Alexander, R. D. (1975) The search for a general theory of behavior. Behavioral Science 20:77–100. [PLV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, R. D. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [HJR, PLV]Google Scholar

Alexander, R. D. & Borgia, G. (1978) Group selection, altruism, and the levels of organization of life. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:449–74. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, E. et al. (1975) Letter to the editor. New York Review of Books 22:43–44. [HCP]Google Scholar

Aronson, L. R. (1970) Functional evolution of the forebrain in lower vertebrates. In: Development and evolution of behavior, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S., pp. 75–107. San Francisco: Freeman. [DLE]Google Scholar

Ashby, W. R. (1952) Design for a brain. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DTC]Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. M. (1900) Mental development in the child and race. New York: Macmillan. [DTC]Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. M. (1902) Development and evolution. London: Macmillan. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Barash, D. P. (1977) Sociobiology and behavior. London: Heinemann. [DLH, HCP]Google Scholar

Barkow, J. H. (1978) Culture and sociobiology. American Anthropologist 80:5–20. [JHB]Google Scholar

Barkow, J. H. (1980a) Sociobiology: Is this the new theory of human nature? In: Sociobiology examined, ed. Montagu, A., pp. 171–97. New York: Oxford University Press. [JHB]Google Scholar

Barkow, J. H. (1980b) “Altruism and nepotism among the Migili (Koro) of Nigeria's plateau state.” Paper presented at the December 1980 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. [JHB]Google Scholar

Barkow, J. H. (1980c) “Biological evolution of culturally patterned behavior.” In: The evolution of human social behavior, ed. Lockard, J. S., pp. 297–318. New York: Elsevier. [JHB]Google Scholar

Bateson, G. (1963) The role of somatic change in evolution. Evolution 17:529–39. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Berger, P. L. (1969) The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. Garden City, NY.: Doubleday. [EER]Google Scholar

Blakemore, C. & van Sluyters, R. C. (1975) Innate and environmental factors in the development of the kitten's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology (London) 248:663–716. [HCP]Google Scholar

Bohannan, P. (1973) Rethinking culture: A project for current anthropologists. Current Anthropology 14:357–72. [EER]Google Scholar

Bohannan, P. (1980) The gene pool and the meme pool. Science 80 1:25–28. [EER]Google Scholar

Bolles, R. C. (1970) Species specific defence reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review 77:32–48. [HCP]Google Scholar

Bonner, J. T. (1965) Size and cycle. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1980) Sociobiology, culture and economic theory. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1:97–121. [PJR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1981) Culture, biology and the evolution of variation between human groups. In: Science and the questions of human equality, ed. Collins, M., Wainer, I. & Bremner, T.. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. [PJR]Google Scholar

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1981) Multiple parents and nonlinear cultural transmission. Duplicated paper. [DTC, HCP]Google Scholar

Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1966) Animal behaviour. New York: Macmillan. [HCP]Google Scholar

Brockman, H. J.; Grafen, A. & Dawkins, R. (1979) Evolutionary stable nesting strategy in a digger wasp. Journal of Theoretical Biology 77:473–96. [MRi]Google Scholar

Buckley, W. & Jones, B. J., eds. (1979) Sociobiology. Behavioral Science 24:1–71. [HCP]Google Scholar

Cain, A. J. & Currey, J. D. (1963) Area effects in Cepea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 246:1–181. [SL]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1956) Perception as substitute trial and error. Psychological Review 63:330–42. [DTC]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1965) Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. In: Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory, ed. Barringer, H. R., Blanksten, G. I. & Mack, R. W., pp. 19–48. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. [DTC, PJR]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1972) On the genetics of altruism and the counter-hedonic components in human culture. Journal of Social Issues 28:21–37. [DTC]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1974) Evolutionary epistemology. In: The philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. I, ed. Schilpp, P. A., pp. 413–63. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Co. [DTC, HCP]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1974a) “Downward causation” in hierarchically organized biological systems. In: Studies in the philosophy of biology, ed. Dobzhansky, T. & Ayala, F. J., pp. 179–86. London: Macmillan Co. [DTC]Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1975) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [DTC, SAP, PJR, PLV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1980) The two distinct routes beyond kin selection to ultrasociality: Implications for the humanities and social sciences. Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association meeting, Washington, D.C., 12 5, 1980. [DTC]Google Scholar

Caplan, A. L., ed. (1978) The sociobiology debate. New York: Harper & Row. [HCP]Google Scholar

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Feldman, M. W. (1978) The evolution of continuous variation. III. Joint transmission of genotype, phenotype and environment. Genetics 90:391–425. [DW]Google Scholar

Chagnon, N. A. (1979) Mate competition, favoring close kin, and village fissioning among the Yanomamo Indians. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W., pp. 86–132. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W. eds. (1979) Evolutionary biology and human social behavior. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. [HCP, PLV]Google Scholar

Chase, I. D. (1974) Models of hierarchy formation in animal societies. Behavioral Science 19:374–82. [IDC]Google Scholar

Chase, I. D. (1980a) Cooperative and noncooperative behavior in animals. American Naturalist 115:827–57. [IDC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, I. D. (1980b) Social process and hierarchy formation in small groups: A comparative perspective. American Sociological Review 45:905–24. [IDC]Google Scholar

Childe, V. G. (1963) Social evolution. London: Fontana. [OTC, HCP]Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–61. [SAP]Google Scholar

Clarke, B. (1968) Balanced polymorphism and regional differentiation in land snails. In: Evolution and environment, ed. Drake, E. T.. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 351–68. [SL]Google Scholar

Cloak, F. T. Jr. (1975) Is a cultural ethology possible? Human Ecology 3:161–82. [JHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cloak, F. T. Jr. (1976) The evolutionary success of altruism and urban social order. Zygon 11:219–40. [FTC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cloak, F. T. Jr. (1977) Comment on “The adaptive significance of cultural behavior,” by W. H. Durham. Human Ecology 5:49–52. [FTC]Google Scholar

Cloak, F. T. Jr. (1980) Why electromagnetism is the only causal “spook” required to explain any human behavior or institution. In: The relationship of verbal to nonverbal communication, ed. Key, M. R., pp. 327–48. The Hague: Mouton. [FTC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darwin, C. R. (1859) On the origin of species. London: Murray. [TDJ, PCM]Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [DAD, TDJ, HCP, MRu, PLV]Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. (1978) Replicator selection and the extended phenotype. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47:61–76. [DAD, DLH, HCP]Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. (1979) Defining sociobiology. Nature 280:427–28. [DLH, MRi]Google Scholar

deBeer, G. (1958) Embryos and ancestors. London: Oxford University Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Dewsbury, D. A. (1978) Comparative animal behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. [DAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobzhansky, T. (1972) Genetics and the diversity of behavior. American Psychologist 27:523–530. [HCP]Google Scholar

Doolittle, W. F. & Sapienza, C. (1980) Selfish genes, the phenotypic paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284:601–93. [AJP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dunn, F. L. (1970) Cultural evolution in the late Pleistocene and Holocene of Southeast Asia. American Anthropologist 72:1041–54. [EER]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durham, W. H. (1976) The adaptive significance of cultural behavior. Human Ecology 4:89–121. [HCP, HRP, EER. MRu]Google Scholar

Durham, W. H. (1979) Towards a coevolutionary theory of human biology and culture. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W., pp. 39–59. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. [HCP, MRu]Google Scholar

Eckberg, D. L. (1977) Sociobiology and the death of sociology. American Sociologist 12:191–96. [DLE]Google Scholar

Ellis, L. (1976) The decline and fall of sociology. American Sociologist 12:56–66. [DLE]Google Scholar

Feldman, M. & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1976) Cultural and biological evolutionary processes, selection for a trait under complex transmission. Theoretical Population Biology 9:238–59. [PJR]Google Scholar

Fisher, R. A. (1930) [revised 1958] The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [HCP, AV]Google Scholar

Ford, E. B. (1975) Ecological genetics (4th ed). London: Chapman & Hall. [MRi]Google Scholar

Freeman, R. D., ed. (1979) Developmental neurobiology of vision. New York: Plenum Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Fried, Morton H. (1967) The evolution of political society: An essay in political anthropology. New York: Random House. [EER]Google Scholar

Garcia, J. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 4:123–24. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cause, G. J. (1942) The relation of adaptability to adaptation. Quarterly Review of Biology 17:99–114. [PHK]Google Scholar

Geertz, C. (1963) Agricultural involution: The processes of ecological change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press. [EER]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geertz, C. (1968) The impact of the concept of culture on the concept of man. In: Man in adaptation: The cultural present, ed. Cohen, Y. A., pp. 16–29. Chicago: Aldine. [EER]Google Scholar

Ginsberg, M. (1961) Social evolution. In: Darwinism and the study of society, ed. Banton, M., pp. 95–127. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. [DTC]Google Scholar

Goldschmidt, W. (1976) The war between the words. American Psychologist 31:355–57. [HCP]Google Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1977) Ever since Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. [DLH]Google Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phytogeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1980) Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology 6:119–30. [AJP]Google Scholar

Gould, S. J. (1980) Sociobiology and the theory of natural selection. In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J., pp. 257–68. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. [DLH]Google Scholar

Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 205:581–98. [HCP]Google Scholar

Gregory, M. S.; Silvers, A. & Sutch, D., eds. (1978) Sociobiology and human nature. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [HCP]Google Scholar

Griffin, D. R. (1958) Listening in the dark. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. [DTC]Google Scholar

Grun, P. (1976) Cytoplasmic genetics and evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. [DW]Google Scholar

Guhl, A. M. (1975) Social behavior in the domestic fowl. In: Social hierarchy and dominance, ed. Schein, M., pp. 156–201. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. [IDC]Google Scholar

Haldane, J. B. S. (1932) The causes of evolution. London: Longmans, Green & Company. [DTC, HCP]Google Scholar

Hamilton, W. D. (1964) The genetical theory of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [IDC, TDJ, HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, W. D. (1975) Innate social aptitudes in man: An approach from evolutionary genetics. In: Biosocial anthropology, ed. Fox, R., pp. 133–155. London: Malaby Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Hardin, G. (1978) Nice guys finish last. In: Sociobiology and human nature, ed. Gregory, M. S., Silvers, A. & Sutch, D., pp. 183–94. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [DLH]Google Scholar

Harris, M. (1979) Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. New York: Vintage. [MRu]Google Scholar

Harris, M. & Wilson, E. O. (1978) The envelope and the twig. The Sciences 18:10–15 & 27. [MRi]Google ScholarPubMed

Hinde, R. A. (1970) Animal Behavior: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. 2nd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill. [DAD]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1967) Behavior-genetic or 'experimental' analysis. American Psychologist 22:118–30. [DLE]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. (1968) Behavior-genetic analysis and the study of man. In: Science and the concept of race, ed. Mead, M., Dobzhansky, T., Tobach, E. & Light, R. E., pp. 37–48. New York: Columbia University Press. [DLE]Google Scholar

Hirsh, H. V. B. & Jacobson, M. (1975) The perfectible brain: Principles of neuronal development. In: Handbook of psychobiology, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S. & Blakemore, C., pp. 107–137. New York: Academic Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Ho, M. W. & Saunders, P. T. (1979) Beyond neo-Darwinism - an epigenetic approach to evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 78:573–91. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Holmes, S. J. (1916) Studies in animal behavior. Boston: Gorham Press. [DTC]Google Scholar

Hull, D. L. (1978) Altruism in science: A sociobiological model of cooperative behaviour among scientists. Animal Behaviour, 26:685–97. [DLH]Google Scholar

Hull, D. L. (1980) Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 11:311–32. [DLH, HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, D. L. (1981, in press) The units of evolution: A metaphysical essay. In: The philosophy of biology, ed. Harre, R. & Jensen, U., London: Harvester Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Irons, W. (1979) Natural selection, adaptation and human social behaviour. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W., pp. 4–39. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. [PLV, HCP]Google Scholar

Johnston, T. D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–73. [HCP]Google Scholar

Johnston, T. D. & Turvey, M. J. (1980) A sketch of an ecological metatheory for theories of learning. Psychology of Learning and Motivation 14:147–205. [TDJ, HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kandel, E. R. (1976) The cellular basis of behaviour. London: Freeman. [HCP]Google Scholar

King, M. & Wilson, A. C. (1975) Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188:107–16. [AJP]Google Scholar

Krechevsky, I. (1932) Hypotheses in rats. Psychological Review 39:516–32. [HCP]Google Scholar

Kummer, H. (1975) Rules of dyad and group formation among captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada). In: Proceedings of the symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primate Society, pp. 129–59. Tokyo: Japan Science Press. [IDC]Google Scholar

Landau, H. G. (1951) On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: I. Effect of inherent characteristics. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 13:1–19. [IDC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levine, L. & Krupa, P. L. (1966) Studies on sexual selection in mice. III. Effects of the gene for albinism. American Naturalist, 100:227–34. [SL]Google Scholar

Levine, L. & Lascher, B. (1965) Studies on sexual selection in mice. II. Reproductive competition between black and brown males. American Naturalist, 99:67–72. [SL]Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1970) The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1:1–18, [HCP]Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1974) The genetic basis of evolutionary change. New York: Columbia University Press. [LBS]Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1976) The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes. In: The IQ controversy, ed. Block, N. J. & Dworkin, G.. New York: Random House. [DLE]Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1979) Sociobiology as an adaptationist program. Behavioral Science, 24:5–14. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lehninger, A. L. (1967) Cell organelles: The mitochondrion. In: The neurosciences, ed. Quarton, G. C., Melnechuck, T. & Schmitt, F. O., pp. 91–100. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [DW]Google Scholar

Livingston, F. B. (1974) Anthropological implications of sickle cell gene distribution in Africa. In: Man in adaptation: The biosocial background, ed. Cohen, Y. A., pp. 228–47, 2nd ed.Chicago: Aldine. [EER]Google Scholar

Lorenz, K. (1965) Evolution and modification of behaviour. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [DAD, HCP]Google Scholar

Lorenz, K. (1969) Innate bases of learning. In: On the biology of learning, ed. Pribram, K. R., pp. 13–90. New York: Harcourt. [HCP, HRP]Google Scholar

Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1980) Translation of epigenetic rules of individual behaviour into ethnographic patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 77:4382–86. [HCP]Google Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. (1976) Evolution and the theory of games. American Scientist 64:41–45. [HCP]Google Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. (1977) Parental investment: A prospective analysis. Animal Behavior 25:1–9. [IDC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. (1978) Constraints on human behavior. Nature 276:120–21. [AJP]Google Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. & Holliday, R. (1979) Preface. In: The evolution of adaptation by natural selection, ed. Maynard Smith, J. & Holliday, R., pp. v–vii. London: The Royal Society. [MRi]Google Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. & Price, G. R. (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nature 246:15–18. [HCP]Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1961) Cause and effect in biology. Science 134:1501–05. [HCP]Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1974a) Behavior programs and evolutionary strategies. American Scientist 62:650–59. [HCP]Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1974b) Teleological and teleonomic: A new analysis. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 14:91–117. [HCP]Google Scholar

McFarland, D. J. (1976) Form and function in the temporal organization of behaviour. In: Crowing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., pp. 55–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Meehl, P. E. (1950) On the circularity of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin 47:52–75. [HCP]Google Scholar

Miller, J. G. (1978) Living systems. New York: McGraw-Hill. [HCP]Google Scholar

Mundinger, P. C. (1980) Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology 1:183–223. [PCM]Google Scholar

Murray, J. (1972) Genetic diversity and natural selection. New York: Hafner. [SL]Google Scholar

Murray, J. & Clarke, B. (1966) The inheritance of polymorphic shell characters in Partula (Gastropoda). Genetics 54:1261–77. [SL]Google Scholar

Odling-Smee, F. J. & Plotkin, H. C. (1981) Units of selection: The end of “of”? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:154–55. [HCP]Google Scholar

Odling-Smee, F. J. & Plotkin, H. C. (1981, in preparation) How living systems modify their own environments and hence their own evolution. [HCP]Google Scholar

Orgel, L. E. & Crick, F. H. C. (1980) Selfish DNA: The ultimate parasite. Nature 284:604–07. [AJP]Google Scholar

Pittendrigh, C. S. (1958) Adaptation, natural selection and behavior. In: Behavior and evolution, ed. Roe, A. & Simpson, G. G., pp. 390–416. New Haven: Yale University Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1979) Learning, change and evolution. Advances in the study of behaviour 10:1–41. [HCP]Google Scholar

Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. ed. (1981, in press) Readings and essays in evolutionary epistemology. Chichester, England: Wiley. [HCP]Google Scholar

Popper, K. R. (1972) Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach. London: Oxford University Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Pringle, J. W. S. (1951) On the parallel between learning and evolution. Behaviour 3:175–215. [DTC, HCP]Google Scholar

Pulliam, H. R. & Dunford, C. (1980) Programmed to learn. New York: Columbia University Press. [HRP, PJR]Google Scholar

Pumphrey, R. J. (1950) Hearing. In: Symposia of the society for experimental biology, IV: Physiological mechanism in animal behavior, pp. 1–18. New York: Academic Press. [DTC]Google Scholar

Pumphrey, R. J. (1967) Random House Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Random House. [PCM]Google Scholar

Rao, D. C.; Morton, N. E. & Yee, S. (1976) Resolution of cultural and biological inheritance by path analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics 28:228–42. [DW]Google Scholar

Richerson, P. J. & Boyd, R. (1978) A dual inheritance model of the human evolutionary process I: Basic postulates and a simple model. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 1:127–54. [JHB, PJR, PLV]Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, J. S. (1976) Review of Wilson's Sociobiology. Animal Behaviour 24:713–15. [HCP]Google Scholar

Ruse, M. (1979) Sociobiology: Sense or nonsense? Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel. [HCP, MRu, MRi]Google Scholar

Ruse, M. (1981a) Is science sexist? and other problems in the biomedical sciences. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel. [HCP, MRu]Google Scholar

Ruse, M. (1981b, in press) Are there gay genes? Journal of Homosexuality. [MRu]Google Scholar

Ruyle, E. E. (1973) Genetic and cultural pools: Some suggestions for a unified theory of biocultural evolution. Human Ecology 1:201–15. [EER]Google Scholar

Ruyle, E. E. (1976) Labor, people, culture: A labor theory of human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 20:136–63. [EER]Google Scholar

Ruyle, E. E. (1977) Comment on Durham 1976. Human Ecology 5:53–55. [EER]Google Scholar

Sahlins, M. (1976) The use and abuse of biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [DLE, AJP, HCP, MRu]Google Scholar

Schmalhausen, I. (1949) Factors of evolution. London: Hutchinson. [TDJ]Google Scholar

Schneirla, T. C. (1946) Problems in the biopsychology of social organization in animals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41:385–402. [HCP]Google Scholar

Schneirla, T. C. (1951) The “levels” concept in the study of social organization in animals. In: Social psychology at the crossroads, ed. Sherif, M. & Rohrer, E., pp. 163–91. New York: Harper. [HCP]Google Scholar

Schneirla, T. C. (1956) Interrelationships of the “innate” and “acquired” in instinctive behavior. In: L'instinct dans le comportement des animaux et de l'homme, ed. Grasse, G., pp. 387–452. Paris: Mason. [HCP]Google Scholar

Shettleworth, S. J. (1981, in press) Function and mechanisms in learning. Advances in the Analysis of Behaviour 3. [HCP]Google Scholar

Sibly, R. M. & McFarland, D. J. (1976) On the fitness of behaviour sequences. American Naturalist 110:601–17. [HCP]Google Scholar

Skinner, B. F. (1966) The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science 153:1205–13. [HCP]Google Scholar

Slobodkin, L. B. (in press). Problems of ecological description: The adaptive response surface of Hydra. In: Atti del 3 simposio Italiano di dinamica di popolazione, ed. de Bernardi, R.. Memoiri Istituto Italiano Idrobiologica, suppl. 37. [LBS]Google Scholar

Slobodkin, L. B. & Rapoport, A. (1974) An optimal strategy of evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 49:181–200. [TDJ, HCP. LBS]Google Scholar

Slobodkin, L. B. & Rapoport, A. (1978) Is history a consequence of evolution? In: Perspectives in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H., pp. 233–255. New York: Plenum. [HCP]Google Scholar

Sommerhoff, G. (1950) Analytical Biology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Spiegelman, S. (1948) Differentiation as the controlled production of unique enzymatic patterns. In: Symposia of the society for experimental biology. II: Growth in relation to differentiation and morphogenesis. New York: Academic Press. [DTC]Google Scholar

Staddon, J. E. R. & Simmelhag, V. L. (1971) The superstition experiment. Psychological Review 78:3–43. [HCP]Google Scholar

Stammbach, E. (1979) On social differentiation in groups of captive female hamadryas baboons. Behaviour 67:322–38. [IDC]Google Scholar

Steele, E. J. (1979) Somatic selection and adaptive evolution. Toronto: Williams & Wallace. [DW]Google Scholar

Subtelny, S. & Konigsberg, I. R.. eds. (1979) Determinants of spatial organization. New York: Academic Press. [DW]Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [HCP, HRP]Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1963) On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:410–29. [DAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57. [PLV]Google Scholar

Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man, ed. Campbell, B., pp. 136–79. Chicago: Aldine. [PLV]Google Scholar

Trivers, R. L. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249–64. [PLV]Google Scholar

van den Berghe, P. L. (1978) Man in society. New York: Elsevier. [PLV]Google Scholar

van den Berghe, P. L. (1979) Human family systems: An evolutionary view. New York: Elsevier. [MRu]Google Scholar

Vayda, A. P. & Rappaport, R. A. (1976) Ecology, cultural and non-cultural. In: Human ecology: An environmental approach, ed. Richerson, P. J. & McEvoy, J. III, pp. 6–25. Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press. [EER]Google Scholar

Waddington, C. H. (1956) The strategy of the genes. London: Allen & Unwin. [HCP]Google Scholar

Waddington, C. H. (1959) Evolutionary adaptation. In: The evolution of life, ed. Tax, Sol, pp. 381–402. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Waddington, C. H. (1961) The human evolutionary system. In: Darwinism and the study of society, ed. Banton, M., pp. 63–82. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. [DTC]Google Scholar

Waddington, C. H. (1969) Paradigm for an evolutionary process. In: Towards a theoretical biology, vol. 2, ed. Waddington, C. H., pp. 106–128. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. [HCP]Google Scholar

Waltz, K. (1959) Man, the state and war. New York: Columbia University Press. [SAP]Google Scholar

West-Eberhard, M. J. (1979) Sexual selection, social competition, and evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123:222–34. [DTC]Google Scholar

Wiley, R. H. (1973) Territoriality and non-random mating in sage grouse, Centrocerus urophasianus. Animal Behaviour Monographs 6:85–169. [IDC]Google Scholar

Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [DTC, AJP, HCP]Google Scholar

Wilson, D. S. (1980) The selection of populations and communities. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Publishers. [DTC]Google Scholar

Wilson, E. O. (1971) The insect societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Belknap Press). [DLH]Google Scholar

Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Belknap Press). [DLH, HCP, MRu, PLV]Google Scholar

Wilson, E. O. (1978) On human nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. [AJP, PLV]Google Scholar

Wispé, L. G. & Thompson, J. N., eds. (1976) The war between the words. American Psychologist 31:341–384. [SAP]Google Scholar

Wright, S. (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16:97–159. [HCP]Google Scholar

Wright, S. (1980) Genic and organismic selection. Evolution 34:825–43. [PHK]Google Scholar

Zuckerkand, E. (1976) Programs of gene action and progressive evolution. In: Molecular anthropology, ed. Goodman, M., Tashian, R. E. & Tashian, J. H., pp. 387–447. New York: Plenum Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar