Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T17:17:52.456Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Possible brain damage by electroconvulsive therapy: Memory impairment and cultural resistance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Arthur Cherkin
Arthur Cherkin
Affiliation:
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, Calif. 91343
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , March 1984 , pp. 25 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, R. (1974) Multiple ECT: What have we learned. In: Psychobiology of conculsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Abrams, R. & Essman, W. B., eds. (1982) Electroconvulsive therapy: Biological foundations and clinical applications. Spectrum Publications. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Abrams, R., Taylor, M. S., Faber, R., Ts'o, T. O. T., Williams, R. A. & Almy, G. (1983) Bilateral vs. unilateral ECT: Some new data. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:463–65. [TRPP, CS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Albala, A. A., Greden, J. F., Taraka, J. & Carroll, B. J. (1981) Changes in serial dexamethasone suppression tests among unipolar depressives receiving electroconvulsive treatment. Biological Psychiatry 16:551–60. [taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Alexander, L. & Lowenbach, H. (1944) Experimental studies on ECT: The intracerebral vascular reaction as an indicator of the path of the current and the threshold of early changes within the brain tissue. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 3:139–71. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpern, H. P. & McGaugh, J. L. (1968) Retrograde amnesia as a function of the duration of ECS stimulation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 65:265–69. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpers, B. J. & Hughes, J. (1942) Changes in the brain after electrically induced convulsions in cats. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 47:385–98. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altschule, M. D., Sulzbach, W. M. & Tillotson, K. J. (1947) Effects of electrically induced convulsions upon respiration in man. American Journal of Psychiatry 103:680–84. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (1978) Electroconvulsive therapy. Task Force Report 14. American Psychiatric Association. [TGB, MF, TRPP, tarRDW]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed.American Psychiatric Association. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Asnis, G. M., Fink, M. & Saferstein, S. (1978) ECT in metropolitan New York hospitals, a survey of practice 1975–1976. American Journal of Psychiatry 135:479–82. [taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. & Lubrano, A. (1979) Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: The DeCarolis study reconsidered. American Journal of Psychiatry 136:559–62. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Avery, D. & Winokur, G. (1976) Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants. Archives of General Psychiatry 33:1029–37. [TRPP, JGS, CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. & Winokur, G. (1977) The efficacy of ECT and antidepressants in depression. Biological Psychiatry 12:507–23. [JRT, taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. & Winokur, G. (1978) Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 35:749–53. [JGS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babington, R. G. & Wedeking, P. W. (1975) Blockade of tardive seizures in rats by electroconvulsive shock. Brain Research 88:141–44. [rRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagchi, B. K., Howell, R. W. & Schamale, H. T. (1945) The electroencephalographic and clinical effects of electrically induced convulsions and the treatment of mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 102:49–60. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balldin, J. (1982) Factors influencing prolactin release induced by electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 65:365–69. [CS, taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Balldin, J., Eden, S., Granerus, A. K., Modigh, K., Svanborg, A., Walinder, J. & Wallin, L. (1980) Electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson’s syndrome with “on-off” phenomenon. Journal of Neural Transmission 47:11–21. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbizet, J. (1970) Human memory and its pathology. W.H. Freeman and Co. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Barrera, S. E., Lewis, M. D. C., Pacella, B. L. & Kalinowsky, L. (1942) Brain changes associated with electrically induced seizures: A study in the macacus rhesus. Transactions of the American Neurological Association 68:31–35. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Barton, J. L. (1977) ECT and depression: The evidence of controlled studies. Biological Psychiatry 12:687–95. [taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Bartus, R. T., Dean, R. L., Beer, B. & Lippa, A. S. (1982). The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:480–517. [BL, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belenky, G. L., Tortella, F. C., Hitzmann, R. J. & Holaday, J. W. (1984) The role of endorphin systems in the effects of single and repeated electroconvulsive shock. In: ECT: Basic mechanisms, ed. Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H.. John Libbey. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Beresford, R. (1978) Neurological sequellae of ECT. In: ECT: Efficacy and impact. Clinical Research Branch, NIMH. [MF]Google Scholar
Bergman, P. S., Gabriel, A. R., Impastato, D. J. & Wortis, S. B. (1952) EEG changes following ECT with the Reiter apparatus. Confinia Neurologica 12:347–51. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidder, T. G., Strain, J. J. & Brunschwig, L. (1970) Bilateral and unilateral ECT: Follow-up study and critique. American Journal of Psychiatry 127:737–45. [TGB, LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Bird, J. M. (1979) Effects of the media on attitudes to electric convulsion therapy. British Medical Journal 2:526–27. [rRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blachly, P. & Gowing, D. (1966) Multiple-monitored electroconvulsive treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry 7:100–109. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwood, D. H. R., Cull, R. E., Freeman, C. P. L., Evans, J. I. & Mawdsley, C. (1980) A study of the incidence of epilepsy following ECT. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 43:1098–1102. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, D. & Brady, D. M. (1958) Recent advances in the treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 104:625–34. [CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaurock, M. F., Lorimer, F., Segal, M. & Gibbs, F. A. (1950) Focal EEG changes in unilateral ECT. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 64:220–26. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Blumenthal, I. J. (1955) Spontaneous seizures and related electroencephalographic findings following shock therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 122:581–88. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolwig, T. G., Hertz, M. M., Paulson, D. B., Spotoft, H. & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1977) The permeability of the blood brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man. European Journal of Clinical Investigations 7:87–93. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolwig, T. G., Hertz, M. M. & Westergaard, E. (1977) Acute hypertension causing blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptic seizures. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 56:335–42. [TGBo, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolwig, T. G. & Jørgensen, O. S. (1980) Synaptic proteins after electroconvulsive stimulation: Reversibility and regional differences in the brain. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62:486–93. [TGBo, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratfos, O. & Haug, J. O. (1965) Electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressant drugs in manic-depressive disease. Acta Psychiatrica and Neurologia 41:588. [TRPP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratfos, O. & Haug, J. O. (1968) The course of manic-depressive psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 44:89–112. [CS]Google Scholar
Breggin, P. R. (1979) Electroshock: Its brain-disabling effects. Springer Publishing Company. [PRB, LRS, taRDW ]Google Scholar
Breggin, P. R. (1981a) Disabling the brain with electroshock. In: Divergent views in psychiatry, ed. Dongier, M. & Wittkower, E.. Harper and Row. [PRB]Google Scholar
Breggin, P. R. (1981b) Psychosurgery as brain-disabling therapy. In: Divergent views in psychiatry, ed. Dongier, M. & Wittkower, E.. Harper and Row. [PRB]Google Scholar
Breggin, P. R. (1983) Psychiatric drugs: Hazards to the brain. Springer. [PRB]Google Scholar
Brennan, R. W., Petito, C. K. & Porro, R. S. (1972) Single seizures cause no ultrastructural changes in brain. Brain Research 45:574–79. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadwell, R. D., Salcman, M. & Kaplan, R. S. (1982) Morphologic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the blood-brain barrier. Science 217:164–66. [CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brockman, R. J., Brockman, J. C., Jacobsohn, N., Gleser, G. C. & Ulett, G. A. (1956) Changes in convulsive threshold as related to type of treatment. Confinia Neurologica 16:97–104. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broderson, P., Paulson, O. B., Bolwig, T. G., Rogon, Z. E., Rafaelsen, O. J. & Lassen, N. A. (1973) Cerebral hyperemia in electrically induced epileptic seizures. Archives of Neurology 28:334–38. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, M. B. (1944) Prolonged memory defects following electrotherapy. Journal of Mental Science 90:777–79. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Brunschwig, L., Strain, J. & Bidder, T. A. (1971). Issues in the assessment of post-ECT memory changes. British Journal of Psychiatry 119:73–74. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Callaway, E. & Boucher, B. (1950) Slow wave phenomena in intensive electroshock. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 2:157–62. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calloway, S. P., Dolan, R. J., Jacoby, R. J. & Levy, R. (1981) ECT and cerebral atrophy: A computer tomographic study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 64:442–45. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadian Psychiatric Association (1981) Quoted in Psychiatric News 16(6):7, 15. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Carney, M. W. P., Rogan, P. A., Sebastian, J. & Sheffield, B. (1976) A controlled comparative trial of unilateral and bilateral sinusoidal and pulse ECT in endogenous depression. Physicians Drug Manual 7–8:77–79. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Cerletti, U. (1956) Electroshock therapy. In: The great physiodynamic therapies in psychiatry, ed. Marti-Ibanez, F., Sackler, A. M., Sackler, M. D. & Sackler, R. R.. Harper & Brothers. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Cerletti, U. & Bini, L. (1940) Le alterazioni istopatologische del sistema nervoso nell'elettroshock. Rivista Sperimentali di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali 64:2. [LBK, JPJP, JGS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Cherkin, A. (1969) Kinetics of memory consolidation: Role of amnesic treatment parameters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 63:1094–1101. [AC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherkin, A., Bennett, E. L. & Davis, J. L. (1981) Amnestic effect of L-proline does not depend upon inhibition of brain protein synthesis. Brain Research 223:455–58. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherkin, A. & Riege, W. H. (1983) Multimodal approach to pharmacotherapy of senile amnesias. In: Brain aging: Neuropathology and neuropharmacology, ed. Cervos-Navarro, J. & Sarkander, H.-I.. Raven Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Christie, J. E., Whalley, L. J., Brown, N. S. & Dick, H. (1982) Effect of ECT on the neuroendocrine response to apomorphine in severely depressed patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 140:268–73. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Chusid, J. G. & Pacella, B. L. (1952) The electroencephalogram and the electric shock therapies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 116:95–107. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Clemmesen, L., Hetmar, O. & Bolwig, T. G. (1981) Monitored electroconvulsive therapy. Danish Medical Bulletin 28:193–96. [TGBo]Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, B. D., Penick, S. B. & Tarter, R.E. (1974) Antidepressant effects of unilateral electric convulsive shock therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 31:673–75. [HS]Google Scholar
Colon, E. J. & Notermans, S. L. H. (1975) A long term study of the effects of electroconvulsions on the structure of the cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathologica 32:21–25. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corsellis, J. A. N. & Meyer, A. (1954) Histological changes in the brain after uncomplicated electroconvulsive treatment. Journal of Mental Science 100:375–83. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, C. G., Belton, G. P., Abra, J. C. & Dunn, B. E. (1970) The amnesic and therapeutic effects of bilateral and unilateral ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 116:69–78. [HS]Google Scholar
Crane, G. W. (1973) Persistent dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry 122:395–405. [CS]Google Scholar
Cronholm, B. & Molander, L. (1964) Memory disturbances after ECT: 5. Conditions one month after a series of treatments. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 40:212–16. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Cronholm, B. & Ottosson, J. O. (1963a) The experience of memory function after electroconvulsive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry 109:251–58. [LBK, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronholm, B. & Ottosson, J. O. (1963b) Ultrabrief stimulus techniques in ECT. 1. Influence of retrograde amnesia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 137:117–23. [HS, tarRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, D., Bodley, P., Potts, L., Mather, M. D., Gardner, R. K. & Tobin, J. C. (1970) Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A study of memory disturbance and relief from depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 33:705–13. [HS, LRS, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, A. M. (1980) Epilepsy and neuron loss in the hippocampus. Epilepsia 21:617–29. [DIT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Dam, A. M., Bajorek, J. & Lomax, P. (1981) Hippocampal neuron density and seizures in the mongolian gerbil. Epilepsia 22:667–74. [AMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, A. M., Hertz, M. & Bolwig, T. G. (1980) The number of hippocampal neurons in rats after electrically induced generalized seizures. Brain Research 193:268–72. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, M., Bolwig, T., Hertz, M., Bajorek, J., Lomax, P. & Dam, A. M. (1982) Density of Purkinje cells after experimental seizures. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 65 (supp. 90):197–98. [AMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, M., Hertz, M., Bolwig, T. & Dam, A. M. (1981) The number of hippocampal neurons and Purkinje cells in rats after electrically induced seizures. In: Advances in epilepsy, ed. Dam, M.Gram, L. & Penry, J. K.. Raven Press. [AMD]Google Scholar
Daniel, W. F. & Crovitz, H. F. (1982) The recovery of orientation after electroconvulsive therapy: A review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 66:421–28. [HS, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, W. F. & Crovitz, H. F. (1983a) Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy: A review of the literature. 1. The effects of electrical stimulus waveform and number of treatments. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67:1–7. [HS, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, W. F. & Crovitz, H. F. (1983b) Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy: A review of the literature. 2. The effects of electrode placement. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67:57–68. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Daniel, W. F., Crovitz, H. F., Weiner, R. D. & Rogers, H. J. (1982) The effects of ECT modifications on autobiographical and verbal memory. Biological Psychiatry 17:919–24. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Daniel, W. F., Weiner, R. D. & Crovitz, H. F. (1983) Autobiographical amnesia with ECT: An analysis of the roles of stimulus waveform, electrode placement, stimulus energy, and seizure length. Biological Psychiatry 18:121–26. [BL, HS, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Dashieff, R. M., Savage, D. D. & McNamara, J. O. (1982) Seizures down-regulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors in hippocampal formation. Brain Research 235:327–34. [BL, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, K. L., Mohs, R. C., Tinkelberg, J. R., Pfefferbaum, A., Hollister, L. E. & Kopell, B. S. (1978) Physostigmine: Improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans. Science 201:272–74. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deakin, J. F. W. (1983) Antidepressant effects of electroconvulsive therapy: Current or seizure? British Medical Journal 86:1083–84. [HS, rRDW]Google Scholar
Deakin, J. F. W., Owen, F., Cross, A. J. & Dashwood, M. J. (1981) Studies on possible mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy; effects of repeated electrically induced seizures on rat brain receptors for monoamines and other neurotransmitters. Psychopharmacology 73:345–49. [taRDW]Google Scholar
DeCarolis, V., Gibertz, F., Roccatagliata, G., Rossi, R. & Venutti, G. (1964) Imipramine and electroshock in the treatment of depression. Sistema Nervoso 16:29–42. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Deglin, V. L. (1973) A clinical study of unilateral electroconvulsive seizures. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii 73:1609–21. [HS]Google Scholar
Delaney, R. C., Rosen, A. J., Mattson, R. H. & Novelly, R. A. (1980) Memory function in focal epilepsy: A comparison of non-surgical unilateral temporal lobe and frontal lobe samples. Cortex 16:103–17. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delay, J. & Deniker, P. (1952) 38 cas de psychoses traités par la cure prolongée et continué de 4568 R. P. Annales Medico-Psychololiques 110:364. [LBK]Google Scholar
Delgado-Escueta, A. V. & Bajorek, J. G. (1982) Status epilepticus: Mechanisms of brain damage and rational management. Epilepsia 23 (supp. 1):529–41. [taRDW]Google Scholar
d'Elia, G. (1970) Unilateral ECT. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica supp. 215:5–98. [taRDW]Google Scholar
d'Elia, G. & Frederiksen, S. O. (1980a) ACTH4–10 and memory in ECT-treated and untreated patients. 1. Effect on consolidation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62:418–28. [JGS, taRDW]Google Scholar
d'Elia, G. & Frederiksen, S. O. (1980b) ACTH4–10 and memory in ECT-treated and untreated patients. II. Effect on retrieval. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62:429–35. [taRDW]Google Scholar
d'Elia, G. & Raotma, H. (1975) Is unilateral ECT less effective than bilateral? British Journal of Psychiatry 126:83–89. [CS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Dikmen, S. & Matthews, C. A. (1977) Effect of major motor seizure frequency upon cognitive-intellectual functions in adults. Epilepsia 18:21–29. [BL, taRDW]Google Scholar
Dobelle, W. H., Mladejovsky, M. G., Evans, J. R., Roberts, T. S. & Girvin, J. P. (1976). “Braille” reading by a blind volunteer by visual cortex stimulation. Nature 259:111–12. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Docter, R. F. (1957) The effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) vs. “brief stimulus therapy” (BST) on memory and nest building in albino rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50:100–104. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Drachman, D. A. (1977) Memory and cognitive function in man: Does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology 27:783–90. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Driscoll, D. A. (1970) An investigation of a theoretical model of the human head with applications to current flow calculations and EEG interpretations. Ph.D. thesis, University of Vermont. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Dunn, A., Guidetta, A., Wilson, J. E. & Glassman, E. (1974) The effect of electroshock on brain RNA and protein synthesis and its possible relation to behavioral effects. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A., pp. 185–98. Winston and Sons. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Dysken, M. W., Pandey, G. N., Chang, S. S., Hicks, R. & Davis, J. M. (1979) Serial post-dexamethasone cortisol levels in a patient undergoing ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 136:1328–29. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Y. H., Reddy, M. V., Keen, P., Davis, L. G., Daugherty, J. & Brunngraber, E. G. (1980) Transient changes in the phosphorylation of cortical membrane proteins after electroconvulsive shock. Journal of Neurochemistry 34:1327–30. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Electroconvulsive therapy (1979) Journal of the American Medical Association 242:545–46. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Emrich, H. M., Höllt, V., Kissling, W., Fischler, M., Laspe, H., Heinemann, H., von Zerssen, D. & Herz, A. (1979) Beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmakopsychiatrie 12:269–76. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Essman, W. B. (1974) Effects of electroconvulsive shock on cerebral protein synthesis. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Essman, W. B. (1982) Electroconvulsive shock and cerebral chemistry: Changes and sequelae. In: Electroconvulsive therapy: Biological foundations and clinical applications, ed. Abrams, R. & Essman, W. B.. Spectrum Publications. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Exner, J. E. Jr & Murillo, L. G. (1977) A long-term follow-up of schizophrenics treated with regressive ECT. Diseases of the Nervous System 38:162–68. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ferraro, A. & Roizin, L. (1949) Cerebral morphologic changes in monkeys subjected to a large number of induced convulsions (32–100). American Journal of Psychiatry 106:278–84. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ferraro, A., Roizin, L. & Helfend, M. (1946) Morphologic changes in the brains of monkeys following seizures electrically induced. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 5:285–308. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1966) Cholinergic aspects of convulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 142:475–84. [BL]Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1978) Efficacy and safety of induced seizures (EST) in man. Comprehensive Psychiatry 19:1–18. [MF]Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1979) Convulsive therapy: Theory and practice. Raven Press. [TGBo, MF, LRS, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1980) A neuroendocrine theory of convulsive therapy. Trends in Neuroscience 3:25–27. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1981) Random thoughts about ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:484. [TRPP]Google ScholarPubMed
Fink, M., Kahn, R. L. & Green, M. (1958) Experimental studies of the electroshock process. Diseases of the Nervous System 19:113–18. [HS, taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Fink, M., Kahn, R. L., Karp, A. E., Pollack, A., Green, N. A., Alan, B. & Lefkowits, B. J. (1961) Inhalant induced convulsions. Significance for the theory of the convulsion therapy process. Archives of General Psychiatry 4:259–66. [BL, taRDW]Google Scholar
Fleminger, J. J., Horne, D. J. de L., Nair, N. P. V. & Nott, P. N. (1970) Differential effect of unilateral and bilateral ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 127:430–36. [HS]Google Scholar
Flood, J. F., Smith, G. E. & Cherkin, A. (1983) Memory retention: Potentiation of cholinergic drug combinations in mice. Neurobiology of aging 4:37–43. [AC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, R. M. & Glass, I. B. (1980) Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62:13–31. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Freeman, C. P. L., Baeson, J. V. & Crighton, A. (1978) Double-blind controlled study of electroconvulsive therapy and simulated ECT in depressive illness. Lancet 1:738–40. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Freeman, C. P. L. & Kendell, R. E. (1980) Patients’ experiences of and attitudes to ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 137:8–16. [LBK, LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Freeman, C. P. L., Weeks, D. & Kendell, R. E. (1980) ECT: Patients who complain. British Journal of Psychiatry 137:17–25. [JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Friedberg, J. (1976) Shock treatment is not good for your brain. Glide Publications. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Friedman, E. & Wilcox, P. H. (1942) Electrostimulated convulsive doses in intact humans by means of unidirectional currents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 96:56–63. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Friedman, M. J. & Lipowski, Z. J. (1981) Pseudodementia in a young Ph.D. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:381–82. [tarRDW]Google Scholar
Fukuda, T. & Matsuda, Y. (1969) Comparative characteristics of slow wave EEG, autonomic functioning and clinical picture in typical and atypical schizophrenia during and following EST. International Pharmacopsychiatry 3:13–41. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Gangadhar, B. N., Kapur, R. L. & Kalyanasundaram, S. (1982) Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with imipramine in endogenous depression: A double-blind study. British Journal of Psychiatry 141:367–71. [JPJP, taRDW]Google Scholar
Garcia, J. (1978) Neuropathological sequellae of ECT. In: ECT: Efficacy and impact. Clinical Research Branch, NIMH. [MF]Google Scholar
Gerbrandt, L. K., Eckardt, M. J., Davis, J. L. & Cherkin, A. (1977) Retrograde amnesia in neonatal chicks: Induction by L-proline is not accompanied by occult seizures. Physiology and Behavior 19:723–28. [AC]Google Scholar
Gerbrandt, L. K., Herzog, S. & Cherkin, A. (1973) Amnesic and electrographic effects of an intracranial electroshock in neo-natal chicks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 3:268. [AC]Google Scholar
Glassman, A. H. & Roose, S. P. (1981) Delusional depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:424–27. [CS]Google Scholar
Glenn, M. D. & Weiner, R. D. (1982) Practical aspects of electroconvulsive therapy: A programmed text. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Globus, J. H., Van Harreveld, A. & Wiersma, C. A. G. (1943) The influence of electrical current application on the structure of the brain of dogs. Experimental Neurology 2:263–76. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Gold, P. E. & McCarty, R. (1981) Plasma catecholamines: Changes after footshock and seizure-producing frontal cortex stimulation. Behavioral and Neural Biology 31:247–60. [SFZ]Google Scholar
Gold, P. E., McCarty, R. & Sternberg, D. B. (1982) Peripheral catecholamines and memory modulation. In: Neural plasticity and memory formation, ed. Marsan, C. A. & Matthies, H.. Raven Press. [SFZ]Google Scholar
Gold, P. E. & Murphy, J. (1980) Brain noradrenergic response to training and amnestic frontal cortex stimulation. Physiology Biochemistry and Behavior 13:257–63. [SFZ]Google Scholar
Gold, P. E. & Sternberg, D. B. (1978) Retrograde amnesia produced by several treatments: Evidence for a common neurobiological mechanism. Science 201:367–69. [rRDW]Google Scholar
Goldman, H., Gromer, F. D. & Templer, D. L. (1972) Long-term effects of electroconvulsive therapy on memory and perceptual motor performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology 28:32–34. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Goldstein, S. G., Filskov, S. B., Weaver, L. A. & Ives, J. O. (1977) Neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology 33:798–806. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Gottesfeld, B. H., Lesse, S. M. & Herskovitz, H. (1944) Studies in electroconvulsive shock therapy of varied electrode applications. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 99:56–64. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1981) The mismeasure of man. W. W. Norton & Co. [LRS]Google Scholar
Grahame-Smith, D. G., Green, A. R. & Costain, E. W. (1978) Mechanism of the antidepressant action of electroconvulsive therapy. Lancet 1:254–57. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Green, A. R. (1984) Studies in the possible association between alterations in monoamine-mediated behaviors and the biochemical changes which occur after repeated ECS. In: ECT: Basic mechanisms, ed. Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H.. John Libbey. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Green, M. A. (1960) Relation between threshold and duration of seizures and electrographic change during electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 131:117–20. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Guze, S. B. & Robins, E. (1970) Suicide and primary affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 117:437–38. [JRT]Google Scholar
Halliday, A. M., Davison, K., Brown, M. W. & Kreeger, L. C. (1968) A comparison of the effects on depression and memory of bilateral ECT and unilateral ECT to the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres. British Journal of Psychiatry 114:997–1012. [LRS, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrecht, F. T. (1979) Neural prostheses. Annals of Bioengineering 8:239–67. [taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M., Stocker, M. J. & Spencer, C. M. (1979) Post-ECT cognitive deficit and elevation of blood pressure. British Journal of Psychiatry 135:77–78. [tarRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, R. & Wiens, A. N. (1975) Electroconvulsive therapy and memory. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 161:245–54. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Hartelius, H. (1952) Cerebral changes following electrically induced convulsions: An experimental study on cats. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica supp. 77:3–128. [AMD, taRDW]Google Scholar
Haug, J. O. (1962) Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental disease. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica supp. 165:8–115. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Hayes, K. J. (1950) The current path in ECS. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 63:102–9. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1964) Pleasure response of human subjects to direct stimulation of the brain: Physiologic and psychodynamic considerations. In: The role of pleasure in behavior, ed. Heath, R. G.. Hoeber Medical Division, Harper & Row. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1975) Brain function and behavior: Emotion and sensory phenomena in psychotic patients and in experimental animals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 160:159–75. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. (1977) Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemaker: Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165:300–317. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Cox, A. W. & Lustick, L. S. (1974) Brain activity during emotional states. American Journal of Psychiatry 131:858–62. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Llewellyn, R. C. & Rouchell, A. M. (1980) The cerebellar pacemaker for intractable behavioral disorders and epilepsy: Follow-up report. Biological Psychiatry 15:243–56. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G., Rouchell, A. M., Llewellyn, R. C. & Walker, C. F. (1981) Cerebellar pacemaker patients: An update. Biological Psychiatry 16:953–62. [RGH]Google Scholar
Heath, R. G. & the Tulane University Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, eds. (1954) Studies in schizophrenia. Harvard University Press. [RGH]Google Scholar
Hedlund, J. L., Barton, R. C., Evenson, R. C., Cho, D. W. & Hickman, C. V. (1978) Electroconvulsive therapy in Missouri state facilities: 1971–1975. Journal of Operational Psychiatry 9:40–56. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Heilbrunn, G. & Weil, A. (1942) Pathologic changes in the central nervous system in experimental electric shock. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 47:918–30. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Hemsi, L. K., Whitehead, A. & Post, F. (1968) Cognitive functioning and cerebral arousal in elderly depressives and dements. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 12:145–56. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Herz, M. J., Spooner, C. E. & Cherkin, A. (1970) Effects of the amnesic agent flurothyl on the EEG and multiple unit activity in the chick. Experimental Neurology 27:227–37. [AC]Google Scholar
Heshe, J. & Röder, E. (1976) ECT in Denmark. British Journal of Psychiatry 128:241–45. [TGBo]Google Scholar
Heshe, J., Röder, E. & Theilgaard, A. (1978) Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A psychiatric and psychological study of therapeutic effects and of the side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica supp. 275:1–180. [TGBo, taRDW]Google Scholar
Hetherington, R. (1956) The effects of ECT on the efficiency and retentivity of depressed patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology 29:258–69. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Hoch, P. H. (1943) Clinical and biological interrelations between schizophrenia and epilepsy. American Journal of Psychiatry 99:507–12. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Holland, C. G. (1950) The complaint of “forgetting” following electroshock. Virginia Medical Monthly 77:221–26. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Honcke, P. & Zahle, V. (1946) On the correlation between clinical and electroencephalographic observations in patients treated with electroshock. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica supp. 47:451–58. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Hong, J. S., Gillin, J. C., Yang, H. Y. T. & Costa, E. (1979) Repeated electroconvulsive shocks and the brain content of endorphins. Brain Research 177:273–78. [JGS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Hughes, J., Barraclough, B. M. & Reeve, W. (1981) Are patients shocked by ECT? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 74:283–85. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huston, P. E. & Strother, C. R. (1947) The effect of electric shock on mental efficiency. American Journal of Psychiatry 104:707–12. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Jackson, B. (1978) The effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT on verbal and visual spatial memory. Journal of Clinical Psychology 34:4–13. [taRDW]3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janicak, P. G., Davis, J. M., Gibbons, R. D., Ericksen, S., Chang, S. & Gallagher, P. (in preparation). Efficacy of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT): A meta analysis. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Janis, I. (1950a) Psychological effects of electroconvulsive treatments: I. Post-treatment amnesias. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 111:359–82. [JRT, taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janis, I. (1950b) Psychological effects of electroconvulsive treatments: II. Changes in word association reactions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 111:383–97. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janis, I. (1950c) Psychological effects of electroconvulsive treatments: III. Changes in affective disturbance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 111:469–89. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Janis, I. & Astrachan, M. (1951) The effects of electroconvulsive treatments on memory efficiency. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46:501–11. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Jarzembski, W. B., Larson, S. J. & Sances, A. (1970) Evaluation of specific cerebral impedance and cerebral current density. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 170:476–90. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Frith, C. D., Crow, T. J., Husband, J. & Kerel, L. (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 2:924–26. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Lawler, P., Stevens, M., Deakin, J. F. W., Frith, C. D., McPherson, K. & Crow, T. J. (1980) The Northwick Park electroconvulsive therapy trial. Lancet 2:1317–20. [JPJP, taRDW]Google Scholar
Jørgensen, O. S., Bock, E., Bech, P. & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1977) Synaptic membrane protein D2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of manic-melancholic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 56:50–56. [TGBo]Google Scholar
Kahn, R. L., Zarit, S. H., Hilbert, N. M. & Niedereke, G. (1975) Memory complaint and impairment in the aged. The effect of depression and altered brain function. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:1569–73. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kalayam, B. & Steinhart, M. J. (1981) A survey of attitudes on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 32:185–88. [rRDW]Google Scholar
Kalinowsky, L. B., Barrera, S. E. & Horowitz, W. A. (1942) The petit mal response in electric shock therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 98:708–11. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kalinowsky, L. B. & Hippius, H. (1969) Pharmacological, convulsive and other somatic treatments in psychiatry. Grune and Stratton. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kalinowsky, L. B. & Kennedy, F. (1943) Observations in electric shock therapy applied to problems of epilepsy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 98:56–67. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kapur, M. (1978) A short screening battery of tests to detect organic brain dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Psychology 34:104–11. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Karliner, W. (1978) ECT for patients with CNS disease. Psychomatics 19:781–83. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kaste, M., Kuurne, T., Vilkki, J., Katevuo, K., Sainio, K. & Meurala, H. (1982) Is chronic brain damage in boxing a hazard of the past? Lancet 2:1186–88. [DIT]Google Scholar
Kaushall, P. I., Zetin, M. & Squire, L. R. (1981) A psychosocial study of chronic, circumscribed amnesia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 169:383–89. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kendall, B. S., Mills, W. B. & Thale, T. (1956) Comparison of two methods of EST and their effects on cognitive functions. Journal of Consulting Psychology 20:423–29. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1981) The present status of electroconvulsive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry 139:265–83. [JGS]Google Scholar
Kety, S. S. (1974) Effects of repeated electroconvulsive shock on brain catecholamines. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kiloh, L. G., Child, J. P. & Latner, G. (1960) A controlled trial of iproniazid in the treatment of endogenous depression. Journal of Mental Science 106:1139–44. [TGBo]Google Scholar
Klotz, M. (1955) Serial EEG changes due to electrotherapy. Diseases of the Nervous System 16:120–21. [taRDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Korin, H., Fink, M. & Kwalwasser, S. (1956) Relationship of changes in memory and learning to improvement in electroshock. Confinia Neurologica 16:88–96. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kramp, P. & Bolwig, T. G. (1981) Electroconvulsive therapy in acute delirious states. Comprehensive Psychiatry 22:368–71. [TGBo]Google Scholar
Krantz, J. C., Truitt, E. B. Jr, Speers, L. & Ling, A. S. C. Jr (1956) New pharmacoconvulsive agent. Science 136:353. [LBK]Google Scholar
Kriss, A., Blumhardt, L. D., Halliday, A. M. & Pratt, R. T. C. (1978) Neurological asymmetries immediately after unilateral ECT. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 41:1135–44. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kriss, A., Halliday, A. M., Halliday, E. & Pratt, R. T. C. (1980a) Evoked potentials following unilateral ECT: 1. The somatosensory evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 48:481–89. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kriss, A., Halliday, A. M., Halliday, E. & Pratt, R. T. C. (1980b) Evoked potentials following unilateral ECT: 2. The flash-evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 48:490–501. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Kroll, P., Siegel, R., O’Neill, B. & Edwards, R. G. (1980) Cerebral cortical atrophy in alcoholic men. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 41:417–21. [DIT]Google Scholar
Kurland, A. A., Hanlon, T. E., Esquibel, A. J., Krantz, J. C. & Sheets, C. S. (1959) A comparative study of hexaflurodiethyl ether (Indoklon) and electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 129:95–98. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Lambourn, J. & Gill, D. (1978) A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 133:514–19. [HS, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Lancaster, N. P., Steinert, R. R. & Frost, I. (1958) Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Mental Science 104:221–27. [HS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Lee-Teng, E. (1969) Retrograde amnesia in relation to subconvulsive and convulsive currents in chicks. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 67:135–39. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Lerer, B. & Belmaker, R. H. (1982) Receptors and the mechanism of action of ECT. Biological Psychiatry 17:497–511. [BL, taRDW]Google Scholar
Lerer, B., Stanley, M. & Belmaker, R. H. (1984) ECT and lithium: Parallels and contrasts in receptor mechanisms. In: ECT: Basic mechanisms, ed. Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H.. John Libbey. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Lerer, B., Stanley, M., Demetriou, S. & Gershon, S. (1983). Effect of electroconvulsive shock on 3H-QNB binding in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry 41:1680–83. [BL, rRDW]Google Scholar
Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H., eds. (1984) ECT: Basic mechanisms. John Libbey. [BL, taRDW]Google Scholar
Lerer, B., Zabow, T., Egnal, N. & Belmaker, R. H. (1983) Effect of vasopressin on memory following ECT. Biological Psychiatry 18:821–24. [BL, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Levy, N. A., Serota, H. M. & Glinker, R. R. (1942) Disturbance in brain function following convulsive shock therapy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 47:1000–1029. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Levy, R. & Jacoby, R. (1982) ECT and cerebral damage. British Journal of Psychiatry 140:548–49. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Liberson, W. T. (1948) Brief stimulus therapy: Physiological and clinical observations. American Journal of Psychiatry 105:28–39. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Liberson, W. T. & Wilcox, P. H. (1945) Electric convulsive therapy: Comparison of “brief stimuli technique” with Friedman-Wilcox-Reiter technique. Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry 13:292–302. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Lidbeck, W. L. (1944) Pathologic changes in the brain after electric shock: An experimental study on dogs. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 3:81–86. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Logothetis, J. (1967) Epileptic seizures in the course of phenothiazine therapy. Neurology 17:869–75. [CS]Google Scholar
Longoni, R., Mulas, A., Novak, B. O., Pepeu, I. M. & Pepeu, G. (1976) Effect of single and repeated electroshock applications on brain acetylcholine levels and choline acetyltransferase activity in the rat. Neurophamwcology 15:283–86. [BL]Google Scholar
Lorimer, F. M., Segal, M. M. & Stein, S. N. (1949) Path of current distribution in brain during ECT. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1:343–48. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Luborsky, L. B. (1948) Psychometric changes during EST. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 107:531–36. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Lunn, R. J., Savageau, M. M., Beatty, W. W., Gerst, J. W., Staton, R. D. & Brumback, R. A. (1981) Anesthetics in electroconvulsive therapy seizure duration: Implications for therapy from a rat model. Biological Psychiatry 16:1163–75. [taRDW]Google Scholar
McCabe, M. S. (1976) ECT in the treatment of mania: A controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry 133:688–91. [taRDW]Google Scholar
McCabe, M. S. & Norris, B. (1977) ECT vs. chlorpromazine in mania. Biological Psychiatry 12:245–54. [taRDW]Google Scholar
McKegney, F. P. & Panzetta, A. F. (1963) An unusual fatal outcome of electroconvulsive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 120:398–400. [taRDW]Google Scholar
McWilliam, J. R., Meldrum, B. S. & Checkley, S. A. (1982) Changes in noradrenergic neuroendocrine responses following repeated seizures and the mechanism of action of ECT. Psychopharmacology 77:53–57. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Madow, L. (1956) Brain changes in electroshock therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 113:337–47. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Maletzky, B. M. (1981) Multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy. CRC Press. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Malitz, S., Sackeim, H. A. & Decina, P. (1982) ECT in the treatment of major affective disorders: Clinical and basic research issues. Psychiatry Journal of the University of Ottawa 7:126–34. [HS]Google Scholar
Maltbie, A. A., Wingfield, M. S., Volow, M. R., Weiner, R. D., Sullivan, J. L. & Cavenar, J. O. (1980) ECT in the presence of brain tumor: Case reports and an evaluation of risk. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1688:400–405. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Malzberg, B. (1937) Mortality among patients with involutional melancholia. American Journal of Psychiatry 93:1231–38. [CS]Google Scholar
Marjerrison, G., James, J. & Reichert, H. (1975) Unilateral and bilateral ECT: EEG findings. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 20:257–66. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Marshall, T. J. & Dobbs, D. (1959) Treatment technique and apnea in electroshock. Diseases of the Nervous System 20:582–83. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Masserman, J. H. & Jacques, M. G. (1947) Effects of cerebral electroshock on experimental neuroses in cats. American Journal of Psychiatry 104:92–99. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Matthews, C. A. & Klove, H. (1967) Differential psychological performances in major motor, psychomotor, and mixed seizure classifications of known and unknown etiology. Epilepsia 8:117–28. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, P. R. A. & Tuma, A. H. (1965) Treatment of schizophrenia: An experimental study of five treatment methods. British Journal of Psychiatry 111:503–10. [taRDW]Google Scholar
May, P. R. A., Tuma, A. H., Yale, C., Potepan, P. & Dixon, W. (1976) Schizophrenia – a follow-up study of results of treatment: H. Hospital stay over two to five years. Archives of Cenerai Psychiatry 33:481–86. [JGS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Medical Research Council, Clinical Psychiatry Committee (1965) Clinical trial of treatment of depressive illness. British Medical Journal 1:881–86. [TRPP]Google Scholar
Medlicott, R. W. (1948) Brief stimuli electroconvulsive therapy. New Zealand Medical Journal 47:29–37. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Meduna, L. von (1938) General discussion of cardiazol therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 94 (supp.):40–50. [LBK, JPJP]Google Scholar
Meldrum, B. S. (1978) Physiological changes during prolonged seizures and epileptic brain damage. Neuropadiätrie 9:203–12. [AMD]Google Scholar
Meldrum, B. S. & Brierley, J. B. (1973) Prolonged epileptic seizures in primates: Ischemie cell change and its relation to ictal physiologic events. Archives of Neurology 28:10–17. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Meldrum, B. S., Papy, J. J., Toure, M. F. & Brierley, J. B. (1975) Four models for studying cerebral lesions secondary to epileptic seizures. In: Advances in neurology, ed. Meldrum, B. S. & Marsden, C. D.. Raven Press. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Menken, M., Safer, J., Goldfarb, C. & Varga, E. (1979) Multiple ECT: Morphologic effects. American Journal of Psychiatry 136:453. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Meyer, J. S., Gotoh, F. & Favale, E. (1966) Cerebral metabolism during epileptic seizures. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 21:10–23. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Meyer, J. S. & Portnoy, H. (1959) Post-epileptic paralysis: A clinical and experimental study. Brain 82:162–85. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Michael, S. T. (1954) Impairment of mental function during electroconvulsive therapy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 71:362–66. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Miller, M. J., Small, I. F., Milstein, V., Malloy, F. & Stout, J. R. (1981) Electrode placement and cognitive change with ECT: Male and female response. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:384–86. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Miura, T., Okada, M. & Okamoto, M. (1960) Retrograde amnesia provoked by electroconvulsive therapy. Diseases of the Nervous System 21:649–52. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Modigh, K. (1976) Long term effects of electroconvulsive shock therapy on synthesis, turnover and uptake of brain monoamines. Psychopharmacology 49:179–85. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Moore, R. A. (1977) The electroconvulsive therapy fight in California. Journal of Forensic Science 22:845–50. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Moriarty, D. D. & Siemens, J. C. (1947) EEG study of electroshock therapy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 57:712–18. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Mosovich, A. & Katzenelbogen, S. (1948) Electroshock therapy, clinical and EEG studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 107:517–30. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Murillo, L. G. & Exner, J. E. (1973) The effects of regressive ECT with process schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 130:269–73. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Neuberger, K. T., Whitehead, R. W., Rutledge, E. K. & Ebaugh, F. G. (1942) Pathologic changes in the brains of dogs given repeated electrical shock. American Journal of Medical Science 204:381–87. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Odegaard, O. (1952) The excess mortality of the insane. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 27:353–67. [CS]Google Scholar
Offner, F. (1946) Stimulation with minimum power. Journal of Neurophysiology 9:387–90. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., Becker, J. T. & Handelmann, G. E. (1979) Hippocampus, space and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:313–65. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ottosson, J. O. (1960) Experimental studies on the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica (supp. 145.) 35:1–141. [BL, HS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Ottosson, J. O. (1962a) Electroconvulsive therapy: Electrostimulatory or convulsive therapy? Journal of Neuropsychiatry 3:216–20. [HS]Google Scholar
Ottosson, J. O. (1962b) Seizure characteristics and therapeutic efficiency in electroconvulsive therapy: An analysis of the antidepressant efficiency of grand mal and lidocaine-modified seizures. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 135:239–51. [HS]Google Scholar
Pacella, B. L. (1949) Varieties of electrical shock therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 109:396–404. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Pacella, B. L., Barrera, S. E. & Kalinowsky, L. B. (1942) Variations in the EEG with EST of patients with mental disorders. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 47:367–84. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Pandey, G. N., Heinze, W. J., Brown, B. D. & Davis, J. M. (1979) Electroconvulsive shock treatment decreases beta adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rat brains. Nature 280:234–35. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papakostas, Y., Fink, M., Lee, J., Johnson, L. & Irwin, P. (1981) Neuroendocrine measures in psychiatric patients: Course and outcome of ECT. Psychiatry Research 4:55–64. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Paul, S. M., Extein, I., Calil, H. M., Potter, W. Z., Chodoff, P. & Goodwin, F. K. (1981) Use of ECT with treatment-resistant depressed patients at the National Institute of Mental Health. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:486–89. [TRPP, taRDW]Google Scholar
Paulson, G. W. (1967) Exacerbation of organic brain disease by electroconvulsive treatment. North Carolina Medical Journal 28:328–31. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Pearlman, C. A., Sharpless, S. K. & Jarvik, M. E. (1961) Retrograde amnesia produced by anesthetic and convulsant agents. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 54:109–12. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Perlson, J. (1945) Psychological studies on a patient who received two hundred forty-eight shock treatments. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 54:409–11. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Pinel, J. P. J. & Van Oot, P. H. (1975) Generality of the kindling phenomenon: Some clinical implications. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2:467–75. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Pinel, J. P. J. & Van Oot, P. H. (1977) Intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome following periodic electroconvulsive shocks. Biological Psychiatry 12:479–85. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Pinel, J. P. J. & Van Oot, P. H. (1978) Increased susceptibility to the epileptic effects of alcohol withdrawal following periodic electroconvulsive shocks. Biological Psychiatry 13:353–67. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Pippard, J. & Ellam, L. (1981a) Electroconvulsive treatment in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry 139:563–68. [TRPP]Google Scholar
Pippard, J. & Ellam, L. (1981b) Electroconvulsive treatment in Great Britain, 1980: A report to the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Headley (Gaskell). [MF, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Pitts, F. N. & Patterson, C. W. (1979) Electroconvulsive therapy for iatrogenic hypothalamic hypopituitarism (CRF-ACTH type). American Journal of Psychiatry 136:1074–76. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Plum, F., Howse, E. C. & Duffy, T. E. (1974) Metabolic effects of seizures. In: Brain dysfunction and metabolic disorders. Research Publications Association of Nervous and Mental Disease, ed. Plum, F.. Raven Press. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Porter, A. L. (1974) Effects of non-hydrogen-bonding anesthetics on memory in the chick. Behavioral Biology 10:365–75. [AC]Google Scholar
Posner, J. B., Plum, F. & Poznak, A. (1969) Cerebral metabolism during electrically induced seizures in man. Archives of Neurology 20:388–96. [taRDW]Google Scholar
A Practicing Psychiatrist (1965) The experience of electroconvulsive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry 111:365–67. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Price, T. R. P. (1981) Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for depression. New England Journal of Medicine 304:53. [TRPP, taRDW]Google Scholar
Price, T. R. P. (1982) Short-and long-term cognitive effects of ECT: Part 1 – Effects on memory. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 18:81–91. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Price, T. R. P. & McAllister, T. W. (1981) Unilateral and bilateral ECT: Equally effective? New Research Abstracts, 134th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. [TRPP]Google Scholar
Proctor, L. D. & Goodwin, J. E. (1943) Comparative EEG observations following ECT using raw 60 cycle alternating and unidirectional fluctuating current. American Journal of Psychiatry 99:525–30. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Pudenz, R. H., Bullara, L. A., Jacques, S. & Hambrecht, F. T. (1975) Electrical stimulation of the brain: III. Neural damage model. Surgical Neurology 4:389–400. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Regenstein, Q. R., Murawski, B. J. & Ingall, R. P. (1975) A case of prolonged reversible dementia associated with abuse of ECT. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 161:200–203. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Reichert, H., Benjamin, J., Neufeldt, A. H. & Marjerrison, G. (1976) Bilateral and nondominant unilateral ECT: Part II: Development of prograde effects. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 21:79–86. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ries, R. K., Wilson, L., Bokan, J. A. & Chiles, J. A. (1981) ECT in medication resistant schizoaffective disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 22:167–73. [taRDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, E. (1980) Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs: A speculative synthesis. In: Antiepileptic drugs: Mechanism of action, ed. Glasre, G. H., Penry, J. K. & Woodbery, D. M.. Raven Press. [AMD]Google Scholar
Robin, A. & Tissera, S. (1982) A double-blind controlled comparison of the therapeutic effects of low and high energy electroconvulsive therapies. British Journal of Psychiatry 141:357–66. [HS, tarRDW]Google Scholar
Rose, S. P. R., Hambley, J. & Haywood, J. (1976) Neurochemical approaches to developmental plasticity and learning. In: Neural mechanisms of learning and memory, ed. Rosenzweig, M. R. & Bennett, E. L.. MIT Press. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ross, R. J., Monroe, C., Thompson, J. S. & Kim, K. H. (1983) Boxers: Computed tomography, EEG, and neurological evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association 249:211–13. [DIT]Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1951) Changes in the EEG under barbiturate anesthesia produced by ECT and their significance for the theory of ECT action. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 3:261–80. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Roueché, B. (1974) Annals of medicine: As empty as Eve. New Yorker 09 9:84–100. [MF]Google Scholar
Rowland, V., Maclntyre, W. F. & Bidder, T. G. (1960) The production of brain lesions with electrical currents. Journal of Neurosurgery 17:55–69. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (1977) Memorandum on the use of ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 131:261–72. [MF, taRDW]Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. & Gemer, R. H. (1981) Legal restrictions on the use of ECT in California: Clinical impact on the incompetent patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 42:300–303. [tarRDW]Google Scholar
Ruff, R. L. (1980) A case report of cognitive impairment and movement disorders associated with ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 137:1615–16. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Rush, S. & Driscoll, D. A. (1968) Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anesthesia and Analgesia 47:717–23. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Russell, W. R. & Nathan, P. W. (1946) Traumatic amnesia. Brain 69:280–300. [LRS]Google Scholar
Sackeim, H. A., Decina, P., Prohovnik, I., Malitz, S. & Resor, S. R. (1983) Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of ECT: A proposed mechanism of action. Biological Psychiatry 18:130–10. [HS, rRDW]Google Scholar
Sackeim, H. A., Greenberg, M. S., Weiman, A. L., Gur, R. C., Hungerbuhler, J. P. & Geschwind, N. (1982) Hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions: Neurologic evidence. Archives of Neurology 39:210–18. [HS]Google Scholar
Sainz, A. (1959) Clarification of the action of successful treatment in the depressions. Diseases of the Nervous System 20:53–57. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Salzman, C. (1980) The use of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 137:1032–41. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Sand-Stromgren, L., Christensen, A. L. & Fromholt, P. (1976) The effects of unilateral brief-interval ECT on memory. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 54:336–46. [rRDW]Google Scholar
Sargant, W. & Slater, E. (1948) An introduction to physical methods of treatment in psychiatry. 2d ed.Williams and Wilkins Company. [AAS]Google Scholar
Schachter, D. L. & Crovitz, H. F. (1977) Memory function after closed head injury: A review of the quantitative research. Cortex 13:150–76. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Schwartz, I. R., Broggi, G. & Pappas, G. D. (1970) Fine structure of cat hippocampus during sustained seizure. Brain Research 18:176–80. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Schwartzman, A. E. & Termansen, P. E. (1967) Intensive electroconvulsive therapy: A follow-up study. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 12:217–18. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Scovern, A. W. & Kilmann, P. R. (1980) Status of ECT: A review of the outcome literature. Psychological Bulletin 87:260–303. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 20:11–21. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Seager, C. P. & Bird, R. L. (1962) Imipramine with electrical treatment and depression – a controlled trial. Journal of Mental Science 108:704–7. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Shapiro, H. M. (1981) Anesthesia effects upon cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism, and the electroencephalogram. In: Anesthesia, ed. Miller, R. D.. Churchill, Livingstone. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Shashova, V. W. (1976) Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors; I. Evidence for specific changes in the pattern of protein synthesis. Brain Research 111:347–64. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Shellenberger, W., Miller, M. J., Small, I. F., Milstein, V. & Stout, J. R. (1981) Follow-up study of memory deficits after ECT. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 27:325–29. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Siekert, R. G., Williams, S. C. & Windle, W. F. (1950) Histologie study of brains of monkeys after experimental electroshock. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 63:79–86. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Siesjö, B. K. (1981) Cell damage in the brain – a speculative synthesis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1:155–85. [AMD]Google Scholar
Sitaram, N., Weingartner, H. & Gillin, J. C. (1978) Human serial learning: Enhancement with arecoline and choline and impairment with scopolamine. Science 201:274–76. [BL]Google Scholar
Small, I. F. (1974) Inhalant convulsive therapy. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Small, I. F., Sharpley, P. & Small, J. G. (1968) Influences of cylert upon memory changes with ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 125:837–40. [LRS]Google Scholar
Small, J. G. (1974) EEG and neurophysiological studies of convulsive therapies. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [TGBo]Google Scholar
Small, J. G., Milstein, V., Kellams, J. J. & Small, I. F. (1981) Auditory brainstem evoked responses in hospitalized patients undergoing drug treatment or ECT. Biological Psychiatry 16:287–90. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Small, J. G., Milstein, V., Small, I. F. & Sharpley, P. H. (1981) Does ECT produce kindling? Biological Psychiatry 16:773–78. [tarRDW]Google Scholar
Small, J. G. & Small, I. F. (1981) Electroconvulsive therapy update. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 17:29–42. [JGS]Google Scholar
Small, J. G., Small, I. F. & Milstein, V. (1978) Electrophysiology of EST. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A. & Killam, D. F.. Raven Press. [JGS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Small, J. G., Small, I. F., Milstein, V. & Dian, D. A. (1977) Effects of ACTH-4–10 on ECT induced memory dysfunctions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 55:241–50. [JGS]Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1983) Review of Electroconvulsice therapy: An appraisal. Contemporary Psychology 27:607–8 and 28:246–47. [MF]Google Scholar
Smith, L. H., Hughes, J., Hastings, D. W. & Alpers, B. J. (1942) Electroshock treatment of the psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 98:558–61. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Smitt, J. W. & Wegener, C. F. (1944) On ECT: With particular regard to a parietal application of electrodes, controlled by intracerebral voltage measurements. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 19:529–49. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Spanis, C. W. & Squire, L. R. (1981) Memory and convulsive stimulation: Effects of stimulus waveform. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:1177–81. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Spiegel-Adolf, M., Umlauf, C. W. & Szekely, E. G. (1953) The effects of convulsions induced by various types of electric stimulation upon cerebro spinal fluid. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 12:365–67. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Spiegel-Adolf, M., Wilcox, P. H. & Spiegel, E. A. (1948) Cerebrospinal fluid changes in electroshock treatment of psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 104:697–706. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1977) ECT and memory loss. American Journal of Psychiatry 134:997–1001. [BL, taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1982a) Neuropsychological effects of ECT. In: Electroconvulsive therapy: Biological foundations and clinical applications, ed. Abrams, R. & Essman, W. B.. Spectrum Publications. [LBK, LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1982b) The neuropsychology of human memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience 5:241–73. [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1983) The neuropsychology of memory dysfunction and its assessment. In Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders, ed. Grant, I. & Adams, K.. Oxford University Press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. & Chace, P. M. (1975) Memory functions six to nine months after ECT. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:1557–64. [LRS, JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Chace, P. M. & Slater, P. C. (1976) Retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy. Nature 260:775–77. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. & Schlapfer, W. T. (1981) Memory and memory disorders: A biological and neurologic perspective. In: Handbook of biological psychiatry, pt. 4, ed. Van Praag, H. M., Lader, M. H., Rafaelson, O. J. & Sachar, E. J.. Marcel Dekker. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. & Slater, P. C. (1983) Electroconvulsive therapy and complaints of memory dysfunction: A prospective three-year follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 142:1–8. [MF, LRS, JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Slater, P. C. & Miller, P. L. (1981a) Retrograde amnesia and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:95. [JRT]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Slater, P. C. & Miller, P. L. (1981b) Retrograde amnesia following ECT: Long term follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:89–95. [LRS, JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Wetzel, C. D. & Slater, P. C. (1979) Memory complaint after ECT: Assessment with a new self-rating scale. Biological Psychiatry 14:791–801. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Staton, R. D., Hass, P. J. & Brumback, R. A. (1981) Electroencephalographic recording during bitemporal and unilateral nondominant hemisphere (Lancaster position) electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 42:264–69. [TRPP, taRDW]Google Scholar
Stenback, A. & Viitamaki, R. O. (1957) Psychological studies on a patient who received 441 electroconvulsive treatments. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 32:473–78. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Stengel, E. (1951) Intensive ECT, Journal of Mental Science 97:139–42. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Stevens, J. (1977) The neurophysiology of convulsions: How can convulsions help the psyche? Conculsive Therapy Bulletin with Tardive Dyskinesia Notes 2:14–15. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Stevenson, G. H. & Geoghegan, J. J. (1951) Prophylactic electroshock – a five-year study. American Journal of Psychiatry 107:743–48. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Stieper, D. R., Williams, M. & Duncan, C. P. (1951) Changes in impersonal and personal memory following electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology 7:361–66. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Stone, C. P. (1947) Losses and gains in cognitive functions as related to electroconvulsive shocks. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 42:206–14. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Stone, C. P. (1950) Pre-illness test records compared with performance during and after electroconvulsive shock. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 45:154–59. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Strain, J. J. & Bidder, T. G. (1971) Transient cerebral complications associated with multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy. Diseases of the Nervous System 32:95–100. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Strain, J. J., Brunschwig, L., Duffy, D. P., Agle, J. P., Rosenbaum, A. L. & Bidder, T. G. (1968) Comparison of therapeutic effects and memory changes with bilateral and unilateral ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 125:294–304. [TGB, LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Strub, R. L. & Black, F. W. (1977) The mental status examination in neurology. F.A. Davis Co. [LRS]Google Scholar
Summers, W. K., Robins, E. & Reich, T. (1979) The natural history of acute organic mental syndrome after bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Biological Psychiatry 14:905–12. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Sutherland, E. M., Oliver, J. E. & Knight, D. R. (1969) EEG, memory, and confusion in dominant, nondominant, and bitemporal ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 115:1059–64. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Suzuki, O., Takanohashi, M. & Yagi, K. (1976) Protective effect of dexamethasone on enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability caused by electroconvulsive shock. Drug Research 26:533–34. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Swartz, C. (1983) Post-ECT prolactin elevations: Time course and implications. Submitted for publication. [CS]Google Scholar
Swartz, C. & Abrams, R. (1983) Prolactin levels after bilateral and unilateral ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, in press. [CS, rRDW]Google Scholar
Tatsuno, J., Zouhar, R. L., Smith, R. H. & Cullens, S. C. (1967) Electroanesthesia study: The target area for electroanesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 46:432–39. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Taylor, J. R., Tompkins, R., Demers, R. & Anderson, D. (1982) Electroconvulsive therapy and memory dysfunction: Is there evidence for prolonged defects? Biological Psychiatry 17:1169–93. [JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Taylor, P. & Fleminger, J. J. (1980) ECT for schizophrenia. Lancet 1:1380–84. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Taylor, R. M. & Pacella, B. L. (1948) The significance of abnormal electroencephalograms prior to electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 107:220–7. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Templer, D. I., Ruff, C. F. & Armstrong, G. (1973) Cognitive functioning and degree of psychosis in schizophrenics given many ECTs. British Journal of Psychiatry 123:441–43. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Templer, D. I. & Veleber, D. M. (1982) Can ECT permanently harm the brain? Clinical Neuropsychology 4:62–66. [DIT]Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L., Corkin, S. & Twitchell, T. E. (1977) A study of cingulotomy in man. Final report M.I.T. contract NOl-HU-6–211. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Toman, J. E. P., Swinyard, E. A. & Goodman, L. S. (1946) Properties of maximal seizures, and their alteration by anticonvulsant drugs and other agents. Journal of Neurophysiology 9:231–42. [HS]Google Scholar
Tyler, B. & Lowenbach, H. (1947) Poly-diurnal electroshock treatment in mental disorders. North Carolina Medical Journal 8:577–82. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Ulett, G. A., Smith, K. & Glaser, G. C. (1956) Evaluation of convulsive and sub-convulsive therapies utilizing a control group. American Journal of Psychiatry 112:795–802. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. (1973) Brain control. John Wiley & Sons. [JPJP]Google Scholar
Valentine, M., Keddie, K. M. G. & Dunne, D. (1968) A comparison of techniques in electroconvulsive therapy. British Jotirnal of Psychiatry 114:989–96. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Van Boxel, P., Bridges, P. K., Bartlett, J. R. & Trauer, T. (1978) Size of cerebral ventricles in 66 psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 133:500–506. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Volavka, J. (1974) Is EEG slowing related to therapeutic effect of convulsive therapy? In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McCaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [rRDW]Google Scholar
Wasterlain, C. G. & Plum, F. (1973) Vulnerability of developing rat brain to electroconvulsive seizures. Archives of Neurology 29:38–45. [taRDW]Google Scholar
weaver, L. A., Ives, J. O., Williams, R. & Nies, A. (1977) A comparison of standard alternating current and low-energy brief pulse electrotherapy. Biological Psychiatry 12:525–43. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weaver, L. A., Williams, R. & Rush, S. (1976) Current density in bilateral and unilateral ECT. Biological Psychiatry 11:303–12. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weeks, D., Freeman, C. P. L. & Kendell, R. E. (1980) ECT: III. Enduring cognitive deficits? British Journal of Psychiatry 137:26–37. [LRS, taRDW]Google Scholar
Weil, A. A. & Brinegar, W. C. (1947) Electroencephalographic studies following ECT. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 57:719–29. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Torrey, E. F., Neophytides, A. N. & Wyatt, R. J. (1979) Lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 36:735–39. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1979) The psychiatric use of electrically induced seizures. American Journal of Psychiatry 136:1507–17. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1980a) ECT and seizure threshold. Biological Psychiatry 15:225–41. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1980b) Persistence of ECT-induced EEG changes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168:224–28. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1981a) ECT-induced status epilepticus and further ECT: A case report. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:1237–38. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1981b) Electroconvulsive therapy: Do persistent CNS changes occur? Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation 3:309–13. [JRT, taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. (1983) EEG related to electroconvulsive therapy. In: EEG and evoked potentials in psychiatry and behavioral biology, ed. Hughes, J. R. & Wilson, W. P.. Butterworths. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D., Erwin, C. W. & Weber, B. A. (1981) Acute effects of electroconvulsive therapy on brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 52:202–4. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D. & Power, D. G. (1980) The use of ECT within the Veterans Administration Hospital System. Comprehensive Psychiatry 21:22–29. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D., Rogers, H. J., Davidson, J. R. T. & Miller, R. D. (1982) Evaluation of the central nervous system risks of ECT. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 18:29–31. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D., Rogers, H. J., Welch, C. A., Davidson, J. R. T., Miller, R. D., Weir, D., Cahill, J. F. & Squire, L. R. (1983) ECT stimulus parameters and electrode placement. In: ECT: Basic mechanisms, ed. Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H.. John Libbey. [tarRDW]Google Scholar
Weiner, R. D., Volow, M. R., Gianturco, D. T. & Cavenar, J. O. (1980) Seizures terminable and interminable with ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 11:1416–18. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Weingartner, H., Gold, P., Ballanger, J. C., Smallberg, S. A., Summers, C., Rubinow, D. R., Post, R. M. & Goodwin, F. K. (1981) Effects of vasopressin on human memory functions. Science 211:601–3. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Welch, C. A., Weiner, R. D., Weir, D., Cahill, J. F., Rogers, H. J., Davidson, J., Miller, R. D. & Mandel, M. R. (1982) Efficacy of ECT in the treatment of depression: Waveform and electrode placement considerations. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 18:31–34. [tarRDW]Google Scholar
Wells, D. A. (1973) Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: A ten-year survey in a university hospital psychiatry department. Comprehensive Psychiatry 14:291–98. [taRDW]Google Scholar
West, E. D. (1981) Electric convulsion therapy in depression: A double-blind controlled trial. British Medical Journal 282:355–57. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Whalley, L. J., Dick, H., Watts, A. G., Christie, J. E., Rosie, R., Levy, G., Sheward, W. J. & Fink, G. (1982) Immediate increases in plasma prolactin and neurophysin but not other hormones after electroconvulsive therapy. Lancet 2:1064–67. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Whitty, C. W. M., Stores, G. & Lishman, W. A. (1977) Amnesia in cerebral disease. In: Amnesia: Clinical psychological and medicolegal aspects, 2d ed., ed. Whitty, C. W. M. & Zangwill, O. L.. Butterworths. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Winkelman, N. W. & Moore, M. T. (1944) Neurohistologic findings in experimental electric shock treatment. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 3:199–209. [taRDW]Google Scholar
Zeaman, J. B. (1948) M.A. thesis, Columbia University. [JZ]Google Scholar
Zornetzer, S. (1974) Retrograde amnesia and brain seizures in rodents: Electrophysiology and neuroanatomical analyses. In: Psychobiology of convulsive therapy, ed. Fink, M., Kety, S., McGaugh, J. & Williams, T. A.. Winston and Sons. [AC, taRDW]Google Scholar
Zubin, J. (1948a) Memory functioning in patients treated with electric shock therapy. Journal of Personality 17:33–41. [JZ]Google Scholar
Zubin, J. (1948b) Objective studies of disordered persons. In: Methods of psychology, ed. Andrews, T. G.. John Wiley & Sons. [JZ]Google Scholar
Zubin, J. & Barrera, S. E. (1941) Effect of electric convulsive therapy on memory. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 48:596–97. [JZ]Google Scholar