Alving, B. O. (1968) Spontaneous activity in isolated somata of Aplysia pacemaker neurons. Journal of General Physiology 51:29–45. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersen, P. & Eccles, J. C. (1962) Inhibitory phasing of neuronal discharge. Nature (London) 196:645–47. [GS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anninos, P. A., Beek, B., Csermely, T. J., Harth, E. & Pertile, G. (1970) Dynamics of neural structures. Journal of Theoretical Biology 26:121–48. [EH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arechiga, H. (1977) Circadian rhythmicity in the nervous system of crustaceans. In: Symposium on oscillator Theory and neurophysiology, Federation Proceedings 36:2036–41. [HMP]Google Scholar

Ayers, J. L. & Clarac, F. (1978) Neuromuscular strategies underlying different behavioral acts in a multifunctional crustacean leg joint. Journal of Comparative Physiology 128A:81–94. [JA, HMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayers, J. L. & Davis, W. J. (1977) Neuronal control of locomotion in the lobster Homarus americanus. I. Motor programs for forward and backward walking. Journal of Comparative Physiology 115:1–24. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayers, J. L. & Selverston, A. I. (1977) Monosynaptic control of inter- and intra-oscillator coordination of an endogenous pacemaker network. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 3:267. [JA, RLC]Google Scholar

Ayers, J. Jr & Selverston, A. I. (1977) Synaptic control of an endogenous pacemaker network. Journal of Physiology 73:452–61. [HMP]Google ScholarPubMed

Ayers, J. Jr & Selverston, A. I. (1979) Monosynaptic entrainment of an endogenous pacemaker network: a cellular mechanism for von Holst's magnet effect. Journal of Comparative Physiology 129:5–17. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, R. & Berthoz, A., eds. (1977) Control of gaze by brain stem neurons. Proceedings of the Symposium held in Royaumont, Paris, France, July 1977. Amsterdam, and N. Y.: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press. [CRSK]Google Scholar

Barker, J. L., Ifshin, M. S. & Gainer, H. (1975) Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. III. Effects of hormones. Brain Research 84:501–3. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barker, J. L. & Gainer, H. (1974) Peptide regulation of bursting pacemaker activity in a molluscan neurosecretory cell. Science 184:1371–73. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Basinger, S. F., Gordon, W. C. & Lam, D. M. K. (1979) Differential labelling of retinal neurones by ³H-2-deoxyglucose. Nature 280:682–84. [SCR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bässler, U. (1977) Sensory control of leg movement in the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Biological Cybernetics 25:61–72. [GW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bentley, D. & Konishi, M. (1978) Neural control of behavior. In: Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 1, ed. Cowan, W. M. 2, Hall, W., and Kandel, E. R., pp. 35–59. [HMP]Google Scholar

Berry, M. S. (1972) A system of electrically coupled small cells in the buccal ganglia of the pond snail Planorbis corneus. Journal of Experimental Biology 56:621–37. [SM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berry, M. S. & Cottrell, G. A. (1974) The value of high extracellular calcium as a test for monosynaptic connexions in Planorbis corneus. journal of Physiology (London) 242:82–84P. [AIS]Google ScholarPubMed

Berry, M. S. & Pentreath, V. W. (1976) Criteria for distinguishing between monosynaptic and polysynaptic transmission. Brain Research 105:1–20. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bohr, N. (1933) Light and life. Nature 131:421–57. [CML]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowerman, R. F. & Larimer, J. L. (1974) Command fibers in the circum-esophageal connectives of the crayfish. II. Phasic Fibers. journal of Experimental Biology 60:118–29. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, C. W., Euler, C. von, Marttila, I. & Roos, B. (1975) A model of the central and reflex inhibition of inspiration in the cat. Biological Cybernetics 19:105–16. (SG)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brändle, K. & Székely, G. (1973) The control of alternating coordination of limb pairs in the newt (Triturus vulgaris). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 8:366–85. [GS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, T. G. (1911) The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Britain 84:308–19. [AIS]Google Scholar

Brown, T. G. (1914) On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system. Journal of Physiology (London) 48:18–46. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bulloch, A. G. M. & Dorsett, D. A. (1979) The integration of the patterned output of buccal motoneurons during feeding in Tritonia hombergi. Journal of Experimental Biology 79:23–40. [SM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bullock, T. H. (1976) In search of principles in neural integration. In: Simple Networks and Behavior, ed. Fentress, J. D., pp. 52–60. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Assoc. [AIS]Google Scholar

Bullock, T. H. (1980) Reassessment of neural connectivity and its specification. In: Information processing in the nervous system, ed. Pinsker, H. M. & Willis, W. D. Jr, pp. 199–220. New York: Raven Press. [WJD]Google Scholar

Bunge, M. (1980) From neuron to behavior and mentation: an exercise in levelmanship. In: Information Processing in the Nervous System, ed. Pinsker, H. M. and Willis, W. D. Jr, pp. 1–16. New York: Raven Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Burns, B. D. & Salmoraghi, G. C. (1960) Repetitive firing of respiratory neurones during their burst activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 23:24–47. [AIS]Google Scholar

Burrows, M. (1975) Co-ordinating interneurons of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with flight motor neurons. Journal of Experimental Biology 63:713–33. [JA]Google Scholar

Burrows, M. (1975) Co-ordinating interneurones of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with ventilatory motoneurones. Journal of Experimental Biology 63:735–53. [FD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burrows, M. (1975) Monosynaptic connexions between wing stretch receptors and flight motoneurones of the locust. Journal of Experimental Biology 62:189–219. [GW]Google Scholar

Burrows, M. (1979) Synaptic potentials effect the release of transmitter from locust nonspiking interneurons. Science 204:81–83. [TJW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burrows, M. (1980) The control of sets of motoneurons by local interneurons in the locust. Journal of Physiology 298:213–33. [FD.AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byrne, J. H. & Koester, J. (1978) Respiratory pumping: neuronal control of a centrally commanded behavior in Aplysia. Brain Research 143:87–105. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calabrese, R. L. (1977) The neural control of alternate heartbeat coordination states in the leech, Hirudo medidnalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology 122:111–43. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calabrese, R. L. (1979) The roles of endogenous membrane properties and synaptic interaction in generating the heartbeat rhythm of the leech, Hirudo medidnalis. Journal of Experimental Biology 82:163–76. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calabrese, R. L. (1979) Suppression of the activity of secondary impulse initiation sites by the activity of a primary initiation site in rhythmically active neurons. Society for Neuroscience Abstract 5:493. [HMP]Google Scholar

Camp, C. & Pinsker, H. M. (1979) Computer separation of unitary spikes from whole-nerve recordings. Brain Research 169:455–79. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carpenter, G. A. (1979) Bursting phenomena in excitable membranes. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics 36:334–72. [AHC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, Ronald. (1979) The mentalist hypothesis and invertebrate neurobiology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 23:103–17. [AODW]Google Scholar

Cobbs, J. & Pinsker, H. M. (1978) In vivo responses of paired giant mechanore-ceptor neurons in Aplysia abdominal ganglion. Journal of Neurophysiology 9:121–41. [HMP]Google ScholarPubMed

Cohen, A. H. & Wallén, P. (submitted) The neuronal correlate to locomotion in fish: “Fictive swimming” induced in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey spinal cord. [AHC]Google Scholar

Cohen, L. B., Salzberg, B. M. & Grinvald, A. (1978) Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1:171–82. [AIS, GLG, HMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, W. J. (1976) Organizational concepts in the central motor networks of invertebrates. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., and Stuart, D. G., pp. 265–92. New York: Plenum Press. [MM, AIS]Google Scholar

Delcomyn, F. (1976) An approach to the study of neural activity during behaviour in insects. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:1223–27. [FD]Google Scholar

Delcomyn, F. (1977) Corollary discharge to cockroach giant interneurones. Nature (London) 269:160–62. [FD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Delcomyn, F. (1980) Neural basis of rhythmic behavior in animals. Science (in press). [RG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Delcomyn, F. & Daley, D. (1979) Central excitation of cockroach giant interneurons during walking. Journal of Comparative Physiology 130:39–48. [FD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books. [LJG]Google Scholar

Diamond, J. (1979) The regulation of nerve sprouting by extrinsic influences. In: The Neurosciences, 4th Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. and Worden, F. G.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [EH]Google Scholar

Dorsett, D. A., Willows, A. O. D. & Hoyle, G. (1969) Centrally generated nerve impulse sequences determining swimming behaviour in Tritonia. Nature 224:711–12. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorsett, D. A., Willows, A. O. D. & Hoyle, G. (1973) The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. IV. The central origin of a fixed action pattern demonstrated in the isolated brain. Journal of Neurobiology. 4:287–300 [GH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eggar, M. D. & Wyman, R. S. (1969) A reappraisal of reflex stepping in the cat. Journal of Physiology 202:501–16. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fentress, J. C. (1976) Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. [JCF]Google Scholar

Fentress, J. C. (1977) The tonic hypothesis and the patterning of behavior. New York Academy of Sciences 290:370–95. [JCF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fentress, W. B. Jr (1980) How can behavior be studied from a neuroethological perspective? In: Information processing in the nervous system, ed. Pinsker, H. M. & Willis, W. D. Jr, pp. 236–83. New York: Raven Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Friesen, W. O., Poon, M. & Stent, G. S. (1978) Neural control of swimming in the medicinal leech. IV. Identification of a network of oscillatory interneurones. Journal of Experimental Biology 75:25–43. [WOF, JCW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friesen, W. O., Poon, M. & Stent, G. S. (1976) An oscillatory neuronal circuit generating a locomotory rhythm. Proceedings National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 73:3734–38. [DKH, AIS, TJW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friesen, W. O. & Stent, G. S. (1977) Generation of a locomotory rhythm by a neural network with recurrent cyclic inhibition. Biological Cybernetics 28:27–40. (RLC, WOF, JCW]Google Scholar

Friesen, W. O. & Stent, G. S. (1978) Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering 7:37–61. [RG, AIS]Google Scholar

Geppetti, L. & Fiore, L. (1979) Electrotonic and chemical connections among small cells in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 117:268–79. [SM]Google Scholar

Gerstein, G. L. & Perkel, D. H. (1972) Mutual temporal relations among spike trains. Biophysical Journal 12:453–73. [GLG]Google Scholar

Gerstein, G. L., Perkel, D. H. & Subramanian, K. N. (1978) Identification of functionally related neural assemblies. Brain Research 140:43–62. [GLG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Getting, P. A. (1975) Tritonia swimming: triggering of a fixed action pattern. Brain Research 96:128–33. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Getting, P. A. (1976) Afferent neurons mediating escape swimming of the marine mollusc Tritonia. Journal of Comparative Physiology 110:271–85. [AIS]Google Scholar

Getting, P. A.; Lennard, P. R.; & Hume, R. I. (in press) Central pattern generator mediating swimming in Tritonia. I. Identification and synaptic interaction. Journal of Neurophysiology. [SG, AIS]Google Scholar

Getting, P. A. & Willows, A. O. D. (1974) Modification of neuron properties by electrotonic synapses. II. Burst formation by electrotonic synapses. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:858–68. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillete, R. & Davis, W. J. (1977) Role of the metacerebral giant neuron in the feeding behavior of Pleurobranchaea. Journal of Comparative Physiology 116:129–59. [SM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillette, R., Gillette, M. U. & Davis, W. J. (1980) Action potential broadening and endogenously sustained bursting are substrates of command ability in a feeding neuron of Pleurobranchaea. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:669–85. [RG]Google Scholar

Gillette, R., Kovac, M. P. & Davis, W. J. (1978) Command neurons in Pleurobranchaea receive synaptic feedback from the motor network they excite. Science 199:798–801. [SM, AIS]Google Scholar

Glaser, E. M. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1976) Principles of Neurobiological Signal Analysis, p. 471. New York: Academic Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Gogolák, G., Stumpf, C., Petchse, H. & Sterc, J. (1968) The firing pattern of septal neurons and the form of the hippocampal theta wave. Brain Research 7:201–7. [CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gola, M. (1976) Electrical properties of bursting pacemaker neurons. In: Neurobiology of Invertebrates, ed. Salanki, J. Jr, pp. 381–421. Budapest: Akademai Kiado. [HMP, AIS]Google Scholar

Goodman, C. S. (1978) Isogenic grasshoppers: genetic variability in the morphology of identified neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology 182:681–706. [RG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gorski, R. A. (1979) Hormonal modulation of neuronal structure and function. In: The Neurosciences, 4th Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [EH]Google Scholar

Granzow, B. & Kater, S. B. (1977) Identified higher-order neurons controlling the feeding motor program of Helisoma. Neuroscience 2:1049–63. [SM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Granzow, B., Kater, S. B. & Rowell, C. H. F. (1979) Comparison of serotonergic cerebral cells of Helisoma trivolvis with the metacerebral cells of some other gastropods. Neuroscience Abstracts 5:247. [SM]Google Scholar

Grillner, S. (1976) Some aspects on the descending control of the spinal circuits generating locomotor movements. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., & Stuart, D. G., pp. 351–76. New York: Plenum Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Grillner, S. (1977) On the neural control of movement–A comparison of different basic rhythmic behaviors. In: Function and Formation of Neural Systems, ed. Stent, C. S., pp. 197–224. Berlin: Report of the Dahlem Workshop. [SCR, AIS]Google Scholar

Grillner, S. & Zangger, P. (1979) On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Experimental Brain Research 34:241–62. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grinvald, A., Salzberg, B. M. & Cohen, L. B. (1977) Simultaneous recording from several neurons in an invertebrate central nervous system. Nature 268:140–42. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harmon, L. D. (1964) Neuromimes: Action of a reciprocally inhibitory pair. Science 146:1323–25. [AIS]Google Scholar

Harper, R. M. & McGinty, D. J. (1973) A technique for recording single neurons from unrestrained animals. In: Brain Unit Activity during Behavior, ed. Phillips, M. L., pp. 80–104. Springfield. III.: Charles C. Thomas. [GLG]Google Scholar

Harth, E., Csermely, T. J., Beek, B. & Lindsay, R. D. (1970) Brain functions and neural dynamics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 26:93–120. [EH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harth, E., Lewis, N. S. & Csermely, T. J. (1975) Escape of Tritonia: Dynamics of neuromuscular control mechanisms. Journal of Theoretical Biology 55:210–28. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartline, D. K. (1979) Pattern generation in the lobster (Panulirus) stomato-gastric ganglion. II. Pyloric network simulation. Biological Cybernetics 33:223–36. [WOF, TJW]Google Scholar

Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G. & Stuart, D. G., eds. (1976) Neural Control of Locomotion, p.822. New York: Plenum Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Hille, B. (1967) The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethyl ammonium ion. Journal of General Physiology 50:1287–1302. [AIS]Google Scholar

Hollerbach, J. M. (1977) A simple model of handwriting. 5th International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar

Holmes, P. J. (to appear) Phase locking and chaos in coupled limit cycle oscillators. Proceedings, Symposium on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics, Southampton, England. [AHC]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von (1935) Erregungsbildung und Erregungsleitung im Fischrückenmark. Pflügers Archiv 235:345–59. [GW]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von (1935) Über den Prozess der zentralnervösen Koordination. Pflügers Archiv 236:149–58. [FH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holst, E. von (1936a) Vom Dualismus der motorischen und der automatisch-rhythmischen Funktion im Rückenmark und vom Wesen des automatischen Rhythmus. Pflügers Archiv 237:356–78. [FH, GW]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von (1936b) Versuche zur Theorie der relativen Koordination. Pflügers Archiv 237:93–121. [FH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holst, E. von (1937) Vom Wesen der Ordnung im Zentralnervensystem. Naturwissen-schaften 25:625–31, und 641–47. [FH]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von (1939) Die relative Koordination als Phänomen und als Methode zentralnervöser Funktionsanalyse. Ergebnisse der Physiologie 42:228–306. [GW]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von (1973) The behavioral physiology of animals and man: the collected papers of Erich von Holst. Vol. 1 Miami, Fla.: University of Miami Press. [GW]Google Scholar

Hoyle, G. (1975) Identified neurons and the future of neuroethology. Journal of Experimental Zoology 194:51–74. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hubel, D. H., LeVay, S. & Wiesel, T. (1975) Mode of termination of retinotectal fibers in macaque monkey: an autoradiographic study. Brain Research 76:25–40. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jalife, J. & Antzelevitch, C. (1979) Phase resetting and annihilation of pacemaker activity in cardiac tissues. Science 206:695–97. [HMP]Google Scholar

Jankowska, E., Jukes, M. G. M., Lund, S. & Lundberg, A. (1967) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. V. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurones of flexors and extensors. Acta Physiological Scandinavica 70:369–88. [SG]Google Scholar

Jankowska, E., Jukes, M. G. M., Lund, S. & Lundberg, A. (1967) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. VI. Half-centre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 70:389–402. [AIS]Google Scholar

Kater, S. B. (1974) Feeding in Helisoma trivolvis: The morphological and physiological basis of a fixed action pattern. American Zoologist 14:1017–36. [AIS]Google Scholar

Kater, S. B. & Rowell, C. H. F. (1973) Integration of sensory and centrally programmed components in generation of cyclic feeding activity of Helisoma trivolvis. Journal of Neurophysiology 36:142–55. [SM, SCR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kandel, E. R. (1967) Cellular Studies of Learning. In: The Neurosiences First Study Program, ed. Quarton, G., pp. 666–89. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Kandel, E. R. (1976) Cellular Basis of Behavior. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [SCR, TJW]Google Scholar

Kaneko, C. R. S., Merickel, M. & Kater, S. B. (1978) Centrally programmed feeding in Helisoma: identification and characteristics of an electrically coupled premotor neuron network. Brain Research 146:1–21. [CRSK, MM]Google Scholar

Kanz, J. E., Eberly, L. B., Cobbs, J. & Pinsker, H. M. (1979) Neuronal correlates of siphon withdrawal in freely-behaving Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology 42:1538–56. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katchalsky, A. K., Rowland, V. & Bluementhal, R. (1974) Dynamic patterns of brain cell assemblies. Neuroscience Research Program Bulletin 12:1–187. [JCF]Google Scholar

Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M. H., Jehle, J., Reivich, W., Sharpe, F. & Sokoloff, L. (1975) Mapping of functional neural pathways by autoradiographic survey of local metabolic rate with [¹⁴C]deoxyglucose. Science 187:850–53. [AIS]Google Scholar

Kennedy, D. (1971) Nerve cells and behavior. American Scientist 59:36–42. [WJD]Google Scholar

Kling, U. & Székely, G. (1968) Simulation of rhythmic nervous activities. I. Function of networks with cyclic inhibitions. Kybernetik 5:89–103. [GS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Koester, J., Mayeri, E., Liebeswar, G. & Kandel, E. R. (1974) Neural control of circulation in Aplysia. II. lnterneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:476–96. [RG, AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristan, W. B. (1974) Neural control of swimming in the leech. American Zoologist 14:991–1001. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. R. (1978) The command neuron concept. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3–39 [WJD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luco, J. V. (1963) In: Perspectives in Biology, pp. 355–60. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [JVL]Google Scholar

Lynch, G. & Akers, R. M. (1979) Extrinsic influences on the development of afferent topographies in mammalian brain. In: The Neurosciences, 4th Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. and Worden, F. G.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [EH]Google Scholar

Macagno, E. R., Lopresti, V. & Levinthal, C. (1973) Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: variations and similarities in the optic system of Daphnia magna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 70:57–61. [EH]Google Scholar

Magni, F. & Pellegrino, M. (1978) Patterns of activity and the effects of activation of the fast conducting system on the behaviour of unrestrained leeches. Journal of Experimental Biology 76:123–35. [HMP]Google Scholar

McCulloch, W. S. & Pitts, W. (1943) A logical calculus for ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115–33. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McDougall, W. (1903) The nature of inhibitory processes within the nervous system. Brain 26:153–91. [WOF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maynard, D. M. & Burke, W. (1966) Electrotonic junctions and negative feedback in the stomatogastric ganglion of the mud crab, Scylla serrata. American Zoologist 6:526. [RG]Google Scholar

Maynard, D. M. & Selverston, A. I. (1975) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. IV. The pyloric system. Journal of Comparative Physiology 100:161–82. [AIS]Google Scholar

Maynard, D. M. & Walton, K. D. (1975) Effects of maintained depolarization of presynaptic neurons on inhibitory transmission in lobster neuropil. Journal of Comparative Physiology 97:215–43. [TJW]Google Scholar

Mendelson, M. (1971) Oscillator neurons in crustacean ganglia. Science 171:1170–73. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Merickel, M. B., Eyman, D. & Kater, S. B. [1977] Analysis of a network of electrically coupled neurons producing rhythmic activity in the snail Helisoma trivolvis. Biomedical Engineering, 24:277–87. [CRSK]Google Scholar

Merickel, M. & Gray, R. (1980) Investigation of burst generation by the electrically coupled cyberchron network in the snail Helisoma using a single-electrode voltage clamp. Journal of Neurobiology 11:73–102. [CRSK, MM, SM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Merickel, M. Kater, S. B. & Eyman, E. D. (1978) Burst generation by an electrically coupled network in the snail Helisoma: analysis using computer simulation. Brain Research 159:331–49. [CRSK, MM]Google Scholar

Miller, J. P. & Selverston, A. (1979a) Rapid killing of single neurons by irradiation of intracellularly injected dye. Science 206:702–4. [SG, AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Miller, J. P. & Selverston, A. (1979b) Rapid killing of single neurons by illumination of intracellularly injected dye. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 5:496. [TJW]Google Scholar

Mitchell, S. J. & Ranck, J. B. Jr (1980) Generation of theta rhythm in medial entorhinal cortex of freely moving rats. Brain Research 189:49–66. [GS]Google Scholar

Möhl, B. & Nachtigall, W. (1978) Proprioceptive input on the locust flight motor revealed by muscle stimulation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 128:57–65. [GW]Google Scholar

Morris, J. & Maynard, D. M. (1970) Recordings from the stomatogastric nervous system in intact lobsters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 33:969–74. [HMP]Google Scholar

Mulloney, B. & Selverston, A. I. (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. I. Neurons driving the lateral teeth. Journal of Comparative Physiology 91:1–32. [AIS]Google Scholar

Nicolis, G. & Prigogine, I. (1977) Self Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [JFC]Google Scholar

Orlovsky, G. N. & Shik, M. L. (1976) A neurophysiological analysis of the cat locomotive system. In: International Review of Physiology, ed. Porter, R., vol. 10, Neurophysiology 11, pp. 281–317. Baltimore: University Park Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Ornberg, R. L., Neale, E. A., Smith, C. B., Yarowsky, P. & Bowers, L. M.Radioautographic localization of glucose utilization by neurons in culture. Journal of Cell Biology 83:142a. [SCR]Google Scholar

Patterson, P. H. (1979) Epigenetic influences in neuronal development. In: The Neurosciences, 4th Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. and Worden, F. G.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [EH]Google Scholar

Pavlidis, T. (1973) Biological Oscillators: Their Mathematical Analysis, pp.207. New York: Academic Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Pavlidis, T. & Pinsker, H. M. (1977) Introduction. In: Symposium on Oscillator Theory and Neurophysiology. Federation Proceedings 36:2033–35. [HMP]Google Scholar

Pearson, K. & Fourtner, C. R. (1975) Nonspiking interneurons in the walking system of the cockroach. Journal of Neurophysiology 38:33–52. [AIS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pearson, K. G. & Goodman, C. S. (1979) Correlation of variability in structure with variability in synaptic connections of an identified interneuron in locusts. Journal of Comparative Neurology 184:141–66. [RG]Google Scholar

Perkel, D. H., Gerstein, G. L. & Moore, G. P. (1967) Neuronal spike trains and stochastic point processes. II. Simultaneous spike trains. Biophysical Journal 7:419–40. [GLG]Google Scholar

Perkel, D. H., Gerstein, G. L., Smith, M. S. & Tatton, W. G. (1975) Nerve impulse patterns. Brain Research 100:271–96. [GLG]Google Scholar

Perkel, D. H. & Moore, G. P. (1965) “A defense of neural modelling” reply to commentary by L. Fein. In: Biophysics and Cybernetic Systems, ed. Callahan, A., Maxfield, M., and Fogel, L. J.. Washington, D. C.: Spartan Books. [DKH]Google Scholar

Perkel, D. H. & Mulloney, B. (1974) Motor pattern production in reciprocally inhibitory neurons exhibiting postinhibitory rebound. Science 185:181–83. [RG, AIS, TJW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Peterson, E. L. & Jones, M. D. R. (1979) Do circadian oscillators ever stop in constant light? Nature 280:677–79. [HMP]Google Scholar

Pinsker, H. M. (1977a) Aplysia bursting neurons as endogenous oscillators. 1. Phase response curves for pulsed inhibitory synaptic input. Journal of Neurophysiology 40:527–43. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pinsker, H. M. (1977b) Aplysia bursting neurons as endogenous oscillators. II. Synchronization and entrainment by pulsed inhibitory synaptic input. Journal of Neurophysiology 40:544–56. [HMP]Google Scholar

Pinsker, H. M. (1980) Neuroethological analysis of information processing during behavior. In: Information Processing in the Nervous System, ed. Pinsker, H. M. and Willis, W. D. Jr, pp. 285–312. New York: Raven Press. [HMP]Google Scholar

Pinsker, H. M. and Bell, J. (1980, in press) Phase plane description of endogenous neuronal oscillators in Aplysia. Biological Cybernetics. [HMP]Google Scholar

Poon, M., Friesen, W. O. & Stent, G. S. (1978) Neural control of swimming in the medicinal leech. V. Connexions between the oscillatory interneurons and the motor neurones. Journal of Experimental Biology 75:45–63. [WOF]Google Scholar

Pribram, K. H. (1974) How is it that sensing so much we can do so little? In: The neurosciences: third study program, ed. Schmitt, R. O. and Worden, F. G., pp. 249–61. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [TJW]Google Scholar

Rand, R. H. & Holmes, P. J. (to appear) Bifurcation of periodic motions in two weakly coupled van der Pol oscillators. International Journal of Nonlinear Mechanics. [AHC]Google Scholar

Raper, J. A. (1979) Nonimpulse-mediated synaptic transmission during the generation of a cyclic motor program. Science 205:304–6. [RG, TJW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reingold, S. C. & Gelperin, A. (1980) Feeding motor program in Limax. II. Modulation by sensory inputs in intact animals and isolated central nervous systems. Journal of Experimental Biology 85:1–20. [SM, SCR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reingold, S. C. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1980) [³H)-2-Deoxyglucose uptake in the molluscan central nervous system. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 6:74. [SCR]Google Scholar

Reingold, S. C., Sejnowski, T., Gelperin, A. & Kelley, D. (1980, submitted) [³H]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography in a molluscal nervous system. [SCR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roeder, K. D. (1948) Organization of the ascending giant fiber system in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.). Journal of Experimental Zoology 108:243–62. [FD]Google Scholar

Rovainen, C. M. (1979) Neurobiology of lampreys. Physiological Reviews 59:1007–77. [AHC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Russell, D. F. & Hartline, D. K. (1978) Bursting neural networks: a reexamination. Science 200:453–56. [AHC, RLC, RG, MM, SCR, TJW]Google Scholar

Salzberg, B. M., Grinvald, A., Cohen, L. B., Davila, H. V. & Ross, W. N. (1977) Optical monitoring of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system. Journal oj Neurophysiology 40:1281–92. [GLG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmitt, F. O., Dev, P. & Smith, B. H. (1976) Electronic processing of information by brain cells. Science 193:114–20. [SG]Google Scholar

Schwindt, P. & Crill, W. (1980) Role of a persistent inward current in moto-neuron bursting during spinal seizures. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:1296–1318. [CRSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Selverston, A. I. (1976) Neuronal mechanisms for rhythmic motor pattern generation in a simple system. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., & Stuart, D. G., pp. 377–400. New York: Plenum Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Selverston, A. I. & Mulloney, B. (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. II. Neurons driving the medial tooth. Journal of Comparative Physiology 91:33–51. [TJW]Google Scholar

Selverston, A. I. & Remler, M. D. (1972) Neural geometry and activation of crayfish fast flexor motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 35:797–814. [AIS]Google Scholar

Selverston, A. I., Russell, D. F., Miller, J. P. & King, D. G. (1976) The stomatogastric nervous system; structure and function of a small neural network. Progress in Neurobiology 6:1–75. [RLC, RG, AIS]Google Scholar

Sejnowski, T. J., Reingold, S. C., Kelley, D. B. & Gelperin, A. (submitted for publication). Localization of [³H]-2-deoxyglucose in single molluscan neurons. [SCR]Google Scholar

Senseman, D. & Gelperin, A. (1974) Comparative aspects of the morphology and physiology of a single identifiable neuron in Helix aspersa, Limax maximus, and Ariolimax californica. Malacological Review 7:51–52. [SM]Google Scholar

Shepherd, G. M. (1974) The Synaptic Organization of the Brain: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. [JCF]Google Scholar

Siegler, M. V. S. (1977) Motor neurone coordination and sensory modulation in the feeding system of the mollusc Pleurobranchaea califomica. Journal of Experimental Biology 71:27–48. [SM, SCR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siegler, M. V. S. & Burrows, M. (1980) Non-spiking interneurones and local circuits. Trends in Neurosciences 3:73–77. [SC]Google Scholar

Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Patlak, C. S., Petigrew, K. D., Des Rosiers, M. & Kennedy, C. (1974) The [¹⁴C]deoxyglucose method for the quantitative determination of local cerebral glucose consumption. Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the American Society of Neurochemistry, p. 86. [AIS]Google Scholar

Spira, M. E. & Bennett, M. V. L. (1972) Synaptic control of electrotonic coupling between neurons. Brain Research 37:294–300. [AIS]Google Scholar

Spira, M. E., Spray, D. C. & Bennett, M. V. L. (1976) Electrotonic coupling: Effective sign reversal by inhibitory neurons. Science 194:1065–67. [AIS]Google Scholar

Stein, P. S. G. (1976) Mechanisms of interlimb phase control. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., & Stuart, D. G., pp. 465–88. New York: Plenum Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Stent, G. S. (1969) The Coming of the Golden Age. New York: Natural History Press. [CML]Google Scholar

Susswein, A. J. & Kupfermann, I. (1976) The stimulus control of biting in Aplysia. Journal of Comparative Physiology 108:75–96. [SCR]Google Scholar

Székely, G. (1965) Logical network for controlling limb movements in urodela. Acta Physiological Academy of Science, Hungary 27:285–89. [AIS]Google Scholar

Székely, G. & Czéh, G. (1976) Organization of locomotion. In: Frog Neurobiology, ed. Llinás, R. and Precht, W., pp. 765–92. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. [GS]Google Scholar

Tameyasu, T. (1976) Intracellular potentials in the small cells and cellular interuction in the cardiac ganglion of the lobster Panulirus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54A:191–96. [AIS]Google Scholar

Thompson, W. J. & Stent, G. S. (1976) Neuronal control of heartbeat in the medicinal leech, I. Generation of the vascular constriction rhythm by heart motor neurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology 111:261–79. [RLC. AIS]Google Scholar

Thompson, W. J. & Stent, G. S. (1976b) Neuronal control of heartbeat in the medicinal leech. II. Intersegmental coordination of heart motor neuron activity by heart interneurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology 111:281–307. [RLC]Google Scholar

Thompson, W. J. & Stent, G. S. (1976c) Neuronal control of heartbeat in the medicinal leech. III. Synaptic relations of the heart interneurons. Journal of Comparative Physiology 111:309–33. [RLC]Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [GH]Google Scholar

Truman, J. W. (1978) Hormonal release of stereotyped motor programmes from the isolated nervous system of the Cecropia silkmoth. Journal of Experimental Biology 74:151–73. [SCR]Google Scholar

Treistman, S. N. (1979) Duplication of a spontaneously active neuron in Aplysia. Journal of Neurobiology 10:325–30. [RG]Google Scholar

Treistman, S. N. & Schwartz, J. H. (1976) Functional constancy in Aplysia nervous systems with anomalously duplicated identified neurons. Brain Research 109:607–14.Google Scholar

van Cisbergen, J. A. M. & Robinson, D. A. (1977) Generation of micro-and macrosaccades by burst neurons in the monkey. In: Control of gaze by brain stem neurons. Developments in neuroscience, vol. 1, ed. Baker, R. & Berthoz, A., pp. 301–8. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press. [CRSK]Google Scholar

Viebert, J. F., Bertrand, F., Denavit-Saubié, M., & Hugelin, A. (1976) Three dimensional representation of bulbo-pontine respiratory networks architecture from unit density maps. Brain Research 114:227–44. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

von der Porlen, K., Redmann, G., Rothman, B. & Pinsker, H. M. (1980) Neuroethological studies of freely swimming Aplysia brasiliana. Journal of Experimental Biology 84:245–57. [HMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warshaw, H. S. & Hartline, D. K. (1976) Simulation of network activity in stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus. Brain Research 110:259–72. [TJW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weeks, J. C. (1980; submitted) The neuronal basis of leech swimming: Separation of swim initiation, pattern generation and intersegmental coordination by selective lesions. Journal of Neurophysiology. [RLC, WOF, DKH, AIS. JCW]Google Scholar

Weeks, J. C. (1980a) The Roles of Identified Interneurons in Initiating and Generating the Swimming Motor Pattern of Leeches. Doctoral dissertation. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. [JCW]Google Scholar

Weeks, J. C. & Kristan, W. B. Jr (1978) Initiation, maintenance and modulation of swimming in the medicinal leech by the activity of a single neurone. Journal of Experimental Biology 77:71–88. [JCW]Google Scholar

Weiss, K. R., Cohen, J. & Kupfermann, I. (1975) Modulatory command function of the metacerebral cell on feeding behavior in Aplysia. Federation Proceedings of the Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology 34:418. [SM]Google Scholar

Weiss, K. R., Cohen, J. L., & Kupfermann, I. (1978) Modulatory control of buccal musculature by a serotonergic neuron (metacerebral cell) in Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:181–203. [SM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weiss, K. R. & Kupfermann, I. (1976) Homology of the giant serotonergic neurons (metacerebral cells) in Aplysia and pulmonate molluscs. Brain Research 117:33–49. [SM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wendler, G. (1965) The co-ordination of walking movements in arthropods. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 20:229–49. [GW]Google Scholar

Wendler, G. (1974) The influence of proprioceptive feedback on locust flight co-ordination. Journal of Comparative Physiology 88:173–200. [HMP, GW]Google Scholar

Wendler, G. (1978) Lokomotion: das Ergebnis zentral-peripherer Interaktion. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ces. 1978:80–96. [GW]Google Scholar

Westin, J., Langberg, J. J. & Camhi, J. M. (1977) Responses of giant interneurons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana to wind puffs of different direction and velocities. Journal of Comparative Physiology 121:307–24. [FD]Google Scholar

Willows, A. O. D. (1976) Trigger neurons in the mollusk Tritonia. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., & Stuart, D. G., pp. 327–50. New York: Plenum Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Willows, A. O. D., Dorsett, D. A. & Hoyle, G. (1973) The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. III. Neuronal mechanism of a fixed action pattern. Journal of Neurobiology 4:255–85. [AIS]Google Scholar

Wilson, D. M. (1961) The central nervous control of flight in a locust. Journal of Experimental Biology 38:471–79. [AIS, GW]Google Scholar

Wilson, D. M. (1964) The origin of the flight-motor command in grasshoppers. In: Neural Theory and Modeling, ed. Reiss, R. F., pp. 331–45. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. [AIS]Google Scholar

Wilson, D. M. & Waldron, I. (1968) Models for the generation of the motor output pattern in the flying locust. Proceedings of Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers 56:1058–64. [AIS]Google Scholar

Wilson, H. R. & Cowan, J. D. (1972) Excitatory and inhibitory interactions in localized populations of model neurons. Kybernetik 12:1–24. [EH]Google Scholar

Wine, J. J. & Krasne, F. B. (1972) The organization of escape behavior in crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 56:1–18. [HMP]Google Scholar

Winfree, A. (1977) Phase control of neural pacemakers. Science 197:761–63. [HMP]Google Scholar

Wong, R. & Harth, E. (1973) Stationary states and transients in neural populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 40:77–106. [EH]Google Scholar