to Walker and Ceci. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:148–50. [taDH]Google Scholar
De Croot, A. M. B. (1983). The range of automatic spreading activation in word priming. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22:417–36. [taDH]Google Scholar
Dember, W. N. & Purcell, D. G. (1967). Recovery of masked visual targets by inhibition of the masking stimulus. Science 157:1335–37. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dember, W. N., Schwartz, M. & Kocak, M. (1978). Substantial recovery of a masked visual target and its theoretical interpretation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:285–87. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, I. (1977). Component problems in dichotic listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:437–50. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, J. A. & Deutsch, D. (1963). Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review 70:80–90. [taDH, WAJ]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1971) Subliminal perception. McGraw-Hill. [THC, NFD, MHE, CAF, tarDH, PPM, DN]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1981) Preconscious processing. Wiley. [THC, NFD, CAF, taDH, AJM]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. & Henley, S. H. A. (1980) Without awareness. In: Psychology survey no. 3, ed. Jeeves, M. A.. Allen & Unwin. [NFD]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (1980). The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review 87:272–300. [LJE, taDH]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:501–17. [WAJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Economos, J. (1983). Direct awareness and inference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:452–53. [RL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, A. W. & Marshall, J. C. (1978) Semantic errors or statistical flukes? A note on Allport's “On knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report.” Quarterly journal of Experimental Psychology 30:569–75. [taDH]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1970). Recovery of unavailable perceptual input. Cognitive Psychology 1:99–113. [RCC, MHE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1972). The role of fantasy in the Potzl (emergence) phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24:186–90. [MHE]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1974). A new look at the new look: Perceptual defence and vigilance. Psychological Review 81:1–25. [RGC, NFD, MHE, taDH, DN]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1984) The recovery of unconscious (inaccessible) memories: Laboratory studies of hypermnesia. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 18, ed. Bower, G.. Academic Press. [MHE]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis: Freud's cognitive psychology. W. H. Freeman. [MHE]Google Scholar
Eriksen, B. & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Psychophysics 16:143–49. [taDH]Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. (1958) Unconscious processes. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. Jones, M. R.. University of Nebraska Press. [MHE]Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review 67:279–300. [CAF, taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksen, C. W. (1966). Temporal luminance summation effects in backward and forward masking. Perception and Psychophysics 1:87–92. [taDH]Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. (1980). The use of visual mask may seriously confound your experiment. Perception and Psychophysics 28:89–92. [taDH]Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. & Schultz, D. W. (1978) Temporal factors in visual information processing: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Evett, L. J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1981) The use of abstract graphemic information in lexical access. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:325–50. [taDH]Google Scholar
Feather, B. W. (1965). Semantic generalization of classical conditioned responses: A review. Psychological Bulletin 63:425–41. [taDH]Google Scholar
Felsten, G. & Wasserman, G. S. (1980). Visual masking: Mechanisms and theories. Psychological Bulletin 88:329–53. [tarDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorentini, A. & Maffei, L. (1970). Transfer characteristics of excitation and inhibition in the human visual system. Journal of Neurophysiology 33:285–92. [BB]Google Scholar
Fischler, I. (1975). Detection and identification of words and letters in simulated visual search of word lists. Memory and Cognition 3:175–82. [IF]Google Scholar
Fischler, I., Childers, D. G., Achariyapaopan, T. & Perry, N. W. Jr., (in press) Brain potentials during sentence verification: Automatic aspects of comprehension. Biological Psychology. [IF]Google Scholar
Fischler, I. & Goodman, G. O. (1978). Latency of associative activation in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:455–70. [IF, taDH]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [IF, rDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., Dirks, S. J. & Kopell, B. S. (1973). Evoked potential correlates of signal recognition between and within modalities. Science 181:465–66. [RN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, K. I. (1979) Levels of processing and the structure of the language processor. In: Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett, ed. Cooper, W. E. & Walker, C. T.. Erlbaum. [IF]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 10:680–98. [LJE]Google Scholar
Forster, P. M. & Govier, E. (1978) Discrimination without awareness? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 30:289–95. [taDH]Google Scholar
Fowler, C. A., Wolford, G., Slade, R. & Tassinary, L. (1981). Lexical access with and without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110:341–62. [DAB, THC, CAF, tarDH, KRP, GW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedland, R. & Weinstein, W. (1977) Hemi-inattention and hemisphere specialization. In: Advances in neurology: Hemi-inattention and hemisphere specialization, ed. Friedland, R. & Weinstein, W.. Raven Press. [CAF]Google Scholar
Friedman, R. B. (1980). Identity without form: Abstract representation of letters. Perception and Psychophysics 28:53–60. [taDH]Google Scholar
Gatti, S. W. & Egeth, H. E. (1978). Failure of spatial selectivity in vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:181–84. [taDH]Google Scholar
Glucksberg, S. & Cowen, G. N. J. (1970). Memory for nonattended auditory material. Cognitive Psychology 1:149–56. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glushko, R. (1979). The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:674–91. [rDH]Google Scholar
Goldiamond, I. (1958). Indicators of perception: Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology. Psychological Bulletin 55:373–411. [MHE]Google Scholar
Courevitch, V. & Galanter, E. (1967). A significance test for one-parameter isosensitivity functions. Psychometrika 32:25–33. [NAM]Google Scholar
Graf, P., Squire, L. R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10:164–78. [MHE]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1974) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Krieger. [NAM]Google Scholar
Groeger, J. A. (1984a) Preconscious influences on language production. Ph.D. thesis. Queen's University of Belfast. [NFD]Google Scholar
Groeger, J. A. (1984b) Evidence of unconscious semantic processing from a forced error situation. British Journal of Psychology 75:305–14. [NFD]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. (1983a) The inpending demise of the icon: A critique of the concept of iconic storage in visual information processing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:1–54. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. (1983b) The two visual system hypothesis loses a supporter. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:453–54. [RL]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. & Erdelyi, M. H. (1967). Emergence and recovery of initially unavailable perceptual material. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 26:618–28. [MHE]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. & Hershenson, M. (1980) The psychology of visual perception. 2d ed.Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [GWM]Google Scholar
Hari, R., Hämäläinen, M., Ilmoniemi, R., Kaukoranta, E., Reinikainen, K., Salminen, J., Alho, K., Näätänen, R. & Sams, M. (1984). Responses of the primary auditory cortex to pitch changes in a sequence of tone pips: Neuromagnetic recordings in man. Neuroscicnce Letters 50:127–32. [RN]Google Scholar
Henderson, L. (1982) Orthography and word recognition in reading. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Henley, S. H. A. (1984). Unconscious perception re-revisited: A comment on Merikle's (1982) paper. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22:121–24. [rDH]Google Scholar
Henley, S. H. A. & Dixon, N. F. (1974). Laterally differences in the effects of incidental stimuli upon evoked imagery. British Journal of Psychology 65:529–36. [NFD]Google Scholar
Hink, R. F., Hillyard, S. A. & Benson, P. J. (1978). Event-related brain potentials and selective attention to acoustic and phonetic cues. Biological Psychology 6:1–16. [IF]Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K. (1984). Hemispheric asymmetry and bilateral electrodermal recordings: A review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 21:371–93. [RSC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W. (1978). The use of category information in perception. Perception 7:589–604. [taDH]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. (1981). Direct vs. indirect tests of the information available from masked displays: What visual masking does and does not prevent. British Journal of Psychology 72:323–30. [taDH]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. (in press) Attention, automaticity and autonomy in visual word processing. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. or MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [LJE]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. & Evett, L. J. (1985). Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual-route theory of reading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:000–000. [JM]Google Scholar
Humphreys, C. W., Evett, L. J. & Quinlan, P. T. (in preparation) Orthographic processes in visual word identification. [LJE]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J. & Taylor, D. E. (1982). Automatic phonological priming in visual word recognition. Memory and Cognition 10:576–90. [taDH, AJM]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Quinlan, P. T. & Besner, D. (1983) Word repetition effects with masked and unmasked primes. Paper presented to the Experimental Psychology Society, Oxford. [LJE]Google Scholar
Inhoff, A. W. (1982). Parafoveal word perception: A further case against semantic preprocessing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:137–45. [taDH, KR, GU]Google ScholarPubMed
Inhoff, A. W. & Posner, M. I. (1985) Unattended processing capacities of normals and parietal patients. Presented at the International Neuropsychological Society Meeting, San Diego. [AWI]Google Scholar
Inhoff, A. W. & Rayner, K. (1980). Parafoveal word perception: A case against semantic preprocessing. Perception and Psychophysics 27:457–64. [taDH, KR, GU]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22:485–508. [rDH]Google Scholar
Jacobson, J. Z. (1974). Interaction of similarity to words of visual masks and targets. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:431–34. [taDH]Google Scholar
Johnston, J. C. (1981) Understanding word perception: Clues from studying the word-superiority effect. In: Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology, ed. Tzeng, O. J. L. & Singer, H.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A. (1978). The intrusiveness of familiar nontarget information. Memory and Cognition 6:38–42. [taDH]Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A. & Dark, V. J. (1982). In defense of intraperceptual theories of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:407–21. [taDH]Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A. & Heinz, S. P. (1978). Flexibility and capacity demands of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 107:420–35. [taDH, WAJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, W. A. & Heinz, S. P. (1979). Depth of nontarget processing in an attention task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:168–75. [taDH]Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A. & Wilson, J. (1980). Perceptual processing of nontargets in an attention task. Memory and Cognition 8:372–77. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1968). Method, findings, and theory in studies of visual masking. Psychological Bulletin 70:404–25. [BB, taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1970). Remarks on attention and control. Acta Psychologica 33:118–31. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice-Hall. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1975) Effort, recognition and recall in auditory attention. In: Attention and performance, vol. 5, ed. Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Dornic, S.. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Chajczyk, D. (1983). Test of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of Stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:497–509. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Henik, A. (1981) Perceptual organization and attention. In: Perceptual organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J. R.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Treisman, A. (1984) Changing views of attention and automaticity. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R.. Academic Press. [tarDH, IF]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Treisman, A. & Burkell, J. (1983). The cost of visual filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:510–22. [taDH]Google Scholar
Keele, S. W. (1973) Attention and human performance. Goodyear. [taDH]Google Scholar
Keren, G., O'Hara, W. & Skelton, J. M. (1977). Level of noise processing and attentional control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3:653–64. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kiger, J. I. & Glass, A. L. (1983). The facilitation of lexical decisions by a prime occurring after the target. Memory and Cognition 11:356–65. [taDH]Google Scholar
Klapp, S. T. & Lee, P. (1974). Time-of-occurrence cues for “unattended” auditory material. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:176–77. [taDH]Google Scholar
Klein, D. B. (1977) The unconscious: Invention or discovery? Goodyear. [IF]Google Scholar
Kristofferson, A. B., Galloway, J. & Hanson, R. G. (1979). Complete recovery of a masked visual target. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13:5–6. [taDH]Google Scholar
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207:203–05. [RN]Google Scholar
LaBerge, D. (1981) Automatic information processing: A review. In: Attention and performance, vol. 9, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A., pp. 173–86. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
LaBerge, D. (1983). Spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:371–79. [WAJ]Google Scholar
LaBerge, D. & Samuels, J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology 6:293–323. [taDH]Google Scholar
Lackner, J. R. & Garrett, M. F. (1972). Resolving ambiguity: Effects of biasing context in the unattended ear. Cognition 1:359–72. [taDH]Google Scholar
Lefton, L. A. & Haber, R. N. (1974). Information extraction from different retinal locations. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:975–80. [taDH]Google Scholar
Lewis, J. L. (1970). Semantic processing of unattended messages using dichotic listening. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85:225–28. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S. & Griffin, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54:358–68. [KRP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindner, W. A. (1968) Recognition performance as a function of detection criterion in a simultaneous detection-recognition task. journal of the Acoustical Society of America 44:204–11. [rDH, NAM]Google Scholar
Loftus, E. F. (1975) Spreading activation within semantic categories: Comments on Rosch's “Cognitive representations of semantic categories.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:234–40. [GU]Google Scholar
Luce, R. D. (1963). A threshold theory for simple detection experiments. Psychological Review 70:61–79. [NAM]Google Scholar
Lupker, S. J. (1979) The semantic nature of response competition in the picture-word interference task. Memory and Cognition 7:485–95. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Lupker, S. J. & Katz, A. N. (1981). Input, decision, and response factors in picture-word interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 7:269–82. [taDH]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1978). Unconscious reading: Experiments on people who do not know that they are reading. Visible Language 12:392–404. [taDH, KR]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1980) Conscious and preconscious recognition of polysemous words: Locating the selective effect of prior verbal context. In: Attention and performance, vol. 8, ed. Nickerson, R. S.. Erlbaum. [THC, LJE, MHE, CAF, tarDH]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1982) Is cortical blindness a problem of visual function or of visual consciousness? Paper presented at Fifth International Neuropsychology Society European Conference,Deauville. [AJM]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983a) Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 15:197–237. [DAB, THC, MHE, CAF, tarDH, RL, AJM, NAM, JM, KRP, KES]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983b) Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relation between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cognitive Psychology 15:238–300. [THC, RGC, MHE, tarDH, RL, AJM, JM, KRP]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. & Patterson, K. E. (1978) Word recognition and production: Reciprocity in clinical and normal studies. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J., pp. 209–26. Erlbaum. [MHE, taDH]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [DN]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1984). Multiple perspectives on modularity. Cognition 17:209–42. [IF]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1966). Syntactic and semantic errors in paralexia. Neuropsychologia 4:169–76. [rDH]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1973). Patterns of paralexias: A psycholinguistic approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2:175–99. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, C., Parmelee, C. M., Sperber, R. D. & Carr, T. H. (1980). Early extraction of meaning from pictures and its relation to conscious identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6:265–76. [DAB, tarDH, CW]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1976). Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:80–91. [taDH]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & O'Regan, J. K. (1981). Expectations increase the benefit derived from parafoveal visual information in reading words aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:634–44. [KR]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An alternative activation model of context effects in letter perception: 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88:375–407. [LJE, tarDH, DN]Google Scholar
McConkie, G. W. (1983) Eye movements and perception during reading. In: Eye, movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes, ed. Rayner, K.. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
McConkie, G. W., Zola, D., Blanchard, H. E. & Wolverton, G. S. (1982). Perceiving words during reading: Lack of facilitation from prior peripheral exposure. Perception and Psychophysics 32:271–81. [taDH, GWM, KR]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G. (1973). Aspects of a theory of comprehension, memory and attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:22–40. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikle, P. M. (1982). Unconscious perception revisited. Perception and Psychophysics 31:298–301. [tarDH, NAM, KES]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. (1983). Subliminal perception reaffirmed (Review of Preconscious processing by N. F. Dixon). Canadian Journal of Psychology 37:324–26. [PPM]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. (1984). Toward a definition of awareness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22:449–50. [rDH, PPM]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Gorewich, N. J. (1979). Spatial selectivity in vision: Field size depends upon noise size. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 14:343–46. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, D. E. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology 90:227–34. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W. & Ruddy, M. G. (1975) Loci of contextual effects on visual word-recognition. In: Attention and performance, vol. 5, ed. Rabbitt, P.M.A. & Dornic, S.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Michaels, C. & Turvey, M. T. (1979). Central sources of visual masking: Indexing structures supporting seeing at a single, brief glance. Psychological Research 41:1–61. [BB, tarDH]Google Scholar
Moray, N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 11:56–60. [taDH]Google Scholar
Moray, N. (1969) Attention: Selective processes in vision and hearing. Hutchinson Educational. [taDH]Google Scholar
Moray, N. & O'Brien, T. (1967). Signal-detection theory applied to selective listening. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 42:765–72. [taDH]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1968) Grammar and computation in language behavior. In: Studies in language and language behavior, ed. Catford, J. C.. Center for Research in Language and Language Behavior, Progress Report No. 6. University of Michigan. [JM]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1969). The interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review 60:329–46. [taDH]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1982) Disintegrating the lexicon: An information processing approach. In: Perspectives on mental representation, ed. Mehler, J., Walker, E.C.T. & Garrett, M.. Erlbaum. [rDH]Google Scholar
Morton, J. & Patterson, K. (1980) A new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at a new interpretation. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [rDH]Google Scholar
Mowbray, G. W. (1964). Perception and retention of verbal information presented during auditory shadowing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 36:1459–64. [taDH]Google Scholar
Mykel, N. & Daves, W. F. (1979). Emergence of unreported stimuli into imagery as a function of laterality of presentation: A replication and extension of research by Henley and Dixon. British Journal of Psychology 70:253–58. [NFD]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. (1984) In search of a short-duration memory trace of a stimulus in the human brain. In: Human action and personality: Essays in honour of Mortti Takala, ed. Pulkkinen, L. & Lyytinen, P.. University of Jyvāskylā. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. (in press) Selective attention and stimulus processing: Reflections in event-related potentials, magnetoencephalogram and regional cerebral blood flow. In: Attention and performance, vol. 11, ed. Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S.. Erlbaum. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. & Gaillard, A. W. K. (1983) The N2 deflection of ERP and the orienting reflex. In: EEG correlates of information processing: Theoretical issues, ed. Gaillard, A.W.K. & Ritter, W.. Elsevier. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R., Gaillard, A. W. K. & Mäntysalo, S. (1978). Early selective attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychologica 42:313–29. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R., Gaillard, A. W. K. & Mäntysalo, S. (1980) Brain potential correlates of voluntary and involuntary attention. In: Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the Brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use, Progress in Brain Research 54, ed. Komhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L.. Elsevier. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R., Sams, M. & Alho, K. (in press) The mismatch negativity: The ERP sign of a cerebral mismatch process. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, supplement. [RN]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R., Simpson, M. & Loveless, N. E. (1982). Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials. Biological Psychology 14:53–98. [RN]Google Scholar
Naish, P. (1980). The effects of graphemic and phonemic similarity between targets and masks in a backward visual masking paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:57–68. [taDH]Google Scholar
Navon, D. (1984) Resources - A theoretical soup stone? Psychological Review 91:216–34. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Navon, D. & Gopher, D. (1979). On the economy of the human processing system. Psychological Review 86:214–55. [taDH]Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1976). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Evidence for facilitatory and inhibitory processes. Memory and Cognition 4:648–54. [taDH]Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106:226–54. [DAB, THC, NFD, taDH]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive psychology. Prentice-Hall. [taDH, RL]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. Freeman. [taDH]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) You can't play twenty questions with nature and win. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G.. Academic Press. [rDH]Google Scholar
Newstead, S. E. & Dennis, I. (1979). Lexical and grammatical processing of unshadowed messages: A reexamination of the Mackay effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:477–88. [taDH, RN]Google Scholar
Ninio, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Reaction time in focused and in divided attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103:394–99. [taDH]Google Scholar
Nolan, K. A. & Caramazza, A. (1982). Unconscious perception of meaning: A failure to replicate. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 20:23–26. [taDH]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1969). Memory while shadowing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 21:85–93. [taDH]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review 88:1–15. [CAF]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Bobrow, D. G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology 7:44–64. [taDH]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Bobrow, D. G. (1976). On the analysis of performance operating characteristics. Psychological Review 83:508–10. [taDH]Google Scholar
Onifer, W. & Swinney, D. A. (1981). Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition 9:225–36. [taDH]Google Scholar
O'Regan, J. K., Lévy-Schöen, A., Pynte, J. & Brugaillère, B. (1984). Convenient fixation location within isolated words of different length and structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:250–57. [taDH]Google Scholar
Paap, K. R. (1975) Theories of speech perception. In: Understanding language: An information processing analysis of speech perception, reading, and psycholinguistics, ed. Massaro, D.. Academic Press. [KRP]Google Scholar
Papp, K. R. & Newsome, S. L. (1981). Parafoveal information is not sufficient to produce semantic or visual priming. Perception and Psychophysics 29:467–76. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Peterson, L. R. & Kroener, S. (1964). Dichotic stimulation and retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology 68:125–30. [taDH]Google Scholar
Philpott, A. & Wilding, J. (1979). Semantic interference from subliminal stimuli in a dichoptic viewing situation. British Journal of Psychology 70:559–63. [taDH]Google Scholar
Pickering, J. (1976). The perception of familiar stimuli. Perception 5:251–64. [tarDH, KR]Google Scholar
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K. & Collins, W. E. (1984). Integrating pictorial information across eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:426–42. [KR]Google Scholar
Posnansky, C. J. & Rayner, K. (1978). Visual vs. phonetic contributions to the importance of the initial letter in word identification. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:188–90. [taDH]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1982) Cumulative development of attentional theory. American Psychologist 37:168–79. [taDH]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975a) Attention and cognitive control. In: Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium, ed. Solso, R. L.. Erlbaum. [THC, NFD, tarDH, WAJ, GU]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1975b) Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In: Attention and performance, vol. 5, ed. Rabbitt, P.M.A. & Domic, S.. Academic Press. [NFD, tarDH]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R. & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:160–74. [WAJ]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Walker, J., Friedrich, F. & Rafal, B. (1984). Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of visual attention. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1863–74. [AWI]Google Scholar
Pötzl, O. (1960) The relationship between experimentally induced dream images and indirect vision. Trans. J. Wolff, D. Rapaport & S. Annin. Psychological Issues 3, Monograph 7, 41–120. (Originally publ. 1917.) [MHE]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. (1969). The neurophysiology of remembering. Scientific American 220:73–86. [CAF]Google Scholar
Puccetti, R. (1981). The case for mental duality: Evidence from split-brain data and other considerations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:93–123. [taDH]Google Scholar
Purcell, D. C., Stewart, A. L. & Stanovich, K. K. (1983). Another look at semantic priming without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 34:65–71. [DAB, THC, tarDH, KRP, KES, GW]Google Scholar
Pynte, J., Dö, P. & Scampa, P. (1984) Lexical decisions during the reading of sentences containing polysemous words. In: Preparatory states and processes, ed. Kornblum, S. & Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. (1978) Foveal and parafoveal cues in reading. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. (1984) Visual selection in reading, picture perception, and visual search. In: Attention and performance, vol. 10, ed. Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, Don G.. Erlbaum. [taDH, KR]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. & Bertera, J. H. (1979). Reading without a fovea. Science 206:468–69. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W. & Ehrlich, S. (1978). Eye movements and integrating information across fixations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:529–44. [KR]Google Scholar
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W. & Zola, D. (1980). Integrating information across eye movements. Cognitive Psychology 12:206–26. [KR]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. & Morrison, R. E. (1981). Eye movements and identifying words in parafoveal vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 17:135–38. [taDH]Google Scholar
Rayner, K. & Posnansky, C. (1978). Stages of processing in word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 107:64–80. [taDH]Google Scholar
Reason, J. (1979) Actions not as planned: The price of automatization. In: Aspects of consciousness: Psychological processes, ed. Underwood, G. & Stevens, R.. Academic Press. [CAF]Google Scholar
Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology 81:275–80. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1966). Disinhibition of visual masked stimuli. Science 154:157–58. [taDH]Google Scholar
Rock, I. & Gutman, D. (1981). The effect of inattention on form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:275–85. [WAJ]Google Scholar
Rollman, G. B. & Nachmias, J. (1972). Simultaneous detection and recognition of chromatic flashes. Perception and Psychophysics 12:309–14. [rDH]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:192–233. [GU]Google Scholar
Rosinski, R. R. (1977). Picture-word interference is semantically based. Child Development 48:643–47. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Rozin, P. (1976) The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive unconscious. In: Progress in physiological psychology, vol. 5, ed. Sprague, J. M. & Epstein, A. N.. Academic Press. [THC]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1982). An interactive interaction model of context effects in letter perception: 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model Psychological Review 89:60–94. [RGC, taDH]Google Scholar
Sams, M., Paavilainen, P., Alho, K. & Näätänen, R. (1985) Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. In press. [RN]Google Scholar
Scharf, B. (1970) Critical bands. In: Foundations of modern auditory theory, vol. 1, ed. Tobias, J. V.. Academic Press. [NAM]Google Scholar
Scharf, B. & Fuld, K. (1972). Reduction of visual masking by a priming flash. Journal of Experimental Psychology 94:116–18. [DAB, rDH]Google Scholar
Schiepers, C. (1980). Response latency and accuracy in visual word recognition. Perception and Psychophysics 27:71–81. [taDH]Google Scholar
Schneider, W., Dumais, S. T. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984) Automatic and control processing and attention. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R.. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: 1. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review 84:1–66. [taDH]Google Scholar
Schvaneveldt, R. W., Meyer, D. E. & Becker, C. A. (1976). Lexical ambiguity, semantic context, and visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:243–56. [taDH]Google Scholar
Searleman, A. (1977). A review of right hemisphere linguistic capabilities. Psychological Bulletin 84:503–28. [taDH]Google Scholar
Severance, L. J. & Dyer, F. N. (1973). Failure of subliminal word presentations to generate interference to colour naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology 101:186–89. [taDH]Google Scholar
Shaffer, W. O. & LaBerge, D. (1979). Automatic semantic processing of unattended words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:413–26. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. & Dickman, S. (1980) The psychological unconscious: A necessary assumption for all psychological theory? American Psychologist 35:421–34. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffrin, R. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: 2. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [taDH, WAJ]Google Scholar
Smith, F. (1971) Understanding reading. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [GWM]Google Scholar
Smith, G. J. W. & Westerlundh, B. (1980) Perceptgenesis: A process perspective on perception - personality. In Review of personality and social psychology, vol. 1, ed. Wheeler, Ladd. Sage Publications. [NFD]Google Scholar
Smith, M. C. & Burrows, D. (1974). Memory scanning: Effect of unattended input. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:722–25. [taDH]Google Scholar
Smith, M. C. & Groen, M. (1974). Evidence for semantic analysis of unattended verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:595–603. [taDH]Google Scholar
Smith, M. C., Theodor, L. & Franklin, P. E. (1983). The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9:697–712. [rDH]Google Scholar
Smith, M. C. & Magee, L. E. (1980). Tracing the time course of picture-word processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:373–92. [GU]Google Scholar
Somekh, D. E. & Wilding, J. M. (1973). Perception without awareness in a dichoptic viewing situation. British Journal of Psychology 64:339–49. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sperber, R. D., McCauley, C., Ragain, R. D. & Weil, C. M. (1979). Semantic priming effects on picture and word processing. Memory and Cognition 7:339–45. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 74:1–29. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1963). A model for visual memory tasks. Human Factors 5:19–31. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1967). Successive approximations to a model for short term memory. Acta Psychologica 27:285–92. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. & Melchner, M. J. (1978a) The attention operating characteristic: Examples from visual search. Science 202:315–18. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. & Melchner, M. J. (1978b) Visual search, visual attention, and the attention operating characteristic. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C. & Hillyard, S. A. (1975). Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroenccphalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:387–401. [RN]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1983). The generalizability of context effects on word recognition: A reconsideration of the roles of parafoveal priming and sentence context. Memory and Cognition 11:49–58. [taDH]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S. (1966). High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 153:652–54. [taDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference from unattended printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:643–62. [taDH]Google Scholar
Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. & Birdsall, T. G. (1961). Decision processes in perception. Psychological Review 68:301–40. [taDH]Google Scholar
Swinney, D. A. (1979). Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:645–59. [tarDH]Google Scholar
Swinney, D. A. (1982) The structure and time-course of information interaction during speech comprehension: Lexical segmentation, access, and interpretation. In: Perspectives on mental representation, ed. Mehler, J., Walker, E.C.T. & Garrett, M.. Erlbaum. [taDH]Google Scholar
Taylor, D. A. (1977). Time course of context effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106:404–26. [taDH]Google Scholar
Traub, E. & Geffen, G. (1979). Phonetic and category encoding of unattended words in dichotic listening. Memory and Cognition 7:56–65. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1960). Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:242–48. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1964). Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3:449–59. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Geffen, G. (1967) Selective attention: Perception or response? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19:1–17. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1968). Selective attention and cerebral dominance in perceiving and responding to speech messages. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:139–50. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A., Kahneman, D. & Burkell, J. (1983). Perceptual objects and the cost of filtering. Perception and Psychophysics 33:527–32. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Riley, J. G. A. (1969). Is selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test. Journal of Experimental Psychology 79:27–34. [taDH]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. & Schmidt, H. (1982). Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cognitive Psychology 14:107–41. [IF]Google Scholar
Treisman, A., Squire, R. & Green, J. (1974). Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication. Memory and Cognition 2:641–46. [taDH, RH]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1984). Multiple book review of Elements of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:223–68. [rDH]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. & Arbuckle, T. Y. (1963). Sources of intratrial interference in immediate recall of paired associates. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1:321–34. [IF]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1973). On peripheral and central processes in vision: Interference from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli. Psychological Review 80:1–52. [BB, tarDH]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1974) Constructive theory, perceptual systems and tacit knowledge. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, ed. Weimer, W. & Palermo, D.. Erlbaum. [CAF]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1977). Contrasting orientations to the theory of visual information processing. Psychological Review 84:67–88. [taDH]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1978) Visual processing and short-term memory. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 5: Human information processing, ed. Estes, W. K.. Erlbaum. [BB, tarDH]Google Scholar
Tweedy, J. R., Lapinski, R. H. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1977). Semantic context effects on word recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items presented in an appropriate context. Memory and Cognition 5:84–89. [THC]Google Scholar
Ullman, S. (1980). Against direct perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:373–45. [taDH]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1976). Semantic interference from unattended printed words. British Journal of Psychology 67:327–38. [tarDH, WAJ, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1977a) Contextual facilitation from attended and unattended messages. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior 16:99–106. [taDH]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1977b) Attention, awareness, and hemispheric differences in word recognition. Neuropsychologia 15:61–67. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1980). Attention and the non-selective lexical access of ambiguous words. Canadian Journal of Psychology 34:72–76. [taDH, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1981). Lexical recognition of embedded unattended words: Some implication for reading processes. Acta Psychologica 47:267–83. [tarDH, AWI, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. & Moray, N. (1971). Shadowing and monitoring for selective attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:284–95. [taDH]Google Scholar
Underwood, G., Rusted, J. & Thwaites, S. (1983). Parafoveal words are effective in both hemifields: Preattentive processing of semantic and phonological codes. Perception 12:213–21. [GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G. & Thwaites, S. (1982). Automatic phonological coding of unattended printed words. Memory and Cognition 10:434–42. [AWI, tarDH, GU]Google Scholar
Underwood, G., Whitfield, A. & Winfield, J. (1982). Effects of contextual constraints and non-fixated words in a simple reading task. Journal of Research in Reading 5:89–100. [taDH]Google Scholar
Von Wright, J. M., Anderson, K. & Stenman, U. (1975) Generalization of conditioned GSRs in dichotic listening. In: Attention and performance, vol. 5, ed. Rabbitt, P.M.A. & Dornic, S.. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wagstaff, G. F. (1981) Hypnosis, compliance and belief. St. Martin's Press. [RL]Google Scholar
Walker, E. & Ceci, S. J. (1983). Lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses to nonattended stimuli: A response to Dawson and Schell. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:145–47. [taDH]Google Scholar
Walker, P. (1978) Binocular rivalry: Central or peripheral selective processes? Psychological Bulletin 85:376–89. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wardlaw, K. A. & Kroll, N. E. A. (1976). Automatic responses to shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A failure to replicate. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:357–60. [taDH]Google Scholar
Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review 72:89–104. [taDH]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D. & Marshall, J. (1974). Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain 97:709–28. [EB, CAF]Google Scholar
Wheeler, D. D. (1970). Processes in word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 1:59–85. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wickens, C. D. (1984a) Processing resources in attention. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R.. Academic Press. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wickens, C. D. (1984b) Engineering psychology and human performance. Charles Merrill. [IF]Google Scholar
Williams, P. C. & Parkin, A. J. (1980). On knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report - A confirmation of a guessing explanation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:101–7. [taDH]Google Scholar
Willows, D. M. (1974). Reading between the lines: Selective attention in good and poor readers. Child Development 45:408–15. [taDH]Google Scholar
Willows, D. M. & MacKinnon, G. E. (1973) Selective reading: Attention to the “unattended lines.” Canadian Journal of Psychology 27:292–304. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wolford, G. & Morrison, F. (1980). Processing of unattended visual information. Memory and Cognition 8:521–27. [taDH]Google Scholar
Wood, B. (1973) The effect of pitch distinction and lateral asymmetry in autonomic responding to shock-associated words in a non-attended channel of a dichotic listening task. Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [RSC]Google Scholar
Yates, J. & Thul, N. (1979). Perceiving surprising words in an unattended auditory channel. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:281–86. [taDH]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. (1962). Response suppression in perceptual defense. Journal of Experimental Psychology 64:206–14. [RGC]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. (1980). Feeling and thinking. American Psychologist 35:151–75. [RGC]Google Scholar
Zimba, L. D. & Blake, R. (1983). Binocular rivalry and semantic processing: Out of sight, out of mind. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:807–15. [taDH]Google Scholar