Angoff, W. H. (1975) The investigation of test bias in the absence of an outside criterion. Paper presented at the National Institute of Education Conference on Test Bias, Washington, DC. [DRG]Google Scholar

Albee, G. W. (1980) Open letter in response to D. O. Hebb. American Psychologist 35:386–387. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bessman, S. P., Williamson, M. L., & Koch, R. (1978) Diet, genetics and mental retardation interaction between phenylketonuric heterozygous mother and fetus to produce nonspecific diminution in IQ: Evidence in support of the justification hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 75:1562–1566. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Block, N. J., & Dworkin, G., eds, (1976) The IQ controversy, Part II: Genetic component of IQ differences. New York: Pantheon Books/Random House. [JE]Google Scholar

Bloom, B. S. (1976) Human characteristics and school learning. New York: McGraw-Hill. [NB]Google Scholar

Board of Education. (1939) Report of the consultative committee on secondary education with special reference to grammar schools and technical schools. London: H.M. Stationery Office. [DDD]Google Scholar

Bock, R. D., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1968) Components of heritable variation in mental test scores. In: Progress in human behavior genetics, pp. 1–2, ed. Vandenberg, S. G.. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1968. [SGV]Google Scholar

Bodmer, W. F. & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1970) Intelligence and race. Scientific American 223:19–29. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Borgen, F. H. (1972) Differential expectations? Predicting grades for black students in five types of colleges. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 4 (4):206–212. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (1976) Schooling in capitalist America. New York: Basic Books. [DLE]Google Scholar

Boykin, A. W. (in press) Experimental psychology from a black perspective: Issues and examples. Journal of Black Studies. [RJS]Google Scholar

Brace, C. L. (1971) Introduction to Jensenism. In: Race and intelligence, ed. Brace, C. L., Gamble, G. R., & Bond, J. T., Anthropological Studies No. 8, pp. 4–9. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association. [CLB]Google Scholar

Breland, H. M. (1977) Group comparisons for the Test of Standard Written English, College Board Research and Development Report (RDR-77–78, No. 1). Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breland, H. M. (1979) Population validity and college entrance measures. New York: College Board. [HMB, BKE, ART]Google Scholar

Brigham, C. C. (1923) A study of American intelligence. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [RAG]Google Scholar

Brody, E. G., & Brody, N. (1976) Intelligence: Nature, determinants and consequences. New York: Academic Press. [NB]Google Scholar

Brown, A. L., & French, L. A. (1979) The zone of potential development: Implications for intelligence testing in the year 2000. In: Human intelligence: Perspectives on its theory and measurement, ed. Sternberg, R. J. & Detterman, D. K., Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. [RJS]Google Scholar

Brown, A. W. (1930) Change in intelligence quotients in behaviour problem children. Journal of Educational Psychology 21:341–50. [AV]Google Scholar

Burks, B. S. (1928) The relative influence of nature and nuture upon mental development: A comparative study of foster parent-foster child resemblance and true parent-true child resemblance. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education 27:219–316. [RAG]Google Scholar

Burt, C. (1925) The young delinquent. London: University of London Press. [DDD, ARJ]Google Scholar

Burt, C. (1962) Francis Galton and his contributions to psychology. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 15:1–49. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Callaway, E. (1975) Brain electrical potentials and individual psychological differences. New York: Grune & Stratton. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1971) Abilities: Their structure, growth and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [RBC, PK]Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1972) Beyondism: A morality from science. New York: Pergamon Press. [RBC]Google Scholar

Centra, J. A., Linn, R. L. & Parry, M. E. (1970) Academic growth in predominantly Negro and predominantly white colleges. American Educational Research Journal 1:83–98. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, A. M., & Clarke, A. D. B. (1979) The cardinal sin. Nature 282:150–151. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clear, T. A., Humphreys, L. G., Kendrick, S. A., & Wesman, A. (1975) Educational uses of tests with disadvantaged students. American Psychologist 30:15–41. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Cohen, J. (1977) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Rev. ed.New York: Academic Press. [RR]Google Scholar

Cole, J., Gay, J., Glick, J., & Sharp, D. (1971) The cultural context of learning and thinking. New York: Basic Books. [RJS]Google Scholar

Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1966) Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office. [BKE, RAG]Google Scholar

Crano, W. D., Kenny, J., & Campbell, D. T. (1972) Does intelligence cause achievement? A cross-lagged panel analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 63:258–275. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cronbach, L. J. (1975) Five decades of public controversy over mental testing. American Psychologist 30:1–14. [RAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crow, J. F. (1969) Genetic theories and influences. Harvard Education Review 39:301–309. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darlington, R. B., Royce, J. M., Snipper, A. S., Murray, H. W., and Lazar, I. (1980) Preschool programs and later school competence of children from low-income families. Science 208:202–204. [JH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray. [CLB]Google Scholar

DeFries, J. C., Kuse, A. R., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1979) Genetic correlations, environmental correlations, and behavior. In: Theoretical advances in behavior genetics, ed. Royce, J. R., pp. 398–417, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Sitjthoff & Noordhoff. [SGV]Google Scholar

Dietz, S. M. & Purkey, W. W. (1969) Teacher expectation of performance based on race of student. Psychological Reports 24:694. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Department of the Army. (1976) Staff officer's field manual: Organizational, technical and logistic data. Field manual 101–10–1 Baltimore: U.S. Army AG Publications Center. [RAG]Google Scholar

DHEW (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). (1976) Intellectual development and school achievement of youths 12–17 years: Demographic and socioeconomic factors. Vital and health statistics: Series II, Data from the National Health Survey; no. 158. DHEW publication; no. (HRA) 77–1640. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. [RAG]Google Scholar

Dorfman, D. D. (1978) The Cyril Burt question: New findings. Science 201:1177–1186. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunnette, M. D. (1964) Critics of psychological tests: Basic Assumptions: How Good. Psychology in the Schools 1:63–9. [JH]3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dusek, J. B. & O'Connell, E. J. (1973) Teacher expectancy effects on the achievement test performance of elementary school children. Journal of Educational Psychology 65:371–377. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckberg, D. L. (1979) Intelligence and race: The origins and dimensions of the IQ controversy. New York: Praeger. [DLE]Google Scholar

Eckland, B. K. (1980) Education in the meritocracy. American Journal of Education 88 (08) [ARJ]Google Scholar

Eckland, B. K., & Alexander, K. (1980) The national longitudinal study of the high school senior class of 1972. In: Longitudinal perspectives on educational attainment, ed. Kerckhoff, A. C., pp. 189–222. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. [BKE]Google Scholar

Elashoff, J. D., & Snow, R. E. (1971) “Pygmalion” reconsidered. Worthington, Ohio: Charles A. Jones. [RR]Google Scholar

Epps, E. G. (1978) Effects of testing conditions on performance of minority children. In: Achievement testing of disadvantaged and minority students for educational program evaluation, ed. Wargo, M. J. & Green, D. R.. Monterey, Calif.: CTB/McGraw-Hill. [DRG]Google Scholar

ETS (Educational Testing Service). (1979) Statement submitted to U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Civil Service. 05 15. [RTO]Google Scholar

Farver, A. S., Sedlacek, W. E., & Brooks, G. C. (1975) Longitudinal predictions of university grades for blacks and whites. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 7 (4):243–250. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feller, W. (1957) An introduction to probability theory and its applications, vol. 1. New York: Wiley. [DDD]Google Scholar

Feuerstein, R. (1979a) The dynamic assessment of retarded performers: The learning potential assessment device, theory, instruments, and techniques. Baltimore, Md.: University Park Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Feuerstein, R. (1979b) Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore, Md.: University Park Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Fienberg, S. E. (1977) The analysis of cross-classified categorical data. Cambridge: MIT Press. [DDD]Google Scholar

Fisehbein, S. (1980) IQ and social class. Intelligence 4:51–63. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fisher, R. A. (1918) Correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society (Edinburgh) 52:399–433. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fulker, D. W. (1973) A biometrical genetic approach to intelligence and schizophrenia. Social Biology 20:266–275. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fuller, J. L., & Thompson, W. R. (1978) Foundations of behavior genetics. St. Louis: Mosby. [DW]Google Scholar

Gallon, F. (1892) Hereditary genius. 2nd ed.Cleveland: World. [DLE]Google Scholar

Goldberger, A. S. (1979) Heritability. Economica 46:327–347. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, R. D. & Hartig, L. K. (1976) The WISC may not be a valid prediction of school performance for primary grade children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 80:583–587. [ARJ]Google ScholarPubMed

Goldman, R. D., & Hewitt, B. N. (1976) Predicting the success of black, Chicano, Oriental, and white college students. Journal of Educational Measurement 13(2):109–117. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, R. D., & Widawski, M. H. (1976) A within subjects technique for comparing college grading standards: Implications in the validity of the evaluation of college achievement. Educational and Psychological Measurement 36 (2):381–390. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodnow, J. J. (1976) The nature of intelligent behavior: Questions raised by cross-cultural studies. In: The nature of intelligence, ed. Resnick, L. B.Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [RJS]Google Scholar

Gordon, E. (in press) Human diversity and pedagogy. Westport, Conn.: Mediax Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Gordon, R. A. (1976) Prevalence: The rare datum in delinquency measurement and its implications for the theory of delinquency. In: The juvenile justice system, ed. Klein, M. W.. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. [RAG]Google Scholar

Gordon, R. A. (in press, a) Labelling theory, mental retardation, and public policy: Larry P. and other developments since 1974. In: The labelling of deviance: Evaluating a perspective, ed. Gove, W. R.. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. [RAG]Google Scholar

Gordon, R. A. (in press, b) Research on race, IQ, and delinquency: Taboo or not taboo. … ? In: Taboos in criminology, ed. Sagarin, E.. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. [RAG]Google Scholar

Gordon, R. A., & Rudert, E. E. (1979) Bad news concerning IQ tests. Sociology of Education 52:174–190. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1980) Jensen's last stand. New York Review of Books 27(7):38–44. [GMH, JH, OK]Google Scholar

Gozali, J., & Meyen, E. L. (1970) The influence of the teacher expectancy phenomenon on the academic performances of educable mentally retarded pupils in special classes. Journal of Special Education 4:417–424. [RR]Google Scholar

Green, D. R. (1975) Procedures of assessing bias in achievement tests. Paper presented at the National Institute of Education Conference on Test Bias, Washington, D.C. [DRG]Google Scholar

Green, D. R. (1976) Redicing bias in achievement tests. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. [DRG]Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P. (1954) Psychometric methods. 2nd ed.New York: McGrawHill. [CMH]Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P. (1965) Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. 3rd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P. (1967) The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill. [LET]Google Scholar

Gulliksen, H. (1950) Theory of mental tests. New York: Wiley. [GMH, PEV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, W. S. (1978) Comments. In: Achievement testing of disadvantaged and minority students for educational program evaluation, ed. Wargo, M. J. & Green, D. R.. Monterey, Calif.: CTB/McGraw-Hill. [DRG]Google Scholar

Hall, W. S., Cole, M., Reder, S., & Dowley, G. (1977) Variations in young children's use of language: Some effects of setting and dialect. In: Discourse production and comprehension, ed. Freedle, R. O., Discourse processes: Advances in research and theory, vol. 1. Norwood, N.J: Ablex. [DRG]Google Scholar

Harrington, G. M. (1975) Intelligence tests may favour the majority groups in a population. Nature 258:708–709. [JH, ARJ, CRR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayek, F. A. (1955) The Counter-revolution of science. London: Free Press. [WRH]Google Scholar

Hearnshaw, L. S. (1979) Cyril Burt: Psychologist. London: Hodder and Stoughton. [DDD]Google Scholar

Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Henderson, N. B., Butler, B. V. & Goffeney, B. (1969) Effectiveness of the WISC and Bender Gestalt in predicting arithmetic and reading achievement for white and non-white children. Journal of Clinical Psychology 25:268–71. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Herrnstein, R. J. (1971) IQ in the meritocracy. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. [RBC]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1963) Behavior genetics and individuality understood: Behaviorism's counterfactual dogma blinded the behavioral sciences to the significance of meiosis. Science 142:1436–1442. [JH]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1967) Epilog: Behavior-genetic analysis. In: Behavior-generic analysis, ed. Hirsch, J.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [JH]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1970) Behavior-genetic analysis and its biosocial consequences. Seminars in Psychiatry 2:89–105. [JH, DW]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1976) Jensenism: The bankruptcy of “science” without scholarship. United States Congressional Record, 122: No. 73, E2671–2672: No. 74 E2693–2695: No. 75, E2703–2705, E2716–2718, E2721–2722 (originally published in Educational Theory, 1975, 25:3–27, 102). [JH]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J., McGuire, T. R., & Vetta, A. (1980) Concepts of behavior genetics and misapplications to humans. In: The evolution of human social behavior, ed. Lockard, J.. New York: Elsevier-North Holland. [JH]Google Scholar

Hirseh, J., & Vetta, A. (1978) Gli errori concettuali dell'analisi genetico-com- portamentale (The misconceptions of behavior genetics). Richerche di psicologia, Franco Angeli Editore. [JH]Google Scholar

Hirsch, N. D. M. (1930) An experimental study upon three hundred children over a six year period. Genetic Psychology Monographs 7, no. 6. [AV]Google Scholar

Hodos, W., & Campbell, C. B. G. (1969) Scala naturae: Why there is no theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review 76:337–350. [JH, DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1978) A check on the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, with description of new subtest designs. Journal of Educational Measurement 15:139–164. [RBC]Google Scholar

Horst, P. (1968) Psychological measurement and prediction. Belmond, Calif.: Brooks/Cole. [GMH]Google Scholar

Humphreys, L. G. (1973) Statistical definitions of test validity for minority groups. Journal of Applied Psychology 58:1–4. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunt, J. McV. (1969) Has compensatory education failed? Harvard Educational Review 39:449–483.[AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunt, J. McV. (1979) Psychological development: Early experience. Annual Review of Psychology 30:103–143. [LET]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. E. (1975) A critical analysis of the use of item means and item-test correlations to determine the presence or absence of content bias in achievement test items. Paper presented to the National Institute of Education conference on Test Bias, Annapolis, Md. [CRR]Google Scholar

Ingle, D. J. (1978) Fallacies in agruments on human differences. In: Human Variation: The biopsychology of age, race, and sex, ed. Osborne, R. T., Noble, C. E., & Weyl, N.. New York: Academic Press. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Irvine, S. H. (1969) The factor analysis of African abilities and attainments: Constructs across cultures. Psychological Bulletin 71:20–32. [PK]Google Scholar

Jencks, C. (1972) Inequality: A reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America. New York: Harper and Row. [DLE]Google Scholar

Jencks, C. (1979) Who gets ahead? The determinants of economic success in America. New York: Basic Books. [JE, ARJ]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1967) Estimations of the limits of heritability of traits by comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 50:149–156. [JH]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1969) How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review 39:1–123. [AMC, JE, RAG, RTO, PEV, AV, DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1969a) Reducing the heredity-environment uncertainty. Harvard Educational Review 39:449–483. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1970) IQ's of identical twins reared apart. Behavior Genetics 1:133–148. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jensen, A. R. (1971) Can we and should we study race differences? In: Race and intelligence, ed. Brace, C. L., Gamble, G. R., & Bond, J. T., Anthropological Studies No. 8, pp. 10–31. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association. [CLB]Google ScholarPubMed

Jensen, A. R. (1972) Genetics and education. New York: Harper & Row. [RBC, DDD, RTO, AV]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1973) Educability and group differences. New York: Harper and Row. [RBC, DDD, JE, RAG, ARJ]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1974a) How biased are culture-loaded tests? Cenetic Psychology Monographs 90:185–244. [NB]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1974b) Kinship correlations reported by Sir Cyril Burt. Behavior Genetics 4:1–28. [JE, ARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jensen, A. R. (1978) The current status of the IQ controversy. Australian Psychologist 13:7–27. [RAG, ARJ]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1979) The nature of intelligence and its relation to learning. Journal of Research and Development in Education 12:79–95. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1980) Bias in mental testing. New York: Free Press. [cited by ARJ and all commentators]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1980b) Chronometric analysis of mental ability. Journal of Social and Biological Structures [ARJ]Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1981) Straight talk about mental tests. New York: Free Press. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Jinks, J. L., & Fulker, D. W. (1970). Comparison of biometrical genetical, MAVA and classical approaches to the analysis of human behaviour. Psychological Bulletin 70:311–349. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, D. M. (1948) Applications of the standard-score IQ to social statistics. Journal of Social Psychology 27:217–227. [RAG]Google Scholar

Jordan, W. (1978) White over black: American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812. Baltimore, Md.: Penguin. [DLE]Google Scholar

Judson, H. F. (1979) The eighth day of creation. New York: Simon & Schuster. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Kamin, L. J. (1974) The science and politics of IQ. New York: Halsted. [JE, DW]Google Scholar

Karlsson, J. L. (1978) Inheritance of creative intelligence. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. [RTO]Google Scholar

Kempthorne, O. (1977) Fundamentals of path analysis and population genetics. Review of C. C. Li (1975), Path analysis: A primer. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Boxwood Press. [JH]Google Scholar

Kempthorne, O. (1978) Logical, epistemological and statistical aspects of Nature-Nurture data interpretation. Biometrics 34:1–23. [DDD, JH, AV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Knapp, R. R. (1960) The effects of time limits on the intelligence test performance of Mexican and American subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology 51: 14–20. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, (in press) Intelligence as cultural practice. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. New York: Cambridge University Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1970) Race and intelligence. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 03:2–8. [JE, DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1974) The analysis of variance and the analysis of cause. American Journal of Human Genetics 26:400–411. [DW]Google Scholar

Li, C. C. (1955) Population genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [JH]Google Scholar

Li, C. C. (1975) Path analysis: A primer. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Boxwood Press. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Linn, R. L. (1973) Fair test use in selection. Review of Educational Research 43 2:139–161. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loehlin, J. C., Lindzey, G., & Spuhler, J. N. (1975) Race differences in intelligence. San Francisco: Freeman. [RBC]Google Scholar

Loehlin, J. C., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1968) Genetic and environmental components in the covariation of cognitive abilities: An additive model. In: Progress in human behavior genetics, ed. Vandenberg, S. G., pp. 261–285. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. [SGV]Google Scholar

Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968) Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [GMH]Google Scholar

Lynn, R. (1978) Ethnic and racial differences in intelligence: International comparisons. In: Human variation: The bio-psychology of age, race and sex, ed. Osborne, R. T., Noble, C. E., & Weyl, N.. New York: Academic Press. [RBC]Google Scholar

McClelland, D. C. (1974) Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence.” In: The new assault on equality, ed. Gartner, A., Greer, C., & Riessman, F.. New York: Harper and Row. [DLE]Google Scholar

McDill, E. L., McDill, M. S., & Sprehe, J. T. (1969) Strategies for success in compensatory education. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. [RAG]Google Scholar

McGuire, T. R., & Hirsch, J. (1977) General intelligence (g) and heritability (H², h²). In: The structuring of experience, ed. Uzgiris, E. C. & Weizmann, G.. New York: Plenum Press. [JH]Google Scholar

McGurk, F. C. J. (1967) The culture hypothesis and psychological tests. In: Race and Modern Science, ed. Kuttner, R. E.. New York: Social Science Press. [ARJ]Google Scholar

McNemar, Q. (1942) The revison of the Stanford-Binet scale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [RAG]Google Scholar

McNemar, Q. (1949) Psychological statistics. New York: Wiley. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Maxwell, A. E. (1972) Factor analysis; Thomson's sampling theory recalled. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 25:1–21. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Medawar, P. B. (1977) Unnatural science. New York Review of Books, 02: 13–18. [DDD]Google Scholar

Merz, W. R. (1978) Test fairness and test bias: A review of procedures. In: Achievement testing of disadvantaged and minority students for educational program evaluation, ed. Wargo, M. J. & Green, D. R.. Monterey, Calif.: CTB/McGraw-Hill. [DRG]Google Scholar

Messé, L. A., Crano, W. D., Messé, S. R., & Rice, W. (1979) Evaluation of the predictive validity of tests of mental ability for classroom performance in elementary grades. Journal of educational psychology 71:233–241. [ARJ, LEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mulaik, Stanley A. (1972) The Foundations of factor analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. [OK]Google Scholar

Munday, L. (1965) Predicting college grades in predominantly Negro colleges. Journal of Educational Measurement 2:157–160. [HMB]Google Scholar

News and views. (1980) Nature 284:402. [JH]Google Scholar

Nichols, R. C. (1979) Policy implications of the IQ controversy. In: Review of Research in Education, ed. Shulman, L. S., Vol. 6. Itasea, Ill.: Peacock. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Nunally, J. C. (1967) Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. [GMH]Google Scholar

Rozeboom, W. W. (1966) Foundations of the theory of prediction. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey. [GMH]Google Scholar

Okun, A. M. (1976) Equal rights but unequal incomes. New York Times Magazine, 07 4:101ff. [RAG]Google Scholar

Ozenne, D. G., Van Gelder, N. C., & Cohen, A. J. (1974) Achievement test restandardization: Emergency School Aid Act national evaluation. Santa Monica, Calif: System Development Corporation. [DRG]Google Scholar

Peckham, R. F. (1979) Opinion. Larry P. et al. v. Wilson Riles et al. United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Franscisco. No. C-71–2270RFP. [RAG, RTO, CRR]Google Scholar

Plomin, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1980) Genetics and intelligence: Recent data. Intelligence 4:15–24. [RAG, ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pitt, C. C. V.An experimental study of the effects of teacher's knowledge or incorrect knowledge of pupil IQ's on teachers' attitudes and practices and pupils' attitudes and achievement. Dissertation Abstracts 16:2387–2388. [RR]Google Scholar

Reschley, D. J. & Reschley, J. E. (1979) Validity of WISC-R factor scores in predicting achievement and attention for four sociocultural groups. Journal of School Psychology 17:335–61. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Reynolds, C. R. (in press a) The problem of bias in psychological assessment. In: The Handbook of School Psychology, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Gutkin, T. B.. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [CRR]Google Scholar

Reynolds, C. R. (in press b) Differential construct validity of intelligence as popularly measured: Correlations of raw scores with age on the WISC-R for blacks, whites, males, and females. Intelligence: A Multidisciplinary Journal. [CRR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1978) How often are out numbers wrong? American Psychologist 33:1005–1008. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968) Pygmalion in the classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [ARJ, RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1971) Pygmalion reaffirmed. In: Pygmalion reconsidered, ed. Elashoff, J. D. & Snow, R. E.. pp. 139–155. Worthington, Ohio: Charles A. Jones. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1978) Interpersonal expectancy effects: The first 345 studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:377–386. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1979) A note on percent variance explained as a measure of the importance of effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 9:395–396. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1980) A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University. [RR]Google Scholar

Rudner, L. M. (1977) Efforts toward the development of unbiased selection und assessment instruments. Paper presented at the Third International Symposium on Educational Testing, University of Leyden, The Netherlands. [DRC]Google Scholar

Samuel, W. (1977) Observed IQ as a function of test atmosphere, tester expectation, and race of tester: A replication for female subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology 69:593b–604. [ARJ, RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scarr, S., & Carter-Saltzman, L. (in press) Cenetics and intelligence. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. New York: Cambridge University Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Scarr-Salapatek, S. (1971) Race, social class and IQ. Science 174:1285–1295. [DW]Google Scholar

Savage, I. R. (1975) Review of J. C. Loehlin, G. Lindzey, & J. N. Spuhler, 1975, Race differences in intelligence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Education 2:1–37. [JH]Google Scholar

Seaver, W. B. (1973) Effects of naturally induced teacher expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28:333–342. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sewall, G., & Howard, L. (1979) A high grade for Head Start. Newsweek 10 8:102 p. 102. [JH]Google Scholar

Shuey, A. M. (1966) The testing of Negro intelligence. 2nd ed.New York: Social Science Press. [RBC, RAG]Google Scholar

Silverman, B. I., Barton, F., & Lyon, M. (1976) Minority group status and bias in college admission criteria. Educational and Psychological Measurement 36(2):401–407. [HMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spearman, C. (1904) “General intelligence”: Objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15:201–292. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spearman, C. (1914) The heredity of abilities. Eugenics Review 6:219–237. [JH]Google ScholarPubMed

Speneer, H. (1899) The principles of psychology, I. 3rd ed.New York: D. Appleton. [DLE]Google Scholar

Stafford, R. E. (1961) Sex differences in spatial visualization as evidence of sexlinked inheritance. Perceptual and Motor Skills 13:300–308. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Terman, I. M. (1916) The measurement of intelligence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [DLE]Google Scholar

Terman, I. M. (1917) Feeble-minded children in the public schools of California. School and Society, 5:161–165. [DLE]Google Scholar

Terman, L. M., & Merrill, M. A. (1960) Stanford-Binet intelligence scale: Manual for the third revision, Form L-M. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [RAG]Google Scholar

Thoday, J. M. (1973) Review of A. R. Jensen, 1973, Educability and group differences. Nature 245:418–420. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, G., Alexander, K., & Eckland, B. K. (1979) Access to higher education: The importance of race, sex, social class, and academic credentials, School Review 87:133–56. [BKE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thorndike, E. L. (1905) Measurements of twins. In: Archives of philosophy, psychology and scientific methods, ed. Cattell, J. M. & Woodbridge, F. J. E.. New York: Science Press. 09 1905-07 1906, 1:1–63. [RTO]Google Scholar

Tillyard, E. M. W. (1944) The Elizabethan world picture. New York: Random House. [DLE]Google Scholar

Triandis, H., Matpass, R. S., & Davidson, A. R. (1971) Cross-cultural psychology. In: Biennial review of anthropology, ed. Siegel, B. J.. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [PK]Google Scholar

Tuddenham, R. D. (1948) Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist 3:54–56. [RAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Urbach, P. (1974) Progress and degeneration in the IQ debate. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 25:99–135, 235–59. [ARJ, RTO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vandenberg, S. G. (1965) Multivariate analysis of twin differences. In: Methods and goals in human behavior genetics, ed. Vandenberg, S. G.. pp. 29–40. New York: Academic Press. [SGV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vandenberg, S. G. (1968) The nature and nurture of intelligence. In: Genetics, ed. Glass, D. C., pp. 3–58. New York: Rockefeller University Press & Russell Sage Foundation. [SGV]Google Scholar

Vandenberg, S. G. (1973) Comparative studies of multiple factor ability measures. In: Theoretical problems in multivariate research, ed. Royce, J.. New York: Academic Press. [SGV]Google Scholar

Van Valen, L. (1974) Brain size and intelligence in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:417–423. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Vernon, P. E. (1979) Intelligence: Heredity and environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Vetta, A. (1975) Regression to the mean. Social Biology 22:87–88. [AV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vetta, A. (1977) Genetical concepts and IQ. Social Biology 24:166–169. [AV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vetta, A. (1977a) Estimation of heritability from IQ data on twins. Nature 266:279. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vetta, A. (1980) Concepts and issues in the IQ debate. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, in Press. [AV]Google Scholar

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978) In: The development of higher psychological processes, ed. Cole, M., John-Steiner, V., Scribner, S., & Souberman, E.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. [RJS]Google Scholar

Wahlsten, D. (1978) Behavioral genetics and animal learning. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G.. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Wahlsten, D. (1979) A critique of the concepts of heritability and heredity in behavioral genetics. In: Theoretical advances in behavior genetics, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Germantown, Md.: Sithoff & Noordhoff. [DW]Google Scholar

Warburton, F. J. (1951) The ability of the Ghurkha recruit. British Journal of Psychology, 42:123–133. [PK]Google Scholar

Wallach, M. A. (1976) Tests tell us little about talent. American Scientist 64:57–63. [DLE]Google Scholar

Weiss, R. H. (1972) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des “Culture Fair Intelligence Tests” (CFT) in der Schulbahnberatung. In: Festschrift for Dr. D. W. Arnold. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. [RBC]Google Scholar

Weizmann, F. (1970) Correlational statistics and the nature-nurture problem. Science 171:589. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Willerman, L. (1979) Effects of families on intellectual development. American Psychologist 34:923–929. [ARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, T. R. (ed.) (1975) Psychological anthropology. The Hague: Mouton. [PK]Google Scholar

Wilson, J. R., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1978) Sex differences in cognition: Evidence from the Hawaii Family Study. In: Sex and behavior: Status and prospectus, ed. McGill, T. E., Dewsbury, D. A., & Sachs, B. D., pp. 317–336. [SGV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, R. S. (1978) Synchronies in mental development: An epigenetic perspective. Science 202:939–948. [DW]Google Scholar

Wober, M. (1973) Towards an understanding of the Kigmda concept of intelligence. In: Culture and cognition: Readings in cross-cultured psychology, ed. Berry, J. W. & Dasen, P. R.. London: Methuen. [PK]Google Scholar

Wright, S. (1921) Correlation and scusation. Journal of Agricultural Research 20:557–585. [ARJ]Google Scholar

Yerkes, R. M.Psychological examining in the United States Army. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 15:1–890. [RAG]Google Scholar

Batshaw, L. M., Roan, Y., Jung, A. L., Rosenberg, L. A. & Brusilow, S. W. (1980) Cerebral dysfunction in asymptomatic carriers of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 302, Vol. 8: 482–485. [FV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thalhammer, O., Pollak, A., Lubec, G. & Königshofer, H. (1980) Intracellular Concentrations of Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and alpha-Aminobutyric Acid in 13 Homozygotes and 19 Heterozygotes for Phenylketonuria (PKU) Compared with 26 Normals. Human Genetics 54:213–216. [FV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thalhammer, O., Lubec, G. & Königshofer, H. (1979) Intrevellular phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in 19 heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU) and 26 normals. Do the higher values in heterozygotes explain their lowered intellectual level? Human Genetics 49:333. [FV]Google Scholar

Thalhammer, O., Havelec, L., Knoll, E. & Wehle, E. (1977) Intellectual level (IQ) in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU). Is the PKU gene also acting by means other than phenylalanine blood level elevation? Human Genetics 38:285. [FV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vogel, F. & Motulsky, A. G. (1979) Human Genetics—Problems and Approaches. New York: Springer-Verlag. [FV]Google Scholar