Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T15:03:33.855Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Event-related potentials and cognition: A critique of the context updating hypothesis and an alternative interpretation of P3

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Rolf Verleger
Rolf Verleger
Affiliation:
Neurologische Klinik, Medizinische University Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D 2400 Lubeck, West Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

P3 is the most prominent of the electrical potentials of the human electroencephalogram that are sensitive to psychological variables. According to the most influential current hypothesis about its psychological significance [E. Donchin's], the “context updating” hypothesis, P3 reflects the updating of working memory. This hypothesis cannot account for relevant portions of the available evidence and it entails some basic contradictions. A more general formulation of this hypothesis is that P3 reflects the updating of expectancies. This version implies that P3-evoking stimuli are initially unexpected but later become expected. This contradiction cannot be resolved within this formulation. The alternative “context closure” hypothesis retains the concept of “strategic information processing” emphasized by the context updating hypothesis. P3s are evoked by events that are awaited when subjects deal with repetitive, highly structured tasks; P3s arise from subjects' combining successive stimuli into larger units. The tasks in which P3s are elicited can accordingly be classified in terms of their respective formal sequences of stimuli. P3 may be a physiological indicator of excess activation being released from perceptual control areas.

Keywords

arousalattentioncognitioncontext closurecontext updatingevent-related potentialexpectancymemorypsychophysiologyP3
Type
Target article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , September 1988 , pp. 343 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, N. & Collins, G. I. (1978) Late components of the visual evoked potential to search in short-term memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:147–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aleksandrov, I. O. & Maksimova, N. E. (1985) P300 and psychophysiological analysis of the structure of behavior. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 61:548–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aleksandrov, I. O. & Maksimova, N. E.(1987) Slow brain potentials and their relation to the structure of behavior: Data on cortical unit activity. In: Current trends in event-related potential research (EEC Supplement 40), ed. Johnson, R. Jr, Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Parasuraman, R.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Alho, K., Paavilainen, P., Reinikainen, K., Sams, M. & Naatanen, R. (1986) Separability of different negative components of the event-related potential associated with auditory stimulus processing. Psychophysiology 23:613–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allison, T. (1984) Recording and interpreting event-related potentials. In: Cognitive psychophysiology, ed. Donchin, E.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Allison, T., Wood, C. C. & McCarthy, C. (1986). The central nervous system. In: Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Donchin, E. & Porges, S. W.. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Altafullah, I., Halgren, E., Stapleton, J. M. & Crandall, P. H. (1986) Interictal spike-wave complexes in the human medial temporal lobe: Typical topography and comparisons with cognitive potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 63:503–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amaral, D. G. (1986) Memory: Anatomical organization of candidate brain regions. In: Handbook of Physiology - the nervous system, ed. Mountcastle, V. B., Plum, F. & Geiger, S. R.. American Physiological Society.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. A. & Hinton, G. E. (1981) Models of information processing in the brain. In: Parallel models of associative memory, ed. Hinton, G. E. & Anderson, J. A.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Anokhin, P. K. (1974) Biology and neurophysiology of conditioned reflex and its role in adaptive behavior. In: Monographs on cerebro-visceral and behavioral physiology and conditioned reflexes, vol. 3, ed. Corson, S. A.. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Arnheim, R. (1986) New essays on the psychology of art. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audley, R. J. (1973) Some observations on theories of choice reaction time: Tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, 4, ed. Kornblum, S.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1987) Working memory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Banquet, J. P., Renault, B. & Lesevre, N. (1981) Effect of task and stimulus probability on evoked potentials. Biological Psychology 13:203–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baribeau-Braun, J., Picton, T. & Gosselin, J. Y. (1983) Schizophrenia: A neurophysiological evaluation of abnormal information processing. Science 219:874–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, J. (1986) Computation, control and energetics: A biological perspective. In: Energetics and human information processing, ed. Coles, M. G. H.. Martinus Nijhoff. NATO ASI series.Google Scholar
Becker, D. E. & Shapiro, D. (1980) Directing attention toward stimuli affects the P300 but not the orienting response. Psychophysiology 17:385–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Chou, C. L. & Aunon, J. I. (1983) P3 and stimulus incentive value. Psychophysiology 20:95–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, A. S. (1969) To what does the orienting response respond? Psychophysiology 6:338–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besson, M. & Macar, F. (1987) An event-related potential analysis of incongruity in music and other non-linguistic contexts. Psychophysiology 24:14–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birbaumer, N., Elbert, E., Canavan, A. & Rockstroh, B. (in press) Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. Physiological Reviews.Google Scholar
Bliss, T. V. P., Goddard, G. V. & Riives, M. (1983) Reduction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the rat following selective depletion of monoamines. Journal of Physiology 334:475–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braitenberg, V. (1978) Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex. In: Theoretical approaches to complex systems, ed. Heim, R. & Palm, G.. Springer.Google Scholar
Braitenberg, V. (1984) Vehicles - Experiments in synthetic psychology. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brandeis, D. & Lehmann, D. (1986) Event-related potentials of the brain and cognitive processes: Approaches and applications. Neuropsychologia 24:151–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brookhuis, K. A., Mulder, G., Mulder, L. J. M., Gloerich, A. B. M. (1983) The P3 complex as an index of information processing: The effects of response probability. Biological Psychology 17:277–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brookhuis, K. A., Mulder, G., Mulder, L. J. M., Gloerich, A. B. M., Van Dellen, H. J., Van Der Meere, J. J. & Ellermann, H. (1981) Late positive components and stimulus evaluation time. Biological Psychology 13:107–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, E. (1983) The pharmacology of human information processing. Psychophysiology 20:359–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, K. B., Courchesne, E., Picton, T. W. & Squires, K. C. (1979) Evoked potential correlates of human information processing. Biological Psychology 8:45–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, R. M. (1965) Evoked responses to relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli while problem solving. Proceedings of American Psychological Association 177–78.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M. (1966) Human evoked responses to meaningful stimuli. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Congress of Psychology (Moscow) 6:53–59.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M. (1969) Discussion of the specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Average evoked potentials: Methods, results, and evaluations (NASA SP-191), ed. Donchin, E. & Lindsley, D. B.. U.S. Goverment Printing Office.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M. (1973) Evoked potentials of the brain related to thinking. In: Psychophysiology of thinking, ed. McGuigan, F. J. & Schoonover, R.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M. (1974) Latent components of average evoked brain responses functionally related to information processing. In: International Symposium on Cerebral Evoked Potentials in Man (precirculated abstracts). Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M. & Bragdon, H. R. (1964) Evoked responses to numerical and non-numerical visual stimuli while problem solving. Nature 203:1155–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, R. M., McCrary, J. W., Bragdon, H. R. & Chapman, J. A. (1979) Latent components of event-related potentials functionally related to information processing. In: Progress in clinical neurophysiology. Vol. 6: Cognitive components in cerebral event-related potentials and selective attention, ed. Desrnedt, J. E.. Karger.Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M., McCrary, J. W. & Chapman, J. A. (1978) Short-term memory: The “storage” component of human brain responses predicts recall. Science 202:1211–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, R. M., McCrary, J. W. & Chapman, J. A. (1981) Memory processes and evoked potentials. Canadian Journal of Psychology 35:201–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind-brain. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1969) Very slow brain potentials relating to expectancy: The CNV. In: Average evoked potentials: Methods, results, and evaluations (NASA SP-191), ed. Donchin, E. & Lindsley, D. B.. U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Coles, M. C. H. & Gratton, G. (1986) Cognitive psychophysiology and the study of states and processes. In: Energetics and human information processing, ed. Hockey, G. R. J., Gaillard, A. W. K. & Coles, M. G. H.. Martinus Nijhof.Google Scholar
Coles, M. G. H., Gratton, G., Bashore, T. R., Eriksen, C. W. & Donchin, E. (1985) A psychophysiological investigation of the continuous flow model of human information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11:529–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Coles, M. G. H., Gratton, G. & Gehring, W. J. (1987) Theory in cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:13–16.Google Scholar
Coles, M. G. H., Gratton, G., Kramer, A. & Miller, G. A. (1986) Principles of signal acquisition and analysis. In: Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Donchin, E. & Porges, S. W.. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, R., McCallum, W. C. & Papakostopoulos, D. (1979) A bimodal slow potential theory of cerebral processing. In: Cognitive components in cerebral event-related potentials and selective attention, ed. Desmedt, J.. Karger.Google Scholar
Courchesne, E. (1977) Event-related brain potentials: Comparison between children and adults. Science 197:589–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courchesne, E. (1978a) Neurophysiological correlates of cognitive development: Changes in long-latency event-related potentials from childhood to adulthood. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 45:468–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courchesne, E. (1978b) Changes in P3 waves with event repetition: Long term effects on scalp distribution and amplitude. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 45:754–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courchesne, E., Courchesne, R. Y. & Hillyard, S. A. (1978) The effect of stimulus deviation on P3 waves to easily recognized stimuli. Neuropsychologia 16:189–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courchesne, E., Hillyard, S. A. & Courchesne, R. Y. (1977) P3 waves to the discrimination of targets in homogeneous and heterogeneous stimulus sequences. Psychophysiology 14:590–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courchesne, E., Hillyard, S. A. & Galambos, R. (1975) Stimulus novelty, task relevance, and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 39:131–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courchesne, E., Kilman, B. A., Galambos, R. & Lincoln, A. J. (1984) Autism: Processing of novel auditory information assessed by event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:238–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cracco, R. Q. & Bodis-Wollner, I. (1986) Evoked potentials. Liss.Google Scholar
Crowder, R. G. (1976) Principles of learning and memory. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Deadwyler, S. A., Foster, T. C. & Hampson, R. E. (1987) Processing of sensory information in the hippocampus. Critical Reviews in Clinical Neurobiology 2:335–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Deadwyler, S. A., West, M. O., Christian, E. P., Hampson, R. E. & Foster, T. C. (1985) Sequence-related changes in sensory-evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus: A mechanism for item-specific short-term information storage in the hippocampus. Behavioral and Neural Biology 44:201–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Bashore, T., Brunia, C. H. M., Griinewald-Zuberbier, E., Griinewald, G. & Kriesteva, R. (1984) Movement-associated potentials and motor control. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 424:398–428.Google Scholar
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1976) Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological Cybernetics 23:99–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Heise, B., Kornhuber, H. H., Lang, M. & Lang, W. (1984) Brain potentials associated with voluntary manual tracking. In: Brain and information: Event-related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:450–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Kornhuber, H. H., Lang, W., Lang, M. & Schreiber, H. (1985) Timing function of the frontal cortex in sequential motor and learning tasks. Human Neurobiology 4:143–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E. (1980) P300 in serial tasks: An essential post-decision closure mechanism. In: Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behavior and clinical use, ed. Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Desmedt, J. E. & Debecker, J. (1979a) Wave form and neural mechanism of the decision P350 elicited without pre-stimulus CNV or readiness potential in random sequences of near-threshold auditory clicks and finger stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47:648–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E. & Debecker, J. (1979b) Slow potential shifts and decision P350 interactions in tasks with random sequences of near-threshold clicks and finger stimuli delivered at regular intervals. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47:671–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E., Debecker, J. & Manil, J. (1965) Mise en evidence d'un signe electrique cerebral associe a la detection par le sujet d'un stimulus sensoriel tactile. Bulletin de I'Academic Royale de Midecine de Belgique 5:887–936.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. (1979) Limits on current theories of transient evoked potentials. In: Cognitive components in cerebral event-related potentials and selective attention, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology 6:187–99.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. (1983) Neural selectivity in auditory attention: Sketch of a theory. In: Tutorials in event-related potential research: Endogenous components, ed. Gaillard, A. W. K. & Ritter, W.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Goff, W. R. (1971) Attention-related increases in cortical responsitivity dissociated from the contingent negative variation. Science 172:1163–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Goff, W. R. (1973) Contingent negative variation and sensory evoked responses: Their interaction and relation to auditory discrimination. In: Event-related slow potentials of the brain, ed. McCallum, W. C. & Knott, J. R.. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Suppl. 33:109–17.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Little, R. (1981) The analysis of stimulus probability inside and outside of the focus of attention, as reflected by the auditory Nl and P3 components. Canadian Journal of Psychology 35:175–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Young, M. J. (1982) A time-course analysis of attentional tuning of the auditory evoked response. Experimental Brain Research 46:357–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E. (1968) Average evoked potentials and uncertainty resolution. Psychonomic Science 12:103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Young, M. J. (1979) Event-related brain potentials: A tool in the study of human information processing. In: Evoked brain potentials and behavior, ed. Begleiter, H.. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Young, M. J. (1981) Surprise!… Surprise? Psychophysiology 18:493–513.Google Scholar
Donald, M. W. & Young, M. J. (1984) The dissociation of electrophysiology and behavior: A disaster or a challenge? In: Cognitive psychophysiology, ed. Donchin, E.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Donchin, E. & Cohen, L. (1967) Average evoked potentials and intramodality selective attention. Electroencephalography O Clinical Neurophysiology 22:537–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E. & Cohen, L. (1969) Anticipation of relevant stimuli and evoked potentials: A reply to Naatanen. Perceptual and Motor Skills 29:115–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E., Coles, M. G. H. & Gratton, G. (1984) Cognitive psychophysiology and preparatory processes: A case study. In: Preparatory states and progresses, ed. Komblum, S. N. & Requin, J.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Cerbrandt, L. K., Leifer, L. & Tucker, L. (1972) Is the contingent negative variation contingent on a motor response? Psychophysiology 9:17888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E., Gratton, C., Dupree, D. & Coles, M. C. H. (1988) After a rash action: Latency and amplitude of the P300 following fast guesses. In: Neurophysiology and psychophysiology: Experimental and clinical applications, ed. Kietzman, M., Galbraith, C. & Donchin, E.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Heffley, E., Hillyard, S. A., Loveless, N., Maltzman, I., Ohman, A., Rosier, F., Ruchkin, D. & Siddle, D. (1984) Cognition and event-related potentials. 2. The orienting response and P300. In: Brain and information: Event-related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:39–57.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Karis, D., Bashore, T., Coles, M. G. H. & Gratton, G. (1986) Cognitive psychophysiology and human information processing. In: Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Donchin, E. & Porges, S. W.. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Kramer, A. F. & Wickens, C. (1986) Applications of brain event-related potentials to problems in engineering psychology. In: Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Donchin, E. & Porges, S. W.. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Kubovy, M., Kutas, M., Johnson, R. Jr, & Herning, R. I. (1973) Graded changes in evoked response (P300) amplitude as a function of cognitive activity. Perception & Psychophysics 14:319–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donchin, E., Otto, D., Gerbrandt, L. K. & Pribram, K. H. (1971) While a monkey waits: Electrocortical events recorded during the foreperiod of a reaction time study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 31:115–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E., Ritter, W. & McCallum, W. C. (1978) Cognitive psychophysiology: The endogenous components of the ERP. In: Eventrelated brain potentials in man, ed. Callaway, E., Tueting, P. & Koslow, S. H.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Ritter, W., Tueting, P., Kutas, M. & Heffley, E. (1974) The interaction of the P300 and the CNV. In: International Symposium on Cerebral Evoked Potentials in Man (precirculated abstracts). Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles.Google Scholar
Donchin, E. & Smith, D. B. D. (1970) The contingent negative variation and the late positive wave of the average evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 29:201–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donchin, E., Tueting, P., Ritter, W., Kutas, M. & Heffley, E. (1975) On the independence of the CNV and the P300 components of the human averaged evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:449–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donders, F. C. (1868/1969) On the speed of mental processes. Translation by W. G. Kostor in Attention and performance II, ed. Koster, W. G.. North Holland.Google Scholar
Dormann, W. U., Haschke, R., Schwind, J. & Haschke, W. (1986) Zur Objektivierung sozial induzierter Aktivierungsprozesse auf der Grundlage evozierter Potentiale: 2. Analyse reafferenter Informationsverarbeitungsprozesse in zielgerichteten Handlungen mittels ERP. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie 194:219–30.Google Scholar
Duncan-Johnson, C. C. (1981) P300 latency: A new metric of information processing. Psychophysiology 18:207–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan-Johnson, C. C. & Donchin, E. (1977) On quantifying surprise: The variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology 14(5):456–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan-Johnson, C. C. & Donchin, E. (1982) The P300 component of the event-related brain potential as an index of information processing. Biological Psychology 14:1–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan-Johnson, C. C. & Kopell, B. S. (1981) The Stroop effect: Brain potentials localize the source of interference. Science 214:938–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eason, R. G., Harter, M. R. & White, C. T. (1969) Effects of attention and arousal on visually evoked cortical potentials and reaction time in man. Physiological Behavior 4:283–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebner, A., Schiitz, K. & Lucking, C. H. (1986) The late positive complex (P300) in normal subjects with and without absolute pitch. Presented at the Third International Evoked Potentials Symposium, West Berlin.Google Scholar
Einhorn, H. J. & Hogarth, R. M. (1981) Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology 32:53–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbert, T. (1985) Langsame Hirnpotentiale und Verhalten. Habilitation thesis (unpublished), University of Tubingen.Google Scholar
Elbert, T. (1987) Regulation corticaler Erregbarkeit - im EEC ein deterministisches Chaos? In: Zugang zum Verstdndnis hoherer Hirnfunktionen durch das EEC. ed. Weinmann, H. H.. Zuckschwerdt, W.Verlag.Google Scholar
Elbert, T. & Rockstroh, B. (1987) Threshold regulation - a key to the understanding of the combined dynamics of EEC and event-related potentials. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:314–31.Google Scholar
Eriksen, B. A., Coles, M. G. H., Morris, L. R. & Ohara, W. P. (1985) An electromyographic examination of response competition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23:165–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, B. A. & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of target letter in a non-search task. Perception & Psychophysics 16:143–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabiani, M. (1988) A series of studies investigating semantic and physical isolation. Unpublished dissertation proposal.Google Scholar
Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., Karis, D. & Donchin, E. (1987) The definition, identification, and reliability of measurement of the P300 component of the event-related potential. In: Advances in psychophysiology, vol. 2, ed. Ackles, P. K., Jennings, J. R. & Coles, M. G. H.. JAI Press.Google Scholar
Fabiani, M., Karis, D. & Donchin, E. (1986) P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. Psychophysiolog 23:298–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabiani, M., Karis, D. & Donchin, E. (submitted) The effects of mnemonic strategy manipulation in a von Restorff paradigm.Google Scholar
Falmagne, J. C. (1965) Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2:77–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feyerabend, P. (1976) Wider den Methodenzwang. Frankfurt:Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Fischler, I., Bloom, P. A., Childers, D. G.Arroyo, A. A. & Perry, N. W. (1984) Brain potentials during sentence verification: Late negativity and long-term memory strength. Neuropsychologia 22:559–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischler, I., Bloom, P. A., Childers, D. G., Roucos, S. E. & Perry, N. W. (1983) Brain potentials related to stages of sentence verification. Psychophysiology 20:400–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischler, I., Childers, D. G., Achariyapaopan, T. & Perry, N. W. (1985) Brain potentials during sentence verification: Automatic aspects of comprehension. Biological Psychology 21:83–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, P. G. & Picton, T. W. (1981) Temporal and sequential probability in evoked potential studies. Canadian Journal of Psychology 35:188–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J. M. (1978) Does P300 reflect template match/mismatch? In: Multidisdplinary perspectives in event-related potential research, ed. Otto, D. A.. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government Printing Office EPA-600/9-77-043.Google Scholar
Ford, J. M., Duncan-Johnson, C. C., Pfefferbaum, A. & Kopell, B. S. (1982) Expectancy for events in old age: Stimulus sequence effects on P300 and reaction time. Journal of Gerontology 37:696–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J. M., Pfefferbaum, A., Tinkleberg, J. A. & Kopell, B. S. (1982) Effects of perceptual and cognitive difficulty on P3 and RT in young and old adults. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:311–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., Dirks, S. J. & Kopell, B. S. (1973) Evoked potential correlates of signal recognition between and within modalities. Science 181:465–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., Mohs, R. C., Hopkins, W. F. & Kopell, B. S. (1979) Event-related potentials recorded from young and old adults during a memory retrieval task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47:450–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, T. C., Christian, E. P., Hampson, R. E., Campbell, K. A. & Deadwyler, S. A. (1987) Sequential dependencies regulate sensory evoked responses of single units in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research 408:86–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, A. M. & Michie, P. T. (1987) P3 and memory relationship under instructed learning strategy conditions. Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Dourdan, France.Google Scholar
Fraisse, P. (1984) Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology 35:1–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D. (submitted) Cognitive event-related potential (ERP) components during continuous recognition memory for pictures.Google Scholar
Friedman, D., Brown, C., Sutton, S. & Putnam, L. (1982) Cognitive potentials in a picture-matching task: Comparison of children and adults. In: Event-related potentials in children, ed. Rothenberger, A.. Elsevier.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D., Brown, C., Vaughan, H. G. Jr, Cornblatt, B. & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1984) Cognitive brain potential components in adolescents. Psychophysiology 21:83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D., Hakerem, G., Sutton, S. & Fleiss, J. L. (1973) Effect of stimulus uncertainty on the pupillary dilation response and the vertex evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 34:475–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D., Simson, R., Ritter, W. & Rapin, I. (1975) The late positive component (P300) and information processing in sentences. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:255–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D., Simson, R., Ritter, W. & Rapin, I. (1975a) Cortical evoked potentials elicited by real speech words and human sounds. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:13–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, D. & Sutton, S. (1987) Event-related potentials during continuous recognition memory. In: Current research in event-related potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (Supplement), ed. Johnson, R., Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Parasuraman, R.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Friedman, D., Sutton, S., Putnam, L., Brown, C. & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (in press) ERP components in picture matching in children and adults. Psychophysiology.Google Scholar
Friedman, D., Vaughan, H. G. Jr, & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1981) Multiple late positive potentials in two visual discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology 18:635–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadenne, V. (1985) Theoretische Begriffe und die Prufbarkeit von Theorien. Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 16:19–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, A. W. K. (1977) The late CNV wave: Preparation versus expectancy. Psychophysiology 14(6):563–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaillard, A. W. K. & Lawson, E. A. (1984) Evoked potentials to consonantvowel syllables in a memory scanning task. In: Broin and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 424:204–09.Google Scholar
Galambos, R., Benson, P., Smith, T. S., Schulman-Galambos, C. & Osier, H. (1975) On hemispheric differences in evoked potentials to speech stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:13–19.Google Scholar
Gardiner, J. M., Craik, F. I. M. & Birtwistle, J. (1972) Retrieval cues and release from proactive inhibition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:778–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, W. (1974) The processing of information and structure. Wiley.Google Scholar
Glaser, E. M. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1976) Principles of neurobiological signal analysis. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Corner, F. E., Spicuzza, R. J. & O'Donnell, R. D. (1976) Evoked potential correlates of visual item recognition during memory-scanning tasks. Physiological Psychology 4:61–65.Google Scholar
Goodin, D. S., Squires, K. C., Henderson, B. H. & Starr, A. (1978) Agerelated variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal human subjects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:447–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodin, D. S., Squires, K. C. & Starr, A. (1978) Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia. Brain 101:635–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodin, D. S., Squires, K. C. & Starr, A. (1983) Variations in early and late event-related components of the auditory evoked potential with task difficulty. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 55:680–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodin, D. S., Starr, A., Chippendale, T. & Squires, K. C. (1983) Sequential changes in the P3 component of the auditory evoked potential in confusional states and dementing illnesses. Neurology 33:1215–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopher, D. & Donchin, E. (1986) Workload - An examination of the concept. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. 2, Cognitive processes & performance, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Cratton, C., Coles, M. G. H., Sirevaag, E., Eriksen, C. W. & Donchin, E. (in press) Pre- and post-stimulus activation of response channels: A psychophysiological analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 87:1–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1982) Processing of expected and unexpected events during conditioning and attention: A psychophysiological theory. Psychological Review 89:529–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1982a) Studies of mind and brain. Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1984) Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a developmental cognitive and motivational theory. In: Brain and information: Event-related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425.Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1987) Competitive learning: From interactive activation to adaptive resonance. Cognitive Science 11:23–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grünewald, G., Grünewald-Zuberbier, E., Netz, J., Hömberg, V. & Sander, G. (1979) Relationships between the late component of the contingent negative variation and the Bereitschaftspotential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 46:538–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haider, M., Spong, P. & Lindsley, D. B. (1964) Attention, vigilance, and cortical evoked-potentials in humans. Science 145:180–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E. & Smith, M. E. (1987) Cognitive evoked potentials as modulatory processes in human memory formation and retrieval. Human Neurobiology 6:129–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E., Squires, N. K., Wilson, C. L., Rohrbaugh, J. W., Babb, T. L. & Crandall, P. H. (1980) Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science 210:803–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E., Stapleton, J. M., Smith, M. & Altafullah, I. (1986) Generators of the human scalp P3(s). In: Evoked potentials, ed. Cracco, R. Q. & Bodis-Wollner, I.. Alan Liss.Google Scholar
Halgren, E., Wilson, C. L., Squires, N. K., Engel, J. Jr, Walter, R. D. & Crandall, P. H. (1983) Dynamics of the human hippocampal contribution to memory. In: Neurobiology of the hippocampus, ed. Seifert, W.. Academic.Google Scholar
Halgren, E., Wilson, C. L. & Stapleton, J. M. (1985) Human medial temporal lobe stimulation disrupts both formation and retrieval of recent memories. Brain and Cognition 4:287–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbin, T. J., Marsh, G. R. & Harvey, M. T. (1984) Differences in the late components of the event-related potential due to age and to semantic and non-semantic tasks. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:489–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harnad, S., ed. (1987) Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, J. B., Buchwald, J. S., Kaga, K., Woolf, N. J. & Butcher, L. L. (1988) ‘Cat P300’ disappears after septial lesions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 69:55–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley.Google Scholar
Heffley, E., Wickens, C. & Donchin, E. (1978) Intramodality selectiveattention and P300 - Reexamination in a visual monitoring task. Psychophysiology 15:269–70 (abstract).Google Scholar
Heit, G., Smith, M. E. & Halgren, E. (in press) Neural encoding of individual words and faces by the human hippocampus and amygdala. Nature.Google Scholar
Helmholtz, H. L. F. Von (1847) Uber die Erhaltung der Kraft. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 1: 12–75.Google Scholar
Hendrikx, A. J. P. (1984) Effects of grouping on recall latency. Ada Psychologica 55:1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermanutz, M., Cohen, R. & Sommer, W. (1981) The effects of serial order in long sequences on event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 18:415–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herning, R. I., Hunt, J. S. & Jones, R. T. (1983) Event-related potentials during speech perception. Psychophysiology 20:445 (Abstract).Google Scholar
Herning, R. I. & Jones, R. T. (1984) Slow potentials during speech processing. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 424:212–15.Google Scholar
Hillyard, S. A., Courchesne, E., Krausz, H. I. & Picton, T. W. (1976) Scalp topography of the P3 wave in different auditory decision tasks. In: The responsive brain, ed. McCallum, W. C. & Knott, J. R.. John Wright.Google Scholar
Hillyard, S. A. & Hansen, J. C. (1986) Attention: Electrophysiological approaches. In: Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Donehin, E. & Porges, S. W.. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hillyard, S. A. & Kutas, M. (1983) Electrophysiology of cognitive processing. Annual Review of Psychology 34:33–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillyard, S. A., Squires, K. C., Bauer, J. W. & Lindsay, P. H. (1971) Evoked potential correlates of auditory signal detection. Science 172:1357–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hink, R. F., Hillyard, S. A. & Benson, P. J. (1978) Event-related brain potentials and selective attention to acoustic and phonetic cues. Biological Psychology 6:1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, J. E., Simons, R. F. & Houck, M. R. (1983) Event-related potentials during controlled and automatic target detection. Psychophysiology 20:625–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holcomb, P. J., Ackerman, P. T. & Dykman, R. A. (1985) Cognitive eventrelated brain potentials in children with attention and reading deficits. Psychophysiology 22:65667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopfield, J. J. & Tank, D. W. (1986) Computing with neural circuits: A model. Science 233:625–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, W. F. & Johnston, D. (1984) Frequency-dependent noradrenergic modulation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Science 226:350–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horst, R. L., Johnson, R. Jr, & Donchin, E. (1980) Event-related brain potentials and subjective probability in a learning task. Memory and cognition 8:476–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insausti, R., Amaral, D. G. & Cowan, M. W. (in press) The monkey entorhinal cortex. 2. Cortical afferents. Journal of Comparative Neurology.Google Scholar
Isreal, J. B., Chesney, G. L., Wickens, C. D. & Donchin, E. (1980) P300 and tracking difficulty: Evidence for multiple resources in dual-task performance. Psychophysiology 17:259–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isreal, J. B., Wickens, C. D., Chesney, G. L. & Donchin, E. (1980a) The event-related brain potential as an index of display monitoring workload. Human Factors 22:212–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenness, D. (1972) Auditory evoked-response differentiation with discrimination learning in humans. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80:75–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. Jr, (1986) A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. Psychophysiology 23:367–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. Jr, (in press) The amplitude of the P300 component of the event-related potential: Review and synthesis. In: Advances in psychophysiology, vol. 3, ed. Ackles, P. K., Jennings, J. R. & Coles, M. G. H.. JAI Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. Jr, & Donchin, E. (1978) On how P300 amplitude varies with the utility of the eliciting stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:424–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. Jr, & Donchin, E. (1980) P300 and stimulus categorization: Two plus one is not so different from one plus one. Psychophysiology 17:167–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. Jr, & Donchin, E. (1982) Sequential expectancies and decision making in a changing environment: An electrophysiological approach. Psychophysiology 19:183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. Jr, & Donchin, E. (1985) Second thoughts: Multiple P300s elicited by a single stimulus. Psychophysiology 22:182–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. Jr, & Fedio, P. (1984) ERP and P300 activity in patients following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neuroscience Abstracts 10:847.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. Jr, Pfefferbaum, A. & Kopell, B. S. (1985) P300 and long-term memory: Latency predicts recognition performance. Psychophysiology 22:497–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, V. S. & Holcomb, P. J. (1980) Probability learning and the P3 component of the visual evoked potential in man. Psychophysiology 17:396–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, V. S., Miller, D. R. & Burleson, M. H. (1986) Multiple P3s to emotional stimuli and their theoretical significance. Psychophysiology 23:684–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, G. V. (1983) Structure of the recall process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B) 302:373–85.Google Scholar
Jones, M. R. (1971) From probability learning to sequential processing: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin 76:153–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, M. R. (1976) Time, our lost dimension: Toward a new theory of perception, attention and memory. Psychological Review 83:323–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, M. R. (1985) Structural organization of events in time: A review. In: Time, mind and behavior, ed. Michon, J. A. & Jackson-Roy, J.. Springer.Google Scholar
De Jong, F. or Sanders, A. F. (1986) Relative signal frequency imbalance does not affect perceptual encoding in choice reactions. Acta Psychologica 62:211–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong, H. L., Kok, A. & Rooy, J. C. G. M. Van (1988) Early and late selection in young and old adults: An ERP study. Psychophysiology 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (in press) Proceedings of the 2nd Carmel Conference on Philosophical Aspects of Event-Related Potentials, ed. Donchin, E..Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1982) Variants of uncertainty. Cognition 11:143–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karis, D., Chesney, G. L. & Donchin, E. (1983) “…'twas ten to one; And yet we ventured… ”: P300 and decision making. Psychophysiology 20:260–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karis, D., Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1984) “P300” and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cognitive Psychology 16:177–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlin, L. (1970) Cognition, preparation, and sensory evoked potentials. Psychological Bulletin 73:122–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlin, L. & Martz, M. J. Jr, (1973) Response probability and sensory evoked potentials. In: Attention and performance IV, ed. Kornblum, S.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Karrer, R., McDonough, B., Warren, C. & Cone, R. (1980) CNV during memory retrieval by normal and retarded adults. In: Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behavior and clinical use, ed. Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., Sjouw, W. & Slangen, J. L. (1988) Effects of task-relevance on habituation of visual single-trial ERPs and the skin conductance orienting reaction. International Journal of Psychophysiology 6:51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, N. H. (1976) Sequential effects in two-choice reaction time: Automatic facilitation or subjective expectancy? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:567–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirby, N. H. (1980) Sequential effects in choice reaction time. In: Reaction times, ed. Welford, A. T.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Klein, M., Coles, M. G. H. & Donchin, E. (1984) People with absolute pitch process tones without producing a P300. Science 223:1306–09.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klorman, R., Salzman, L. F., Bauer, L. O., Coons, H. W., Borgstedt, A. D. & Halpem, W. I. (1983) Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on cross-situational and borderline hyperactive children's evoked potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 56:169–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, R. T. (1984) Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:9–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, R. T. (in press) Neural mechanisms of event related potentials: Evidence from human lesion studies. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Event Related Potentials of the Brain, ed. Rohrbaugh, J., Johnson, R. & uraman, R. Paras. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kohonen, R., Oja, E. & Lehtio, P. (1981) Storage and processing of information in distributed associative memory systems. In: Parallel models of associative memory, ed. Hinton, G. E. & Anderson, J. A.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kok, A. (1978) The effect of warning stimulus novelty on the P300 and components of the contingent negative variation. Biological Psychology 6:219–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, A. (1986) Effects of degradation of visual stimuli on components of the eventrelated potential (ERP) in go/no go reaction tasks. Biological Psychology 23:21–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, A. & de Jong, H. L. (1980) Components of the event-related potential following degraded and undegraded visual stimuli. Biological Psychology 11:117–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, A. & de Jong, H. L. (1980a) The effect of repetition of infrequent familiar and unfamiliar visual patterns on components of the event-related brain potential. Biological Psychology 10:167–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, A., de Jong, H. L., Woestenburg, J. C., Logman, C. J. C. M. & van Rooy, J. C. G. M. (1987) Learning where to look: Electrophysiological and behavioral indices of visual search in young and old subjects. In: Current trends in event-related potential research (EEC Suppl. 40), ed. Johnson, R., Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Parasuraman, R.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kornblum, S. (1973) Sequential effects in choice reaction time. A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance IV, ed. Kornblum, S.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L. (1965) Hirnpotentialanderungen bei Willkfirbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Pflügers Archie 284:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L. (1985) The starting function of the SMA. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:591–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotovsky, K. & Simon, H. A. (1973) Empirical tests of a theory of human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns. Cognitive Psychology 4:399–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, A. F. & Donchin, E. (1987) Brain potentials as indices of orthographic and phonological interaction during word matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 13:76–86.Google ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A., Schneider, W., Fisk, A. & Donchin, E. (1986) The effect of practice and task structure on components of the event-related brain potential. Psychophysiology 23:33–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A., Wickens, C. D. & Donchin, E. (1983) Analysis of the processing requirements of a complex perceptual-motor task. Human Factors 25:597–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A., Wickens, C. D. & Donchin, E. (1985) Processing of stimulus properties: Evidence of dual task integrality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11:393–408.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed., enlarged) The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kutas, M. & Donchin, E. (1978) Variations in the latency of P300 as a function of variations in semantic categorization. In: Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research, ed. Otto, D.. U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Kutas, M. & Donchin, E. (1980) Preparation to respond as manifested by movement-related brain potentials. Brain Research 202:95–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1980a) Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207:203–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1980b) Event related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological Psychology 11:99–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1983) Event-related brain potentials in grammatical errors and semantic anomalies. Memory and Cognition 11:539–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1984a) Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by novel stimuli during sentence processing. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 424:236–41.Google Scholar
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1984b) Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature 307:161–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M.McCarthy, G. & Donchin, E. (1977) Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science 197:792–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, W., Lang, M., Heise, B., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1984) Brain potentials related to voluntary hand tracking: Motivation and attention. Human Neurobiology 3:235–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Lang, W., Lang, M., Podreka, I., Steiner, M., Uhl, F., Suess, E., Müller, C. & Deecke, L. (in press) DC-potential shifts and regional cerebral blood flow reveal frontal cortex involvement in human visuomotor learning. Experimental Brain Research.Google Scholar
Lang, W., Lang, M., Uhl, F., Kornhuber, A., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1987) Slow negative potential shifts indicating verbal cognitive learning in a concept formation task. Human Neurobiology 6:183–90.Google Scholar
Lang, W., Lang, M., Uhl, F., Kornhuber, A., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1988) Left frontal lobe in verbal associative learning: A slow potential study. Experimental Brain Research 70:99–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, W., Lang, M., Uhl, F., Koska, C., Kornhuber, A. & Deecke, L. (in press) Negative cortical DC shifts preceding and accompanying simultaneous and sequential finger movements. Experimental Brain Research.Google Scholar
Lee, W. (1971) Decision theory and human behavior. Wiley.Google Scholar
Levit, R. A., Sutton, S. & Zubin, J. (1973) Evoked potential correlates of information processing in psychiatric patients. Psychological Medicine 3(4):487–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsley, D. B. (1951) Emotion. In: Handbook of experimental psychology, ed. Stevens, S. S.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Lockhead, G. R. & Byrd, R. (1981) Practically perfect pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 70:387–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, R. D. (1986) Response time. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1973) The working brain. Penguin.Google Scholar
Lutzenberger, W., Elbert, T. & Rockstroth, B. (1987) A brief tutorial on the implications of volume conduction for the interpretation of the EEC. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:81–89.Google Scholar
Lutzenberger, W., Schandry, R. & Birbaumer, N. (1983) Habituation of the components of the AEP to stimuli of different intensities. In: The orienting reflex in humans, ed. Kimmel, H. D., van Olst, E. H. & Orlebeke, J. F.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Magliero, A., Bashore, T. R., Coles, M. G. H. & Donchin, E. (1984) On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes. Psychophysiology 21(2):171–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maksimova, N. E. (1987) Systemic significance of slow brain potentials in human. Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Maksimova, N. E. & Aleksandrov, I. O. (1987) Typology of slow brain potentials, unit activity and systemic organization of behavior. In: EEG and unit activity in psychophysiological research, ed. Shvyrkov, V. B., Rusalov, V. M. & Shevchenko, D. G.. Moscow: Navka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1980) The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review 87:252–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mäntysalo, S. & Näätänen, R. (1987) The duration of a neuronal trace of an auditory stimulus as indicated by event-related potentials. Biological Psychology 24:183–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marton, M., Szirtes, J., Donauer, N. & Breuer, P. (1985) Saccade-related brain potentials in semantic categorization tasks. Biological Psychology 20:163–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCallum, W. C., Cooper, R. & Pocock, P. V. (1987) The sensitivity of DC shifts and ERPs to workload in continuous involvement tasks. Proceedings, IVth International Conference on Cognitive Neurosciences, Paris.Google Scholar
McCallum, W. C., Curry, S. H., Cooper, R., Pocock, P. V. & Papakostopoulos, D. (1983) Brain event-related potentials as indicators of early selective processes in auditory target localization. Psychophysiology 20:1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCallum, W. C, Fanner, S. F. & Pocock, P. V. (1984) The effects of physical and semantic incongruities on auditory event-related potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:477–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCallum, W. C. & Knott, J. R. (1976) The responsive brain. Wright, John.Google Scholar
McCarthy, G. & Donchin, E. (1978) Brain potentials associated with structural and functional visual matching. Neuropsychologia 16:571–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, G. & Donchin, E. (1981) A metric for thought: A comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, G. & Donchin, E. (1983) Chronometric analysis of human information processing. In: Tutorials in ERP research: Endogenous components, ed. Gaillard, A. W. K. & Ritter, W.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Meador, K. J., Hammond, E. J., Loring, D. W., Allen, M., Bowers, D. & Heilman, K. M. (1987) Cognitive evoked potentials and disorders of recent memory. Neurology 37:526–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medin, D. & Wattenmaker, W. D. (1987) Category cohesiveness, theories and cognitive archeology. In: The ecological and intellectual basis of categorization, ed. Neisser, U.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Megela, A. L. & Teyler, T. J. (1979) Habituation and the human evoked potential. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:1154–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehler, J., Morton, J. & Jusczyk, P. W. (1984) On reducing language to biology. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1:83–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesulam, M. M. (1981) A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology 10:309–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, D. E. & Irwin, D. E. (1982) On the time course of rapid information processing (Tech. Rep. No. 43). University of Michigan, Cognitive Science Program.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Irwin, D. E., Osman, A. M. & Kounios, J. (in press) The dynamics of cognition and action: Mental processe s inferred from speed-accuracy decomposition. Psychological Review.Google Scholar
Möcks, J. (1986) The influence of latency jitter in principal component analysis of event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 23:480–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Möcks, J.(in press) Decomposing event-related potentials: A new topographic components model. Biological Psychology.Google Scholar
Möcks, J., Gasser, T., Köhler, W. & de Weerd, J. P. C. (1986) Does filtering and smoothing of average evoked potentials really pay? A statistical comparison. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 64:469–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Möcks, J. & Verleger, R. (1986) Principal component analysis of event-related potentials: A note on misalloeation of variance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 65:393–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mountcastle, V., Lynch, J.Georgopoulos, A., Sakata, H. & Akuna, G. (1975) Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions within extrapersonal space. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:871–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munson, R., Ruchkin, D. S., Ritter, W., Sutton, S. & Squires, N. K. (1984) The relation of P3b to prior events and future behavior. Biological Psychology 19:1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näätänen, R. (1969) Anticipation of relevant stimuli and evoked potentials: A comment on Donchin's and Cohen's “Averaged evoked potentials and intramodality selective attention.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 28:639–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näätänen, R. (1970) Evoked potential, EEG an d slow potential correlates of selective attention. Acta Psychologica Supplement 33:178–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näätänen, R. (1975) Selective attention and evoked potentials in humans — a critical review. Biological Psychology 2:237–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näätänen, R. (1982) Processing negativity: An evoked-potential reflection of selective attention. Psychological Bulletin 92:605–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näätänen, R., Gaillard, A. W. K. & Varey, C. A. (1981) Attention effects on auditory EPs as a function of inter-stimulus interval. Biological Psychology 13:173–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näätänen, R. & Picton, T. (1987) The Nl wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 24:375–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näätänen, R., Simpson, M. & Loveless, N. E. (1982) Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials. Biological Psychology 14:53–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naylor, H., Halliday, R., Callaway, E., Yano, L. & Walton, P. (1987) P3 as an index of visual information processing. In: Current trends in event-related potential research (EEG Supplement 40), ed. Johnson, R. Jr, Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Parasuraman, R.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. Freeman, W. H..Google Scholar
Neumann, U., Ullsperger, P. & Gille, H.-G. (1986) The influence of the processing difficulty on P300. In: Human memory and cognitive capabilities, ed. Klix, F. & Hagendorf, H.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Neumann, U., Ullsperger, P., Gille, H.-G., Pietschmann, M. & Erdmann, U. (1986) Effects of graduated processin g difficulty on P300 component of the event-related brain potential. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie 194:25–37.Google Scholar
Neville, H. J., Kutas, M., Chesney, G. & Schmidt, A. L. (1986) Event-related brain potentials during initial encoding and recognition memory of congruous an d incongruous words. Journal of Memory and Language 25:75–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Shallice, T. (1986) Attention to action. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, ed. Davidson, R. A., Schwartz, G. E. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Nunez, P. L. (1981) Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1979) The orienting response, attention and learning: An information-processing perspective. In: The orienting reflex in humans, ed. Kimmel, H. D., van Olst, E. H. & Orlebeke, J. F.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Okada, Y. C., Kaufman, L. & Williamson, S. J. (1983) The hippocampal formation as a source of th e slow endogenous potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 55:417–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1979) A review of the hippocampal place cells. Progress in Neurobiology 13:419–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okita, T. (1981) Slow negative shifts of the human event-related potential associated with selective information processing. Biological Psychology 12:63–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okita, T., Konishi, K. & Inamori, R. (1983) Attention-related negative brain potential for speech words and pure tones. Biological Psychology 16:29–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okita, T., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, G. & Mulder, L. J. M. (1985) Memory search and visual spatial attention: An event-related brain potential analysis. Acta Psychologica 60:263–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paller, K. A., Kutas, M. & Mayes, A. R. (1987) Neural correlates of encoding n an incidental learning paradigm. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 67:360–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palm, G. (1982) Neural assemblies: An alternative approach to artificial intelligence. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, C. & Krumhansl, C. L. (1987) Independent temporal and pitch structures in determination of musical phrases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13:116–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Paul, D. D. & Sutton, S. (1972) Evoked potential correlates of response criterion in auditory signal detection. Science 177:362–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perdok, J. & Gaillard, A. W. K. (1979) The terminal CNV and stimulus discriminability in motor and sensory tasks. Biological Psychology 8:213–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrault, N. & Picton, T. W. (1980) Event-related potentials during a problem-solving task. In: Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behavior and clinical use, ed. Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Peters, J. F., Billinger, T. W. & Knott, J. R. (1977) Event related potentials of brain (CNV and P300) in a paired associate learning paradigm. Psychophysiology 14:579–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A., Christensen, C., Ford, J. M. & Kopell, B. S. (1986) Apparent response incompatibility effects on P3 latency depend on the task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 64:424–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferbaum, A., Ford, J., Johnson, R. Jr, Wenegrat, B. & Kopell, B. S. (1983) Manipulation of P3 latency: Spee d vs. accuracy instructions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 55:188–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A., Ford, J. M., Weller, B. J. & Kopell, B. S. (1985) ERPs to response production and inhibition. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60:423–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferbaum, A., Ford, J. M., Wenegrat, B. G., Roth, W. T. & Kopell, B. S. (1984) Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. I. Normal aging. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:85–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picton, T. W. & Hillyard, S. A. (1974) Human auditory evoked potentials. II: Effects of attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 36:191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picton, T. W. & Low, M. D. (1971) The CNV and semantic content of stimuli in the experimental paradigm: Effects of feedback. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 31:451–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picton, T. W., Stuss, D. T., Champagne, S. C. & Nelson, R. F. (1984) The effects of age on human event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 21:312–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polich, J. (1985a) Semantic categorization and event-related potentials. Brain and Language 26:304–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polich, J. (1985b) N400s from sentences, semantic categories, number and letter strings? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23:361–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polich, J. (1986) Normal variation of P300 from auditory stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 65:236–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polich, J. (1987) Comparison of P300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task. Psychophysiology 24:41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polich, J. & Burns, T. (1987) P300 from identical twins. Neuropsychologia 25:299–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polich, J., McCarthy, C., Wang, W. S. & Donchin, E. (1983) When words collide: Orthographic and phonological interference during word processing. Biological Psychology 16:155–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poon, L. W., Thompson, L. W., Williams, R. B. Jr, & Marsh, G. R. (1974) Changes of antero-posterior distribution of CNV and late positive component as a function of information processing demands. Psychophysiology 11:660–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Klein, R., Summers, J. & Buggie, S. (1973) On the selection of signals. Memory and Cognition 1:2–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pribram, K. H. & McCuinness, D. (1975) Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention. Psychological Review 82:116–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pritchard, W. S. (1981) Psychophysiology of P300. Psychological Bulletin 89:506–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, L. & Roth, W. T. (in preparation) Effects of stimulus repetition, duration, and rise time on startle blink and automatically elicited P300.Google Scholar
Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1966) Errors and error-correction in choice response tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology 71:264–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1968) Three kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:232–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Rogers, B. (1977) What does a man do after he makes an error? An analysis of response programming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:727–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragot, R. (1984) Perceptual and motor space representation: An event-related potential study. Psychophysiology 21:159–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ragot, R. & Renault, B. (1981) P300 as a function of S-R compatibility and motor programming. Biological Psychology 13:289–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ragot, R. & Renault, B. (1985) P300 and S-R compatibility: A Reply to Magliero et al. Psychophysiology 22:349–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rank, J. (1973) Studies of single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats. Part 1: Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires. Experimental Neurology 41:461–532.Google Scholar
Remington, R. J. (1969) Analysis of sequential effects in choice reaction times. Journal of Experimental Psychology 82:250–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Restle, F. (1970) Theory of serial pattern learning: Structural trees. Psychological Review 77:481–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, W. (1978) Latency of event-related potentials and reaction time. In: Multidisdplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research, ed. Otto, D., U.S. Government Printing Office EPA–6009–77–043.Google Scholar
Ritter, W., Simson, R. & Vaughan, H. C. Jr, (1972) Association cortex potentials and reaction time in auditory discrimination. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 33:547–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, W. & Vaughan, H. G. Jr, (1969) Averaged evoked responses in vigilance and discrimination: A reassessment. Science 164:326–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, W., Vaughan, H. G. Jr, & Costa, L. D. (1968) Orienting and habituation to auditory stimuli: A study of short-term changes in average evoked responses. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 25:550–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N. & Lutzenberger, W. (1982) Slow brain potentials and behavior. Urban & Schwarzenberg.Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J. W. (1984) The orienting reflex: Performance and central nervous system manifestations. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J. W., Donchin, E. & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) Decision making and the P300 component of the cortical evoked response. Perception & Psychophysics 15:368–74.Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Gaillard, A. W. K. (1983) Sensory and motor aspects of the contingent negative variation. In: Tutorials in ERP research: Endogenous components, ed. Gaillard, A. W. K. & Ritter, W.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J. W., McCallum, W. C., Gaillard, A. W. K., Simons, R. F., Birbaumer, N. & Papakostopoulos, D. (1986) ERPs associated with preparatory and movement-related processes, A review. In: Cerebral psychophysiology: Studies in event-related potentials, ed. McCallum, W. C., Zappoli, R. & Denoth, F.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rösier, F. (1978) Cortical potential correlates of selective attention in multidimensional scaling. Biological Psychology 7:223–38.Google Scholar
Rösier, F. (1981) Event-related brain potentials in a stimulus discrimination learning paradigm. Psychophysiology 18:447–55.Google Scholar
Rösier, F. (1982) Himelektrische Korrelate kognitiver Prozesse. Springer.Google Scholar
Rösier, F. (1983) Endogenous ERPs and cognition: Probes, prospects, and pitfalls in matching pieces of the mind-body puzzle. In: Tutorials in event related potential research: Endogenous components, ed. Gaillard, A. W. K. & Ritter, W.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Rösier, F., Borgstedt, J. & Sojka, B. (1985) When perceptual or motor sets are changed: Effects of updating demands on structure and energy of P300. Acta Psychologica 60:293–321.Google Scholar
Rösier, F., Clausen, G. & Sojka, B. (1986) The double-priming paradigm: A tool for analyzing the functional significance of endogenous event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology 22:239–68.Google Scholar
Rösier, F. & Manzey, D. (1986) Automatization of cognitive operations as reflected in event-related brain potentials. Methodological considerations and data. In: Human memory and cognitive capabilities, ed. Klix, F. & Hagendorf, H.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rösier, F., Manzey, D., Sojka, B. & Stieglitz, R.-D. (1985) On the delineation of pharmacopsychological effects by means of endogenous event-related brain potentials: An exemplification with Flupentixol. Neuropsychobiology 13:81–95.Google Scholar
Rösier, F., Sutton, S., Johnson, R. Jr, Mulder, G., Fabiani, M., Plooy-van Gorsel, E. & Roth, W. T. (1986) Endogenous ERP components and cognitive constructs: A review. In: Cerebral psychophysiology: Studies in event-related potentials, ed. McCallum, W. C., Zappoli, R. & Denoth, F.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Roth, W. T. (1973) Auditory evoked responses to unpredictable stimuli. Psychophysiology 10:125–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, W. T. (1983) A comparison of P300 and the skin conductance response. In: Tutorials in ERP research — Endogenous components, ed. Gaillard, A. W. K. & Ritter, W.. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Roth, W. T., Blowers, G. H., Doyle, C. & Kopell, B. S. (1982) Auditory stimulus intensity effects on components of the late positive complex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:132–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, W. T., Dorato, K. H. & Kopell, B. S. (1984) Intensity and task effects on evoked physiological responses to noise bursts. Psychophysiology 21:466–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, W. T., Ford, J. M. & Kopell, B. S. (1978) Long-latency evoked potentials and reaction time. Psychophysiology 15(1):17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr, Mahaffey, D. & Sutton, S. (in press) Toward a functional categorization of slow waves. Psychophysiology.Google Scholar
Ruchkin, D. S., Munson, R. & Sutton, S. (1982) P300 and slow wave in a message consisting of two events. Psychophysiology 19:629–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruchkin, D. S. & Sutton, S. (1978) Equivocation and P300 amplitude. In: Multidsciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research, ed. Otto, D. A.. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Government Printing Office EPA–600/9–77–043.Google Scholar
Ruchkin, D. S., Sutton, S. & Mahaffey, D. (1987) Functional differences between members of the P300 complex: P3e and P3b. Psychophysiology 24:87–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Sutton, S., Mahaffey, D. & Glaser, J. (1986) Terminal CNV in the absence of motor response. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 63:445–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Sutton, S., Munson, R., Silver, K. & Macar, F. (1981) P300 and feedback provide d by absence of the stimulus. Psychophysiology 18:271–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rugg, M. D. (1984) Event-related potentials and the phonological processing of words and non-words. Neuropsychologia 22:435–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rugg, M. D. (1987) Dissociation of semantic priming, word and non-word repetition effects by event-related potentials. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39a: 123–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sams, M., Alho, K. & Näätänen, R. (1983) Sequential effects on the ERP in discriminating two stimuli. Biological Psychology 17:41–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sams, M., Alho, K. & Näätänen, R. (1984) Short-term habituation and dishabituation of the mismatch negativity of the ERP. Psychophysiology 21:434–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, A. F. (1983) Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica 53:61–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanquist, T. F., Rohrbaugh, J. W., Syndulko, K. & Lindsley, D. B. (1980) Electrocortical signs of levels of processing: Perceptual analysis and recognition memory. Psychophysiology 17:568–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schvaneveldt, R. W. & Chase, W. G. (1969) Sequential effects in choice reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology 80:1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholz, R. W. (1987) Cognitive strategies in stochastic thinking. Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheatz, G. C. & Chapman, R. M. (1969) Task relevance and auditory evoked responses. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 26:468–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shvyrkov, V. B. (1985) Towards a psychophysiological theory of behavior. In: Psychophysiological approach to human information processing, ed. Klix, F., Näätänen, R. & Zimmer, K.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Siegel, J. A. (1974) Sensory and verbal coding strategies in subjects with absolute pitch. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103:37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, J. A. & Siegel, W. (1977) Absolute identification of notes and intervals by musicians. Perception & Psychophysics 21:143–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, R. F., Hoffman, J. E. & Macmillan, F. W. III, (1983) The component structure of event-related slow potentials: Task, ISI, and warning stimulus effects on the ‘E’ wave. Biological Psychology 17:193–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, R. F., ähman, A. & Lang, P. J. (1979) Anticipation and response set: Cortical, cardiac and electrodermal correlates. Psychophysiology 16:222–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, R. F., Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Fiorito, E., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1987) Evocation and habituation of autonomic and event-related potential responses in a nonsignal environment. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:45–59.Google Scholar
Simson, R., Vaughan, H. G. Jr, & Ritter, W. (1977) The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual go/no go tasks. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 43:864–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, W. (1986) The brain as a self-organizing system. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 236:4–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sirevaag, E., Kramer, A., Coles, M. G. H. & Donchin, E. (1984) P300 amplitude and resource allocation. Psychophysiology 21:598–99 (abstract).Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skelly, J. J., Rizzuto, A. & Wilson, G. (1984) Temporal patterning and selective attention effects on the human evoked response. In: Timing and time perception, ed. Gibbon, J. & Allan, L.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 423:646–48.Google Scholar
Smith, D. B., Donchin, E., Cohen, L. & Starr, A. (1970) Auditory averaged evoked potentials in man during selective binaural listening. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 28:146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. E. & Halgren, E. (1987) ERPs during lexical decision: Effects of repetition, word frequency, pronounceability, and concreteness. In: Current research in event-related brain potentials (EEG Supplement 40), ed. Johnson, R. Jr, Rohrbaugh, J. W. & Parasuraman, R.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E. & Halgren, E. (in press) Dissociation of recognition memory components following temporal lobe lesions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E., Stapleton, J. M. & Halgren, E. (1986) Human medial temporal lobe potentials evoked in memory and language tasks. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 63:145–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, E. & Hillyard, S. A. (1976) Long latency evoked potentials to irrelevant, deviant stimuli. Behavioral Biology 16:319–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soetens, E., Boer, L. C. & Hueting, J. E. (1985) Expectancy or automatic facilitation? Separating sequential effects in two-choice reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11:598–616.Google Scholar
Soetens, E., Deboeck, M. & Hueting, J. E. (1984) Automatic aftereffects in two-choice reaction time: A mathematical representation of some concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:581–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Sokolov, E. N. (1963) Perception and the conditioned reflex. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Sokolov, E. N. (1969) The modeling properties of the nervous system. In: Handbook of comtemporary Soviet psychology, ed. Cole, M. & Maltzman, I.. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1987) Memory and brain. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Squires, K. C., Donchin, E., Herning, R. I. & McCarthy, G. (1977b) On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related potential components. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 42:1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, K. C, Hillyard, S. A. & Lindsay, P. H. (1973) Cortical potentials evoked by confirming and disconfirming feedback following an auditory discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics 13:25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires, K. C., Petuchowski, S., Wickens, C. & Donchin, E. (1977a) The effects of stimulus sequence on event related potentials: A comparison of visual and auditory sequences. Perception & Psychophysics 22(1):31–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires, K. C., Squires, N. K. & Hillyard, S. A. (1975) Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 1:268–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Squires, K. C., Wickens, C. D., Squires, N. K. & Donchin, E. (1976) The effect of stimulus sequence on the waveform of the cortical event-related potential. Science 193:1142–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, N. K., Donchin, E., Squires, K. C. & Grossberg, S. (1977) Bisensory stimulation: Inferring decision-related processes from the P300 component. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 3:299–315.Google ScholarPubMed
Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C. & Hillyard, S. A. (1975) Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38:387–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stapleton, J. M. & Halgren, E. (1987) Endogenous potentials evoked in simple cognitive tasks: Depth components and task correlates. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 67:44–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stapleton, J. M., Halgren, E. & Moreno, K. A. (1987) Endogenous potentials after interior temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 25:549–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stapleton, J. M., O'Reilly, T. & Halgren, E. (1987) Endogenous potentials in simple cognitive tasks: Scalp topography. International Journal of Neurosdence 36:75–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stegmiiller, W. (1979) Rationale Rekonstruktion von Wissenschaft und ihrem Wandel. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Stern, J. A., Walrath, L. C. & Goldstein, R. (1984) The endogenous eyeblink. Psychophysiology 21:22–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stolar, N., Sparenborg, S., Donchin, E. & Gabriel, M. (submitted) An animal model for the P300 component of the event-related potential in humans. Behavioral Neurosdence.Google Scholar
Strauss, J., Lewis, J. L., Klorman, R., Peloquin, L.-J., Perlmutter, R. A. & Salzman, L. F. (1984) Effects of methylphenidate on young adults' performance and event-related potentials in a vigilance and a paired-associates learning test. Psychophysiology 21:609–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuss, D. T. & Picton, T. W. (1978) Neurophysiological correlates of human concept formation. Behavioral Biology 23:135–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuss, D. T., Picton, T. W. & Cerri, A. M. (1986) Searching for the names of pictures: An event-related potential study. Psychophysiology 23:215–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, S. (1969) The specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Average evoked potentials: Methods, results and evaluations, ed. Donchin, E. & Lindsley, D. B. (NASA SP–191). U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Sutton, S. (1979) P300 — thirteen years later. In: Evoked brain potentials and behavior, ed. Begleiter, H.. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J. & John, E. R. (1965) Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150:1187–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, S. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1984) The late positive complex: Advances and new problems. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:1–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Sutton, S., Tueting, P., Zubin, J. & John, E. R. (1967) Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential. Science 155:1436–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Swart, J. H., Kok, A. & Das-Smaal, E. A. (1981) P300 and uncertainty reduction in a concept identification task. Psychophysiology 18:619–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. J. (1977) Bereitschaftspotential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Master's thesis, Simon Fraser University. Burnaby, B. C., Canada.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. J. (1978) Bereitschaftspotential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 45:568–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, A. (1986) Properties, parts, and objects. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. 2, ed. Boff, K., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M. & Williamson, P. A. (1984) Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation. Psychological Review 91:185–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tueting, P. (1978) Event-related potentials, cognitive events, and information processing: A summary of issues and discussion. In: Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research, ed. Otto, D.. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Government Printing Office (EPA–600/9–77–043).Google Scholar
Tueting, P., Sutton, S. & Zubin, J. (1970) Quantitative evoked potential correlates of the probability of events. Psychophysiology 7:385–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulving, E. (1983) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ullsperger, P., Gille, H.-G., Pietschmann, M. & Neumann, U. (1986) P300 component of the ERP as an index of processing difficulty. In: Human memory and cognitive capabilities, ed. Klix, F. & Hagendorf, H.. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ullsperger, P., Peikert, D., Tessin, S., Gille, H.-G. & Metz, A.-M. (1986) Die P300-Komponente des ereignisbezogenen Hirnpotentials als Indikator in der Psychophysik kognitiver Prozesse. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 194:365–75.Google Scholar
Ulrich, R. (1987) Threshold models of temporal-order judgments evaluated by a ternary response task. Perception & Psychophysics 42:224–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderwolf, C. H. & Robinson, T. E. (1981) Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:459–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. & Robinson, T. E. (1981) Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:459–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Petten, C. & Kutas, M. (1987) Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language 26:188–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, H. G. & Costa, L. D. (1968) Analysis of electroencephalographic correlates of human sensorimotor processes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 24:288.Google Scholar
Velasco, M., Velasco, F., Velasco, A. L., Almanza, X. & Olivera, A. (1986) Subcortical correlates of the P300 potential complex in man to auditory stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 64:199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbaten, M. N., Roelofs, J. W., Sjouw, W. & Slangen, J. L. (1986a) Habituation of early and late visual ERP components and the orienting reaction: The effect of stimulus information. International Journal of Psychophysiology 3:287–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbaten, M. N., Roelofs, J. W., Sjouw, W. & Slangen, J. L. (1986b) Different effects of uncertainty and complexity on single trial visual ERPs and the SCR-OR in non-signal conditions. Psychophysiology 23:254–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verleger, R. (1986) Die P3-Komponente im EEG. (Literaturübersicht, Diskussion von Hypothesen, Untersuchung ihres Zusammenhangs mit langsamen Potentialen.) Profil.Google Scholar
(in press a) The true P3 is hard to see. Some comments on Kok's (1986) paper on degraded stimuli. Biological Psychology.Google Scholar
(in press b) Sequential effects on P3 in a counting task: A partial replication. Biological Psychology.Google Scholar
Verleger, R. & Berg, P. (1987) The waltzing oddball. Psychophysiology 24:620 (Abstract).Google Scholar
Verleger, R. & Cohen, R. (1978) Effects of certainty, modality shift and guess outcome on evoked potentials and reaction times in chronic schizophrenics. Psychological Medicine 8:81–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verleger, R., Gasser, T. & Möcks, J. (1985) Short-term changes of event-related potentials during concept learning. Biological Psychology 20:1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verleger, R. & Hopmann, G. (1988) When things get exciting: Is P3 modulated by background suspense-related negativity? (Unpublished manuscript.)Google Scholar
Verleger, R. & Mocks, J. (1987) Varimax may produce slow-wave-like shapes by merging monotonic trends with other components. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:265–270.Google Scholar
Vervaeck, K. R. & Boer, L. C. (1980) Sequential effects in two-choice reaction time: Subjective expectancy and automatic aftereffect at short response-stimulus intervals. Acta Psychologica 44:175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Restorff, H. (1933) Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung 18:299–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Wright, G. H. (1962) Remarks on the epistemology of subjective probability. In: Logic, methodology and philosophy of science. Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress. Stanford Universit y Press.Google Scholar
Walter, W. G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C. & Winter, A. L. (1964) Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature (London) 203:380–84.Google Scholar
Ward, W. D. & Burns, E. M. (1982) Absolute pitch. In: The psychology of music, ed. Deutsch, D.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Warren, L. R. (1980) Evoked potential correlates of recognition memory. Biological Psychology 11:21–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, M. O., Christian, E., Robinson, J. H. & Deadwyler, S. A. (1982) Evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus reflect the retention of past sensory events. Neuroscience Letters 28:319–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wickens, C. D. (1984) Processing resource s in attention. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wickens, C. D., Kramer, A., Vanasse, L. & Donchin, E. (1983) Performance of concurrent tasks: A psychophysiological analysis of th e reciprocity of information-processing resources. Science 221:1080–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickens, D. D. (1972) Characteristics of word encoding. In: Coding processes in human memory, ed. Melton, W. W. & Martin, E.. Winston.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. T. (1980) Evoked potentials and signal detection: The influence of slow potentials. In: Evoked potentials, ed. Barber, C.. MTP Press.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. T. & Ashby, S. M. (1974) Selective attention, contingent negative variation and the evoke d potential. Biological Psychology 1:167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. T. & Seales, D. M. (1978) EEG event-related potentials and signal detection. Biological Psychology 7:13–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, R. T. & Spence, M. T. (1973) Determinants of the post-stimulus resolution of contingent negative variation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35:503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, L. E., Harter, M. R. & Wells, H. H. (1973) Evoked cortical potentials and discrimination problem-solving in humans. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 34:15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winson, J. & Abzug, Z. (1978) Neuronal transmission through hippocampal pathways dependent upon behavior. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:716–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woestenburg, J. C., Verbaten, M. N. & Slangen, J. L. (1981) The influence of information on habituation of the “Wiener” filtered visual event related potential and the skin conductance reaction. Biological Psychology 13:189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woestenburg, J. C., Verbaten, M. N. & Slangen, J. L. (1983) Stimulus information and habituation of the visual event related potential and the skin conductance reaction under task-relevance conditions. Biological Psychology 16:225–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C. C. & McCarthy, G. (1984) Principal component analysis of event-related potentials: Simulation studies demonstrate misallocation of variance across components. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:249–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C. C. & McCarthy, G. (1985) A possible frontal lobe contribution to scalp P300. Neuroscience Abstracts 11:879.Google Scholar
Wood, C. C., McCarthy, G., Allison, T., Goff, W. R., Williamson, P. D. & Spencer, D. D. (1982) Endogenous event-related potentials following temporal lobe excisions in humans. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8:976.Google Scholar
Wood, C. C., McCarthy, G., Squires, N. K., Vaughan, H. G., Woods, D. L. & McCallum, W. C. (1984) Anatomical an d physiological substrates of event-related potentials: Two case studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:681–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, D. L., Courchesne, E., Hillyard, S. A. & Galambos, R. (1980) Split-second recovery of the P3 component in multiple decision tasks. In: Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use, ed. Kornhuber, H. H & Deecke, L.. Progress in Brain Research 54:322–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Wyer, R. S. Jr, & Srull, T. K. (1986) Human cognition in its social context. Psychological Review 93:322–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yingling, C. D. & Hosobuchi, Y. (1984) A subcortical correlate of P300 in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:72–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed