Aaronson, S. T., Rashed, S., Biber, M. P. & Hobson, J. A. (1982) Brain state and body position. Archives of General Psychiatry 39:330–35. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Adrien, J. & Lanfumey, L. (1984) Neuronal activity of the developing raphe dorsalis: Its relation with the state of vigilance. In: Experimental brain research. Supplement 8, Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. & Valatx, J. L.. Springer. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Aghajanian, G. K., Cedarbaum, J. M. & Wang, R. Y. (1977) Evidence for norepinephrine-mediated collateral inhibition of locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Research 136:570–77. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Aghajanian, G. K. & Lakoski, J. M. (1984) Hyperpolarization of serotonergic neurons by serotonin and LSD: Studies in brain slices showing increased potassium conductance. Brain Research 305:181–85. [taJAH, PAMvD]Google Scholar

Aghajanian, G. K. & Rogawski, M. A. (1983) The physiological role of a- adrenoceptors in the CNS: New concepts from single-cell studies. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 4:315–18. [PAMvD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aghajanian, G. K. & Wang, R. Y. (1977) Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique. Brain Research 122:229–42. [taJAH, JRN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Akerstedt, T. (1984) Hormones and sleep. In: Experimental brain research, Supplement 8, Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. & Valatx, J. L.. Springer. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Albers, H. E., Lydic, R., Gander, P. H. & Moore-Ede, M. C. (1984) Role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey, 1. The generation of rhythmicity. Brain Research 300:275–84. [taJAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amatruda, T. T., Black, D. A., McKenna, T. M., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1975) Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: Differential effects of carbachol injections at pontine brain stem sites. Brain Research 98:501–15. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Armstrong, D. M., Saper, C. B., Levey, A. I., Wainer, B. I. & Terry, R. D. (1983) Distribution of cholinergic neurons in the rat brain: Demonstrated by the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. Journal of Comparative Neurology 216:53–68. [PJS]Google Scholar

Aschoff, J. C. (1974) Reconsideration of oculomotor pathway. In: The neurosciences: Third study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.MIT Press. [JA]Google Scholar

Aserinsky, E. (1969) The maximal capacity for sleep: Rapid eye movements density as an index of sleep satiety. Biological Psychiatry 1:147–59. [SD]Google Scholar

Aserinsky, E. & Kleitman, N. (1953) Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 118:273–74. [rJAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ashby, W. R. (1960) Design for a brain. Chapman and Hill. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Aston-Jones, G. & Bloom, F. E. (1981) Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. Journal of Neuroscience 1:876–86. [SLF, taJAH]Google Scholar

Azmitia, E. C. & Segal, M. (1978) An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 179:641–88. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Baghdoyan, H. A., Monaco, A. P., Rodrigo-Angulo, M. L., Assens, F., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1984) Microinjection of neostigmine into the pontine reticular formation of cats enhances desynchronized sleep signs. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 231:173–80. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Baghdoyan, H. A., Rodrigo-Angulo, M. L., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1982) Cholinergic induction of desynchronized sleep signs by carbachol microinjection shows intrapontine site differentiation. Sleep Research 11:51. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Baghdoyan, H. A., Rodrigo-Angulo, M. L., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1984) Site-specific enhancement and suppression of desynchronized sleep signs following cholinergic stimulation of three brainstem regions. Brain Research 306:39–52. [taJAH, PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baghdoyan, H. A., Rodrigo-Angulo, M. L., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1986) A neuroanatomical gradient for the cholinoceptive induction of desynchronized sleep signs. Manuscript submitted. [tarJAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baloh, R. W., Markham, C. H. & Furuya, N. (1982) Inhibition of pontine omnipauser neurons in the cat by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Experimental Neurology 76:586–93. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Baraban, J. M. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1980) Suppression of firing activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 19:355–63. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Batsel, H. L. (1960) Electroencephalographic synchronization and desynchronization in the chronic “cerveau isolé” of the dog. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 12:421–30. [HK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Batsel, H. L. (1964) Spontaneous desynchronization in the chronic cat “cerveau isolé.” Archives Italiennes de Biologie 102:547–66. [HK]Google Scholar

Baxter, B. L. (1969) Induction of both emotional behavior and a novel form of REM sleep by chemical stimulation applied to cat mesencephalon. Experimental Neurology 23:220–29. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Beersma, D. C. M. (1984) Sleep structure in depression. In: Experimental brain research, Supplement 8, Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. & Valatx, J. L.. Springer. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Beersma, D. C. M., Daan, S. & Van den Hoofdakker, R. H. (1984) Distribution of REM latencies and other sleep phenomena in depression as explained by a single ultradian rhythm disturbance. Sleep 7:126–36. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Bennett, A. F. & Ruben, J. A. (1979) Endothermy and activity in vertebrates. Science 206:649–54. [CHV]Google Scholar

Berkinblit, M. B., Feldman, A. G. & Fukson, O. I. (1986) Adaptability of innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences in press. [taJAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, A. L. (1968) The brain stem of the cat. University of Wisconsin Press. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E. (1966) Discharge patterns of single geniculate neurons during the rapid eye movements of sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 29:1087–95. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E. & Brooks, D. C. (1963) Functional connections between pontine reticular formation and lateral geniculate nucleus during sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 101:666–80. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Boehme, R., Baker, T., Mefford, I., Barchas, J., Dement, W. C. & Ciaranello, R. (1984) Narcolepsy: Cholinergic receptor changes in an animal model. Life Sciences 34:1825–28. [TSK]Google Scholar

Bonime, W. with Bonime, F. (1962) The clinical use of dreams. Basic Books. [RG]Google Scholar

Borbély, A. A. (1982) A two-process model of sleep. Human Neurobiology 1:195–204. [AAB, taJAH]Google Scholar

Borbély, A. A., Baumann, F., Brandeis, D., Strauch, I. & Lehmann, D. (1981) Sleep deprivation: Effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 51:483–93. [AAB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Borbély, A. A. & Neuhaus, H. U. (1979) Sleep deprivation: Effects on sleep and EEG in the rat. Journal of Comparative Physiology 133:71–87. [SD]Google Scholar

Borbély, A. A., Tobler, I. & Hanagasioglu, M. (1984) Effect of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research 14:171–82. [AAB]Google Scholar

Bowie, E. P. & Herbert, D. C. (1976) Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of arginine vasotocin in the rat pineal gland. Nature 261:66–67. [JRN]Google Scholar

Bowker, R. M. (1985) Variability in the characteristics of pontogeniculooccipital spikes during paradoxical sleep. Experimental Neurology 87:212–24. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Bowker, R. & Abbott, L. C. (1985) The nucleus raphe magnus: The relationship between the peptidergic and serotonergic neurons. Neuroscience Abstracts 11:124. [MS]Google Scholar

Bowker, R. M., Westlund, K. N., Sullivan, M. C., Wilber, J. F. & Coulter, J. D. (1983) Descending serotonergic, peptidergic and cholinergic pathways from the raphe nuclei: A multiple transmitter complex. Brain Research 288:33–48. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Bradley, P. B. (1972) The actions of drugs on single neurones in the brain. Progress in Brain Research 36:185–86. [BEJ]Google Scholar

Bradley, P. B., Dhawan, B. N. & Wolstencroft, J. H. (1966) Pharmacological properties of cholinoceptive neurones in the medulla and pons of the cat. Journal of Physiology 183:658–74. [PJS]Google Scholar

Branchey, L., Branchey, M. & Nadler, R. D. (1973) Effects of hormones on sleep patterns of male rats gonadectornized in adulthood and in the neonatal period. Physiology and Behavior 11:609–11. [WF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bremer, F. (1935) Cerveau isolé et physiologie du sommeil. Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie (Paris) 118:1235–42. [taJAH, HK, WBM]Google Scholar

Brodal, A. (1969) Neurological anatomy in relation to clinical medicine. Oxford University Press. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Brooks, D. C. & Bizzi, E. (1963) Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 101:648–65. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Bucy, P. C., Ladpli, R. & Erlich, A. (1966) Destruction of the pyramidal tract in the monkey. Journal of Neurosurgery 25:1–23. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Buttner-Ennever, J. A. & Henn, V. (1976) An autoradiographic study of the pathways from the pontine reticular formation involved in horizontal eye movements. Brain Research 108:155–64. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cahusac, P. M. B. & Hill, R. G. (1983) Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors on neurones in the region of the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat. Neuroscience Letters 42:279–84. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Campbell, S. S. & Tobler, I. (1984) Animal sleep: A review of sleep duration across phylogeny. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8:269–300. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Campion, J., Latto, R. & Smith, Y. M. (1983) Is blindsight an effect of scattered light, spared cortex, and near-threshold vision? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:423–86. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Card, J. P., Brecha, N., Karten, H. J. & Moore, R. Y. (1981) Immunocytochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells and processes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: Light and electron microscopic analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 1(11):1289–1303. [WF]Google Scholar

Cedarbaum, J. M. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1977) Catecholamine receptors on locus coeruleus neurons: Pharmacological characterization. European Journal of Pharmacology 44:375–85. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cespuglio, R., Faradzi, H., Gomez, M. E. & Jouvet, M. (1981) Single unit recordings in the nuclei raphe dorsalis and magnus during sleeph–waking cycle of semi-chronic prepared cats. Neuroscience Letters 24:135–38. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Cespuglio, R., Gomez, M. E., Faradji, H. & Jouvet, M. (1982) Alterations in the sleep–waking cycle induced by cooling of the locus coeruleus area. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:570–78. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cespuglio, R., Laurent, J. P. & Calvo, J. M. (1976) Organisation anatomique des activités phasiques provoquées par la Réserpine au niveau du système oculo-moteur. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 40:12–24. [RC]Google Scholar

Cespuglio, R., Laurent, J. P. & Jouvet, M. (1975) Etude des relations entre l'activité ponto-géniculo-occipitale (PGO) et la motricité oculaire chez le chat sous Réserpine. Brain Research 83:319–35. [RC]Google Scholar

Cespuglio, R., Verchere, G., Laurent, J. P. & Jouvet, M. (1975) Correlations between central PGO activity and ocular movements in the cat. In: Sleep 1974, ed. Lewin, P. & Koella, W. P.. Karger. [RC]Google Scholar

Chandler, S. H., Chase, M. H. & Nakamura, Y. (1980) Intracellular analysis of synaptic mechanisms controlling trigeminal motoneuron activity during sleep and wakefulness. Journal of Neurophysiology 44:359–71. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Chase, M. H., Enomoto, S., Nurakami, T., Nakamura, Y. & Taire, M. (1981) Intracellular potential of medullary reticular neurons during sleep and wakefulness. Experimental Neurology 71:226–33. [taJAH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chase, M. H. & Morales, F. R. (1983) Subthreshold excitatory activity and motoneuron discharge during REM periods of active sleep. Science 221:1195–98. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Chase, M. H. & Morales, F. R. (1984) Supraspinal control of spinal cord motoneuron membrane potential during active sleep. In: Modulation of sensorimotor activity during alterations in behavioral states, ed. Bandler, R.. Liss. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Chu, N. S. & Bloom, F. (1974a) Activity patterns of catecholamine-containing pontine neurons in the dorso-lateral tegmentum of unrestrained cats. Journal of Neurobiology 5:527–44. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Chu, N. S. & Bloom, F. (1974b) The catecholamine-containing neurons in the cat dorsolateral pontine tegmentum: Distribution of the cell bodies and some axonal projections. Brain Research 66:1–21. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Coculescu, M., Serbaˇnescu, Al. & Temeli, E. (1979) Influence of arginine vasotocin administration on nocturnal sleep of human subjects. Revue Roumaine de Morphologie, d'Embryologie et de Physiologie 16:173–76. [JRN]Google Scholar

Cohen, M. I. (1979) Neurogenesis of respiratory rhythm in mammals. Physiological Reviews 59:1105–73. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cole, A. E. & Nicoll, R. A. (1983) Acetylcholine mediates a slow synaptic potential in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Science 221:1299–1301. [MS]Google Scholar

Conrad, L. C. A., Leonard, C. M. & Pfaff, D. W. (1974) Connections of the median and dorsal raphe nuclei in the rat: An autoradiographic and degeneration study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 156:179–206. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cordeau, J. P., Moreau, A., Beaulnes, A. & Laurin, C. (1963) EEG and behavioral changes following microinjections of acteylcholine andadrenaline in the brain stem of cats. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 101:30–47. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Crowne, D. D. (1983) The frontal eye fields and attention. Psychological Bulletin 93:232–60. [JA]Google Scholar

Cuello, A. C. & Sofroniew, M. V. (1984) The anatomy of the CNS cholinergic neurons. Trends in Neuroscience 7:74–78. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Cuénod, M., Bagnoli, P., Beaudet, A., Rustioni, A., Wiklund, L. & Streit, P. (1982) Transmitter-specific retrograde labeling of neurons. In: Cytochemical methods in neuroanatomy, ed. Chan-Palay, V. & Palay, S.. Liss. [MS]Google Scholar

Czeisler, C. A., Borbély, A. A., Hume, K. I., Kobayashi, T., Kronaure, R. E., Schulz, H., Weitzman, E. D., Zimmerman, J. C. & Zulley, J. (1980) Glossary of standardized terminology for sleep biological rhythm research. Sleep 2:287–88. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Czeisler, C. A., Weitzman, E. D., Moore-Ede, M. C., Zimmerman, J. C. & Knauer, R. S. (1980) Human sleep: Its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 210:1264–67. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Daan, S., Beersma, D. G. M. & Borbély, A. A. (1984) The timing of human sleep: Recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. American Journal of Physiology 246:R161–R178. [AAB]Google Scholar

Dahlstrom, A. & Fuxe, K. (1965) Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 64 (Suppl. 247):1–36. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Davis, H. T. (1962) Introduction to nonlinear differential and integral equations. Dover. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Delashaw, J. B., Foutz, A. S., Guilleminault, & Dement, W. C. (1979) Cholinergic mechanisms and cataplexy in dogs. Experimental Neurology 66:745–57. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Delorme, F. (1966) Monoamines et sommeils. Etude polygraphique neuropharmacologique et histochimique des états de sommeil chez lechat. Thèse Université de Lyon, Imprimerie LMD. [WBM]Google Scholar

DeWildt, D. J. & Porsius, A. J. (1981a) Central cardiovascular effects of physostigmine in the cat: Possible cholinergic aspects of blood pressure regulation. Archives of International Pharmacodynamics 253:22–39. [PJS]Google Scholar

DeWildt, D. J. & Porsius, A. J. (1981b) The influence of physostigmine on sympathetic outflow and haemodynamics by an action upon the pontomedullary region of the cat. Archives of International Pharmacodynamics 253:40–51. [PJS]Google Scholar

Divac, I. (1975) Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to the neocortex, brainstem and olfactory bulb: Review of some functional correlates. Brain Research 93:385–98. [CHV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Drucker-Colin, R. & Bernal-Pedraza, J. G. (1983) Kainic acid lesions of gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) neurons do not abolish REM sleep. Brain Research 272:387–91. [taJAH, WBM, JMS, PJS, RRV]Google Scholar

Drucker-Colin, R., Bernal-Pedraza, J., Fernandez-Cancino, F. & Morrison, A. R. (1983) Increasing PGO spike density by auditory stimulation increases the duration and decreases the latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Brain Research 278:308–12. [tarJAH, JMS]Google Scholar

Drucker-Colin, R., Bernal-Pedraza, J., Fernandez-Cancino, F. & Oksenberg, A. (1984) Is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) a sleep factor? Peptides 5:837–40. [WF]Google Scholar

Earnest, D. J. & Sladek, C. D. (1984) Circadian rhythm in vasopressin release from rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 10:500. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Economo, C. von (1930) Sleep as a problem of localization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 71:249–59. [HK]Google Scholar

Edwards, S. B. (1975) Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: Descending projections of nucleus cuneiformis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 161:341–58. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Edwards, S. B. & DeOlmos, J. S. (1976) Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: Ascending projections of nucleus cuneiformis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 165:417–32. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Eiden, L. E. G., Nilaver, G. & Palkovitz, M. (1982) Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat brain stem nuclei. Brain Research 231:472–77. [WF]Google Scholar

Elazar, Z. (1985) Epileptogenic effect of carbachol microinjected in the brainstem. Society for Neurosciences Abstracts 11:1314. [ZE]Google Scholar

Elazar, Z. & Feldman, Z. (1986) Brainstem experimental seizures produced by microinjections of carbachol. Submitted for publication. [ZE]Google Scholar

Elazar, Z. & Hobson, J. A. (1985) Neuronal excitability control in health and disease: A neurophysiological comparison of REM sleep and epilepsy. Progress in Neurobiology, in press. [tarJAH, ZE]Google Scholar

Emde, R. N. & Metcalf, P. R. (1970) An electroencephalographic study of behavioral rapid eye movement states in the human newborn. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 150:376–86. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Evarts, E. V. (1960) Effects of sleep and waking on spontaneous and evoked discharge of single units in visual cortex. Federation Proceedings 19:828–37. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Evarts, E. V. (1964) Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 27:152–71. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Evarts, E. V. (1965) Relation of discharge frequency to conduction velocity in pyramidal tract neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 28:216–28. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Everitt, B. J., Hokfelt, T., Terenius, L., Tatemoto, K., Mutt, V. & Goldstein, M. (1984) Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)- like immunoreactivity with catecholamine in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 11:443–62. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Faull, K. F., Zeller-DeAmicis, L. C., Radde, L., Bowersox, S. S., Baker, T. L., Kilduff, T. S. & Dement, W. C. (1986) Biogenic amine concentrations in the brains of normal and narcoleptic canines: Current status. Sleep 9, in press. [TSK]Google Scholar

Feinberg, I. (1974) Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age. Journal of Psychiatric Research 10:283–306. [SD]Google Scholar

Fernstrom, J. D., Fisher, L. A., Cusak, B. M. & Gillis, M. A. (1980) Radioimmunologic detection and measurement of nonapeptides in the pineal gland. Endocrinology 106:243–51. [JRN]Google Scholar

Fishbein, W. & Bright, P. F. (1986) Sexual dimorphism in sleep. In preparation. [WF]Google Scholar

Foote, S. L. (1973) Compensatory changes in REM sleep time of cats during adlibitum sleep and following brief REM sleep deprivation. Brain Research 54:261–76. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Foote, S. L., Aston-Jones, G. & Bloom, F. E. (1980) Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 77:3033–37. [SLF]Google Scholar

Foote, S. L., Bloom, F. E. & Aston-Jones, G. (1983) Nucleus locus ceruleus: New evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiological Reviews 63:844–914. [SLF, taJAH, MS]Google Scholar

Fuller, C. A., Lydic, R., Sulzman, F. M., Albers, H. E., Tepper, B. & Moore-Ede, M. C. (1981) Circadian rhythm of body temperature persists after suprachiasmatic lesions in the squirrel monkey. American Journal of Physiology 241:R385–91. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Fung, S. J., Boxer, P. A., Morales, F. R. & Chase, M. H. (1982) Hyperpolarizing membrane responses induced in lumbar motoneurons by stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis during active sleep. Brain Research 248:267–73. [ZE, taJAH]Google Scholar

Fuxe, K. (1965) Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system, 3. Nerve terminals. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 65:573–96. [taJAH]Google Scholar

French, T. & Fromm, E. (1964) Dream interpretation: A new approach. Basic Books. [RG]Google Scholar

Friedman, L. & Jones, B. E. (1984) Computer graphics analysis of sleep-wakefulness state changes after pontine lesions. Brain Research Bulletin 13:53–68. [BEJ, PJS]Google Scholar

Gallager, D. W. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1976) Effect of antipsychotic drugs on the firing of dorsal raphe cells, 2. Reversal by picrotoxin. European Journal of Pharmacology 39:357–64. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Gallager, D. W. & Pert, A. (1978) Afferents to brain stem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microintophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase. Brain Research 144:257–75. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Erlbaum. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Gassel, M. M., Marchiafava, P. L. & Pompeiano, O. (1964) Tonic and phasic inhibition of spinal reflexes during deep desynchronized sleep in unrestrained cats. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 102:471–99. [taJAH]Google Scholar

George, R., Haslett, W. L. & Jenden, D. J. (1964) A cholinergic mechanism in the brainstem reticular formation: Induction of paradoxical sleep. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 3:541–52. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Gillin, J. C. & Borbély, A. A. (1985) Sleep: A neurobiological window on affective disorders. Trends in Neuroscience 8:537–42. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Gillin, J. C., Sitaram, N., Janowsky, D., Risch, C., Huey, L. & Storch, F. I. (1985) Cholinergic mechanisms in REM sleep. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Wauquier, A., Gaillard, J. M., Monti, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Gillin, J. C., Sitaram, N., Wehr, T., Duncan, W., Post, R., Murphy, D. L., Mendelson, W. B., Wyatt, R. J. & Bunney, W. E. (1984) Sleep and affective illness. In: Neurobiology of mood disorders, ed. Post, R. M. & Ballenger, J. C.. Williams and Wilkins. [WBM]Google Scholar

Glazer, E. J., Steinbusch, H., Verhofstad, A. & Basbaum, A. I. (1981) Serotonin neurons in nucleus raphe dorsalis and paragigantocellularis of the cat contain enkephalin. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 77:241–45. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Glenn, L. L. & Dement, W. C. (1981a) Membrane potential, synaptic activity, and excitability of hindlimb motor neurons during wakefulness and sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:839–54. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Glenn, L. L. & Dement, W. C. (1981b) Membrane resistance and rheobase of hindlimb motor neurons during wakefulness and sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:1076–88. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Glenn, L. L. & Dement, W. C. (1985) Membrane potential and input resistance in alpha motoneurons of hindlimb extensors during isolated and clustered episodes of phasic events in REM sleep. Brain Research 339:79–86. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Glenn, L. L., Hadda, J., Roy, J. P., Deschenes, M. & Steriade, M. (1932) Anterograde tracer and field potential analysis of the neocortical layer I projection from nucleus ventralis medialis of the thalamus in the cat. Neuroscience 7:1861–77. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Goldberg, G. (1985) Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:567–616. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. (1983) A GABAergic habenulo-raphe pathway mediation of the hypnogenic effects of vasotocin in cat. Neuroscience 10:941–45. [JRN]Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. (1983) The administration of synthetic vasotocin into various spaces of the ventricular system of the brain and the sleep-wake cycle of the cat. Revue Roumaine de Neurologie 21:111–13. [JRN]Google Scholar

Graham-Brown, T. (1914) The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society (Britain) 84:308–19. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Graybiel, A. M. (1977) Direct and indirect preoculomotor pathways of the brain stem: An autoradiographic study of the pontine reticular formation in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 175:37–78. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Greene, R. W. & Carpenter, D. O. (1981) Biphasic responses to acetylcholine in mammalian reticulospinal neurons. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1:401–05. [PJS]Google Scholar

Greene, R. W. & Carpenter, D. O. (1985) Actions of neurotransmitters on pontine medial reticular formation of the cat. Journal of Ncurophysiology 54:520–31. [ZE, rJAH, MS, PJS]Google Scholar

Greenberg, R. (1981) Dreams and REM sleep: An integrative approach. In: Sleep dreams and memory, ed. Fishbein, W.. Spectrum Publications. [RC]Google Scholar

Greenberg, R. & Pearlman, C. (1978) If Freud only knew: A reconsideration of psychoanalytic dream theory. International Review of Psychoanalysis 5:71–75. [RG]Google Scholar

Grillner, S. (1975) Some aspects on the descending control of the spinal circuits generating locomotor movements. In: Neural control of locomotion, ed. Herman, R. M., Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G. & Stuart, S. G.. Plenum Press. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Groos, G. (1984) The physiological organization of the circadian sleep–wake cycle. In: Experimental brain research, Supplement 8, Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. & Valatx, J. L.. Springer. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Gustafson, E. L. & Moore, R. Y. (1985) Differential projections of neuropeptide Y containing neurones in the locus coeruleus of the rat. Neuroscience Abstracts 11:89. [MS]Google Scholar

Guyenet, P. G. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1979) ACh, substance P, and met-enkephalin in the locus coeruleus: Pharmacological evidence for independent sites of action. European Journal of Pharmacology 53:319–28. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Haefely, W., Jalfre, M. & Ruch-Munachon, M. A. (1975) A pathway and neurotransmitters involved in the control of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons. In: Chemical tools in catecholamine research. Vol. 2, ed. Almgren, O., Carlsson, A. & Engel, J.. North-Holland. [WH]Google Scholar

Haefely, W., Ruch-Monachon, M. A., Jalfre, M. & Schaffner, R. (1976) Interaction of psychotropic agents with central neurotransmitters as revealed by their effects on PGO waves in the cat. Drug Research 26:7–10. [WH]Google Scholar

Haigler, H. J. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1974) Lysergic acid diethylamide and serotonin: A comparison of effects on serotonergic neurons and neurons containing a serotonergic input. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 188:688–99. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hanada, Y. & Kawamura, H. (1981) Sleep-waking electrocorticographic rhythms in chronic cerveau isolé rats. Physiology and Behavior 26:725–28. [HK]Google Scholar

Heimer, L. (1978) The olfactory cortex and the ventral striatum. In: Limbic mechanisms: The continuing evolution of the limbic concept, ed. Livingston, K. E. & Hornykiewicz, O.. Plenum. [CHV]Google Scholar

Hendricks, J. C., Morrison, A. R. & Mann, G. L. (1982) Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend upon pontine lesion site. Brain Research 239:81–105. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hendry, S. H., Jones, E. G. & Graham, J. (1979) Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 185:679–714. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Henley, K. & Morrison, A. R. (1974) A re-evaluation of the effects of lesions on the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus on phenomena of paradoxical sleep in cat. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Warsaw) 34:215–32. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Henn, V. (1980) Reticulo-oculomotor neurons: Specificity of discharge in relation to eye movements. Neuroscience Research Program Bulletin 18:55–58. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Henn, V., Baloh, R. W. & Hepp, K. (1984) The sleep–wake transitions in the oculomotor system. Experimental Brain Research 54:166–76. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Henn, V., Buttner-Ennever, J. A. & Hepp, K. (1982) The primate oculomotor system, 1. Motoneurons: A synthesis of anatomical, physiological, and clinical data. Human Neurobiology 1:77–85. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Henn, V., Hepp, K. & Buttner-Ennever, J. A. (1982) The primate occulomotor system, 2. Premotor systems: A synthesis of anatomical, physiological, and clinical data. Human Neurobiology 1:87–95. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hernández-Peón, R., Chavez-Ibarra, G., Morgane, P. J. & Timo-Iaria, C. (1962) Cholinergic pathways for sleep, alertness and rage in the limbic midbrain circuit. Acta Neurologica Latinoamericana 8:93–96. [PJM]Google Scholar

Hernández-Peón, R., Chavez-Ibarra, G., Morgane, P. J. & Timo-Iaria, C.(1963) Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. Experimental Neurology 8:93–111. [PJM]Google Scholar

Hess, W. R. (1931) Le sommeil. Comptes Rendus de Biologie 107:1333–64. [WBM, taJAH]Google Scholar

Heule, F., Lorez, H., Cumin, R. & Haefely, W. (1983) Studies on the anticonflict effect of midazolam injected into the amygdala. Neuroscience Letters. Suppl. 14:164. [WH]Google Scholar

Heym, J., Steinfels, G. F. & Jacobs, B. L. (1982) Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus of freely moving cats. Brain Research 251:259–76. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Heym, J., Steinfels, G. F. & Jacobs, B. L. (1984) Chloral hydrate anesthesia alters the responsiveness of central serotonergic neurons in the cat. Brain Research 291:63–72. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hirsch, J. C., Fourment, A. & Marc, M. E. (1983) Sleep-related variations of membrane potentials in the lateral geniculate body relay neurons of the cat. Brain Research 259:308–12. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1965) The effects of chronic brain-stem lesions on cortical and muscular activity during sleep and waking in the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 19:41–62. [HK]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1974) The cellular basis of sleep cycle control. In: Advances in sleep research, vol. 1, ed. Weitzman, E.. Spectrum. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1978) What is a behavioral state? In: Neuroscience symposia, vol. 3, Aspects of behavioral neurobiology, ed. Ferrendelli, J. A.. Society for Neuroscience. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1983a) Sleep mechanisms and pathophysiology: Some clinical implications of the reciprocal interaction hypothesis of sleep cycle control. Psychosomatic Medicine 45:123–40. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1983b) Sleep: Order and disorder. Behavioral Biology and Medicine 1:1–36. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. (1984) How does the cortex know when to do what? A neurobiological theory of state control. In: Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, M. W.. Neurosciences Research Foundation. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., Goldberg, M., Vivaldi, E. & Riew, D. (1983) Enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs after pontine microinjection of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol. Brain Research 275:127–36. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. & McCarley, R. W. (1972) Spontaneous discharge rates of cat cerebellar Purkinje cells in sleep and waking. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 33:457–69. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. & McCarley, R. W. (1977) The brain as a dream state generator: An activation synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry 134:1335–48. [RG]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W., Freedman, R. & Pivik, R. T. (1974) Time-course of discharge rate changes in cat pontine brainstem neurons during the sleep cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:1297–1309. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W. & Nelson, J. P. (1983) Location and spike-train characteristics of cells in anterodorsal pons having selected decreases in firing rate during desynchronized sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 50:770–83. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W., Pivik, R. T. & Freedman, R. (1974) Selective firing by cat pontine brainstem neurons in desynchronized sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:497–510. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W. & Wyzinski, P. W. (1975) Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science 189:55–58. [BEJ, taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W., Wyzinski, P. W. & Pivik, R. T. (1973) Reciprocal tonic firing by FTG and LC neurons during the sleep-waking cycle. Sleep Research 2:29. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. & Steriade, M. (1986) The neuronal basis of behavioral state control. In: Handbook of physiology, Section I, “The Nervous System,” ed. Mountcastle, V.. Intrinsic Regulatory Systems of the Brain. American Physiological Society 4:701–823. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hokfelt, T., Ljungdahl, A., Steinbusch, H., Verhofstad, A., Nilsson, G., Brodin, E., Pernow, B. & Goldstein, M. (1978) Immunocytochemical evidence of substance P-like immunoreactivity in some 5-HT-containing neurons in the cat central nervous system. Neuroscience 3:517–38. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Holst, E. von & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950) Das reafferenzprinzip. Die Naturwissen 20:464–76. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hoshino, K. & Pompeiano, O. (1976) Selective discharge of pontine neurons during the postural atonia produced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 114:244–47. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Hösli, L., Tebecis, A. K. & Schonwetter, H. P. (1971) A comparison of the effects of monoamines on neurones of the bulbar reticular formation. Brain Research 25:357–70. [MS]Google Scholar

Hounsgaard, J. & Kiehn, O. (1985) Ca^{+ +}-dependent bistability induced by serotonin in spinal motoneurons. Experimental Brain Research 57:422–25. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Huttenlocher, P. R. (1961) Evoked and spontaneous activity in single units of medial brain stem during natural sleep and waking. Journal of Neurophysiology 24:451–68. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Inoue, S. & Borbély, A. A., eds. (1985) Endogenous sleep substances and sleep regulation. Japan Scientific Societies Press. [AAB]Google Scholar

Inoue, S., Honda, K. & Komoda, Y. (1985) Sleep-promoting substances. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Wauquier, A., Gaillard, J. M., Monti, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Inouye, S. T. & Kawamura, H. (1979) Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic “island” containing suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 76:5962–66. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Inubushi, S., Kobayashi, T., Oshima, T. & Torü, S. (1978) An intracellular analysis of EEG arousal in cat motor cortex. Japanese Journal of Physiology 28:689–708. [MS]Google Scholar

Ito, K. & McCarley, R. W. (1984) Alterations in membrane potential and excitability of cat medial pontine reticular formation neurons during changes in naturally occurring sleep-wake states. Brain Research 292:169–75. [WF, taJAH]Google Scholar

Ito, M. (1975) The control mechanisms of cerebellar motor systems. In: The neurosciences: Third study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. MIT. [JA]Google Scholar

Jalfre, M., Ruch-Monachon, M. A. & Haefely, W. (1974) Method for assessing the interaction of agents with 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons and receptors in the brain. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 10:121–34. [WH]Google ScholarPubMed

Janowsky, D., Ei-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M. & Sederke, H. J. (1972) A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 2:623–35. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jasper, H. H. & Tessier, J. (1971) Acetylcholine liberation from cerebral cortex during paradoxical (REM) sleep. Science 172:601–2. [MS]Google Scholar

Jeannerod, M., Monet, J. & Jouvet, M. (1965) Effects secondaires de la deafferentation visuelle sur l'activité electrique phasique ponto-geniculo-occipitale du sommeil paradoxical. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 57:255–56. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Johnson, E. S., Roberts, M. H. T. & Straughan, D. W. (1969) The responses of cortical neurones to monoamines under differing anesthetic conditions. Journal of Physiology (London) 203:261–80. [CHV]Google Scholar

Johnston, M. V., McKinney, M. & Coyle, J. T. (1979) Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79:5392–96. [CHV]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. (1979) Elimination of paradoxical sleep by lesions of the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field in the cat. Neuroscience Letters 13:285–93. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. (1980) Projections from the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field in the rat. Neuroscience Abstracts 6:59. [BEJ]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. (1985a) Paradoxical sleep and chemically identified neurons of the reticular formation. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Waquier, A., Gaillard, J. M., Monti, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [taJAH, KS, PJS]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. (1985b) Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of mechanisms underlying paradoxical sleep. In Brain mechanisms of sleep, ed. McGinty, D. J., Parmeggiani, P. L., Drucker-Colin, R. & Morrison, A.. Raven Press. [JMS]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. & Friedman, L. (1983) Atlas of catecholamine perikarya, varicosities and pathways in the brainstem of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 215:382–96. [BEJ]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E., Halaris, A. E., McIlhany, M. & Moore, R. Y. (1977) Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat, 1. Axonal transport in central noradrenaline neurons. Brain Research 127:1–21. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E., Harper, S. T. & Halaris, A. E. (1977) Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon cerebral monoamine content, sleep-wakefulness states and the response to amphetamine in the cat. Brain Research 124:473–96. [BEJ, JMS]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. & Moore, R. Y. (1977) Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat, 2. Autoradiographic study. Brain Research 127:23–53. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jones, B. E. & Yang, T.-Z. (1985) The efferent projections from the reticular formation and the locus coeruleus studied by anterograde and retrograde axonal transport in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 242:56–92. [BEJ]Google Scholar

Jones, E. G. & Leavitt, R. Y. (1974) Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of nonspecific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat, cat and monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 154:349–78. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jones, R. S. G. (1982) Responses of cortical neurones to stimulation of the nucleus raphe medianus: A pharmacological analysis of the role of indoleamines. Neuropharmacology 21:511–20. [CHV]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. (1962) Recherches sur les structures nerveuses et les mécanismes responsables des differentes phases du sommeil physiologique. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 100:125–206. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. (1969) Biogenic amines and the States of sleep. Science 163:32–41. [taJAH, HK, PJM]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. (1972) The role of monoamine and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Ergebnisse der Physiologie 64:166–307. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. (1978) Does a genetic programming of the brain occur during paradoxical sleep? In: Cerebral correlates of conscious experience, ed. Buser, P. & Rougeul-Buser, A.. Elsevier. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. (1984) Indolamines and sleep-inducing factores. In: Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. A. & Valatx, J. L.. Experimental Brain Research, Suppl. 8, Springer. [rAAB]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M., Bobillier, P., Pujol, J. F. & Renault, J. (1966) Effets des lesions du systéme du raphé sur le sommeil et la serotonine cerebrale. Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie (Paris) 160:2343–50. [WBM]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. & Delorme, F. (1965) Locus coerulus et sommeil paradoxical. Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie 159:895–99. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Jouvet, M. & Michel, F. (1959) Correlations électromyographiques du sommeil chez le chat décortique et mésencephalique chronique. Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie (Paris) 153:422–25. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Kanamori, N., Sakai, K. & Jouvet, M. (1980) Neuronal activity specific to paradoxical sleep in the ventromedial medullary reticular formation of unrestrained cats. Brain Research 189:251–55. [taJAH, KS]Google Scholar

Karczmar, A. G., Longo, V. G. & De Carolis, A. S. (1970) A pharmacological model of paradoxical sleep: The role of cholinergic and monoamine systems. Physiology and Behavior 5:175–82. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Kasamatsu, T. (1970) Maintained and evoked unit activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation of the freely behaving cat. Experimental Neurology 28:450–70. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Katayama, Y., De Witt, D. S., Becker, D. P. & Hayes, R. L. (1984) Behavioral evidence for cholinoceptive pontine inhibitory area: Descending control of spinal motor output and sensory input. Brain Research 296:241–62. [JMS]Google Scholar

Keller, E. L. (1974) Participation of medial pontine reticular formation in eye movement generation in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 37:316–32. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Kilduff, T. S., Bowersox, S., Kaitin, K., Baker, T. L., Ciaranello, R. D. & Dement, W. C. (1986) Muscarinic cholinergic receptors and the canine model of narcolepsy. Sleep 9, in press. [TSK]Google Scholar

Kimura, H., McGeer, P. L., Peng, J. H. & McGeer, E. G. (1981) The central cholinergic system studied by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 200:151–201. [BEJ, JMS, PJS]Google Scholar

Kimura, H. & Maeda, T. (1982) Aminergic and cholinergic systems in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Brain Research 9:403–99. [PJS]Google Scholar

Klein, D. C. (1983) Converging circadian rhythms could explain effects of the pineal gland: Implications for psychiatric disease. In: Psychobiology and psychopathology, vol. 2: Circadian rhythms in psychiatry, ed. Wehr, T. A. & Goodwin, F. K.. Boxwood Press. [JRN]Google Scholar

Kornhuber, H. H. (1975) Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia: An introduction to their motor functions. In: The neurosciences: Third study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. MIT [JA]Google Scholar

Kostowski, W., Giacalone, E., Garattini, S. & Valzelli, L. (1968) Studies on behavioural and biochemical changes in rats after lesions of midbrain raphe. European Journal of Pharmacology 4:371–76. [WBM]Google Scholar

Kraemer, H. C., Hole, W. T. & Anders, T. F. (1984) The detection of behavioral state cycles and classification of temporal structure in behavioral states. Sleep 7:3–17. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Krnjević, K. (1974) Chemical nature of synaptic transmission in vertebrates. Physiological Reviews 43:418–540. [CHV]Google Scholar

Krnjević, K., Pumain, R. & Renaud, L. (1971) The mechanism of excitation by acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. Journal of Physiology (London) 215:247–68. [MS]Google Scholar

Kubo, T. & Misu, Y. (1981a) Changes in arterial blood pressure after microinjections of nicotine into the dorsal area of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Neuropharmacology 20:521–24. [PJS]Google Scholar

Kubo, T. & Misu, Y.(1981b) Cardiovascular response to microinjection of physostigmine and choline into the dorsal medullary site of the rat. Neuropharmacology 20:1091–95. [PJS]Google Scholar

Kubota, K. & Kidokoro, Y. (1965) Excitability of the membrane of lumbar motor neurons and natural sleep in the cat. Japanese Journal of Physiology 16:217–26. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Kulikowski, J. J. (1971) Information channels of the senses. In: Bionics: The nervous system as a control system, ed. Gawronski, R.. Elsevier. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Kupfer, D. J., Spyker, D. G., Coble, P. & McPortland, R. J. (1978) Amitryptyline and EEG sleep in depressed patients, 1. Drug effect. Sleep 1:149–59. [SD]Google Scholar

Lamour, Y., Dutar, P. & Jobert, A. (1983) Effects of neuropeptides on rat cortical neurons: Laminar distribution and interaction with the effect of acetylcholine. Neuroscience 10:107–17. [MS]Google Scholar

Laurent, J. P., Cespuglio, R. & Jouvet, M. (1972) Delimitation des voies ascendantes responsables de l'activité ponto-géniculo-occipitale chez le chat. Experientia 28:1174–75. [RC]Google Scholar

Laurent, J. P., Cespuglio, R. & Jouvet, M. (1974) Délimitation des voies ascendantes de l'activité ponto-géniculo-occipitale chez le chat. Brain Research 65:29–52. [RC]Google Scholar

Lavie, P. & Kripke, D. F. (1981) Ultradian circa 1½-hour rhythms: A multioscillatory system. Life Sciences 29:2445–50. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Leger, L., Degueurce, A., Lundberg, J. J., Pujol, J. F. & Møllgård, K. (1983) Origin and influence of the serotoninergic innervation of the subcommissural organ in the rat. Neuroscience 10:411–23. [JRN]Google Scholar

Leger, L., Wiklund, L., Descarries, L. & Person, M. (1979) Description of an indolaminergic cell component in the cat locus coeruleus: A fluorescence histochemical and radioautographic study. Brain Research 168:43–56. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Lehmann, J., Nagy, J. I., Atmadja, S. & Fibiger, H. C. (1980) The nucleus basalts magnocellularis: The origin of a cholinergic projection to the neocortex of the rat. Neuroscience 5:1161–74. [CHV]Google Scholar

Lendrem, D. W. (1984) Sleeping and vigilance in birds, 2. An experimental study of the Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria). Animal Behaviour 32:243–48. [SD]Google Scholar

Lidbrink, P. (1974) The effect of lesions of ascending noradrenaline pathways on sleep and waking in the rat. Brain Research 74:19–40. [JMM]Google Scholar

Llinas, R. & Jahnsen, H. (1982) Electrophysiology of mammalian thalamic neurons in vitro. Nature 297:406–8. [WBM]Google Scholar

Llinas, R., Yarom, Y. & Sugimori, M. (1981) Isolated mammalian brain in vitro: New technique for analysis of electrical activity of neuronal circuit function. Federation Proceedings 40:2240–45. [MS]Google Scholar

Lund, J. S., Lund, R. D., Henrickson, A. E., Bunt, A. H. & Fuchs, A. F. (1975) The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Comparative Neurology 164:287–304. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Lundberg, J. M., Hokfelt, T., Schultzberg, M., Uvnas-Wallenstein, K., Kohler, C., & Said, S. I. (1979) Occurrence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in certain cholinergic neurons of the cat: Evidence from combined immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase staining. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1539–59. [WF]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1982) Multiple sleep cycle averaging of dorsal raphe activity. Sleep Research 11:22. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1983a) The time-course of dorsal raphe discharge, PGO waves, and muscle tone averaged across multiple sleep cycles. Brain Research 274:365–70. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1983b) Enhancement of dorsal raphe discharge by medial pontine reticular formation stimulation depends on behavioral state. Neuroscience Letters 38:35–40. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1984) Forced activity alters sleep cycle periodicity and dorsal raphe discharge rhythm. American Journal of Physiology 247:R135–45. [SD, tarJAHrsqb;Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1985) Timing function of the dorsal raphe nucleus and the temporal organization of the ultradian sleep cycle. In: Experimental brain research, Supplement 12, Ultradian rhythms in physiology and behavior, ed. Schultz, H. & Lavie, P.. Springer. Pp. 125–144. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1986a) Forced locomotor activity alters the temporal organization of sleep: The discharge frequency of dorsal raphe neurons and PGO waves. Manuscript submitted. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1986b) Forced locomotor activity alters the temporal organization of sleep: The time course profiles of dorsal raphe neuronal discharge, PGO waves, and behavioral states. Manuscript submitted. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Lydic, R. & Orem, J. (1979) Respiratory neurons of the pneumotaxic center during sleep and wakefulness. Neuroscience Letters 15:187–92. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. (1978) Control of sleep-waking state alterations in Felis domesticus. In: Neuroscience symposia, vol. 3, Aspects of behavioral neurobiology. Society for Neuroscience. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. (1980) Pontine brainstem neuronal activity and REM sleep control mechanisms. Proceedings of the 28th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Science, Advances in Physiological Science 1:293–99. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. (1982) REM sleep and depression: Common neurobiological control mechanisms. American Journal of Psychiatry 139:565–70. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1971) Single neuron activity in cat gigantocellular tegmental field: Selectivity of discharge in desynchronized sleep. Science 174:1250–52. [BEJ]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1975a) Discharge patterns of cat pontine brainstem neurons during desynchronized sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 38:751–66. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1975b) Neuronal excitability over the sleep cycle: A structural and mathematical model. Science 189:58–60. [AAB, tarJAH, BEJ, PJS]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Hoffman, E. (1981) REM sleep dreams and the activation-synthesis hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:904–12. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Ito, K. (1983) Intracellular evidence linking medial pontine reticular formation neurons to PGO wave generation. Brain Research 280:343–48. [WF, taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Ito, K. (1985) Desynchronized sleep-specific changes in membrane potential and excitability in medial pontine reticular formation neurons: Implications for concepts and mechanisms of behavioral state control. In Brain mechanisms of sleep, ed. McGinty, D. J., Drucker-Colin, R., Morrison, A. & Parmeggiani, P. L.. Raven Press. [ZE]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Massaquoi, S. (1985) A limit cycle model of the ultradian rhythm of REM sleep. In: Experimental brain research. Supplement 12, Ultradian rhythms, ed. Schultz, H. & Lavie, P.. Springer. [JA, tarJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W. & Massaquoi, S. (in press) A limit cycle mathematical model of the REM sleep oscillator system. American Journal of Physiology. [rJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W., Nelson, J. P. & Hobson, J. A. (1978) Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: Correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. Science 201:269–72. [taJAH]Google Scholar

McCarley, R. W., Winkelman, J. W. & Duffy, F. H. (1983) Human cerebral potentials associated with REM sleep rapid eye movements: Link to PGO waves and waking potentials. Brain Research 274:359–64. [JA]Google Scholar

McGinty, D. J. (1985) Physiological equilibrium and the control of sleep states. In: Brain mechanisms of sleep, ed. McGinty, D. J., Drucker-Colin, R., Morrison, A. & Parmeggiani, P. L.. Raven Press. [SJH, JMS, PJS]Google Scholar

McGinty, D. J. & Harper, R. M. (1972) 5-HT-containing neurons: Unit activity during sleep. Sleep Research 1:27. [rJAH]Google Scholar

McGinty, D. J. & Harper, R. M. (1976) Dorsal raphe neurons: Depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Research 101:569–75. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

McGinty, D. J., Harper, R. M. & Fairbanks, M. K. (1974) Neuronal unit activity and the control of sleep states. In: Advances in sleep research, ed. Weitzman, E. D.. Spectrum Publications. [JMS]Google Scholar

McKenna, T., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1975) Pontine brain stem unit activity during naturally occurring desynchronized sleep episodes and their carbachol-induced analogues. Sleep Research 4:49. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Madison, D. V. & Nicoll, R. A. (1982) Noradrenaline blocks accommodation of pyramidal cell discharge in the hippocampus. Nature (London) 299:636–38. [MS]Google Scholar

Maeda, T., Pin, C., Salvert, D., Ligier, M. & Jouvet, M. (1973) Les neurones contenant des catecholamines du tegmentum pontique et leur voies de projection chez le chat. Brain Research 57:119–52. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mancia, M. (1969) EEG and behavioral changes owing to splitting of the brainstem in cats. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 27:487–503. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Martin, R. F., Jordan, L. M. & Willis, W. D. (1978) Differential projections of cat medullary raphe neurons demonstrated by retrograde labelling following spinal cord lesions. Journal of Comparative Neurology 182:77–88. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Masserano, J. M. & King, C. (1982a) Effects on sleep of acetylcholine perfusion of the locus coeruleus of cats. Neuropharmacology 21:1163–67. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Masserano, J. M. & King, C. (1982b) Effects on sleep of phentolamine and epinephrine infused into the locus coeruleus of cat. European Journal of Pharmacology 84:199–204. [taJAH]Google Scholar

May, R. M. (1973) Stability and competition of model ecosystems. Princeton University Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Meader, A. (1916) The dream problem. Nervous and mental disease monograph no. 22. New York Publishing Co. [RG]Google Scholar

Mefford, I. N., Baker, T. L., Boehme, R., Foutz, A. S., Ciaranello, R. D., Barchas, J. D. & Dement, W. C. (1983) Narcolepsy: Biogenic amine deficits in an animal model. Science 220:629–32. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mergner, T. & Pompeiano, O. (1978) Single unit firing patterns in the vestibular nuclei related to saccadic eye movements in the decerebrate cat. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 116:91–119. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mesulam, M.-M., Mufson, E. J., Levey, A. I. & Wainer, B. H. (1984) Atlas of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and upper brainstem of the macaque based on monoclonal choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Neuroscience 12:669–86. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mesulam, M. M., Mufson, E. J., Wainer, B. H. & Levey, A. I. (1983) Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: An overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Ch1–Ch6). Neuroscience 10:1185–1201. [PJS]Google Scholar

Michaelis, R. & Hoffmann, E. (1973) Zur Phänomenologie und Ätiopathogenese der Hypersomnie bei endogen phäsischen Depressionen. In: The nature of sleep, ed. Janonovic, U. J.. Gustav Fischer Verlag. [WBM]Google Scholar

Mitler, M. M. & Dement, W. C. (1974) Cataplectic-like behavior in cats after microinjection of carbachol in pontine reticular formation. Brain Research 69:335–43. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Monachon, M. A., Burkard, W. P., Jalfre, M. & Haefely, W. (1972) Blockade of central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors by methiothepin. Archives of Pharmacology 274:192–97. [WH]Google Scholar

Monaco, A. P., Baghdoyan, H. A., Nelson, J. P. & Hobson, J. A. (1984) Cortical wave amplitude and eye movement direction are correlated in REM sleep but not in waking. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 122:213–23. [JA, RC, taJAH]Google Scholar

Monti, J. M. (1983) Catecholamines and the sleep-wake cycle. II. REM sleep. Life Sciences 32:1401–15. [JMM]Google Scholar

Monti, J. M., Pellejero, T., Jantos, H., D'Angelo, L., Barbeito, L. & Abó, V. (submitted) Sleep–wake cycle and sensitivity to adrenoceptor agonists in the rat after DSP-4, a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin. [JMM]Google Scholar

Monti, J. M., Pellejero, T., Jantos, H. & Pazos, S. (1985) Role of histamine in the control of sleep and waking. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuroinodulators, ed. Wauquier, A., Monti, J. M., Gaillard, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [JMM]Google Scholar

Moore, R. Y. (1982) The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the organization of a circadian system. Trends in Neuroscience 5:404–7. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Moore, R. Y. & Eichler, V. B. (1972) Loss of circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Research 42:201–6. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Moore, R. Y., Halaris, A. E. & Jones, B. E. (1978) Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: Ascending projections. Journal of Comparative Neurology 180:417–38. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morales, F. & Chase, M. H. (1978) Intracellular recording of lumbar motoneuron membrane potential during sleep and wakefulness. Experimental Neurology 62:821–27. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morgane, P. J. & Jacobs, M. S. (1979) Raphe projections to the locus coeruleus in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 4:519–34. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morgane, P. J. & Stern, W. C. (1974) Chemical anatomy of brain circuits in relation to sleep and wakefulness. In: Advances in sleep research, vol. 1, ed. Weitzman, E.. Spectrum. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mori, S., Ohta, Y., Matsuyama, K. & Takakusaki, K. (1986) The setting of postural muscle tone: Its importance for behavior in freely moving, intact cats. In: Neuronal and endogenous chemical control mechanisms on Emotional behavior, ed. Oomura, Y.. Japan Scientific Societies/Springer. [SM]Google Scholar

Mori, S., Sakamoto, T. & Ohta, Y. (1986) Neuronal mechanisms underlying plastic postural changes in decerebrate, reflexively standing cats. In: Neuronal mechanisms of conditioning, ed. Woody, C. D. & Alkon, D. L.. Plenum. [SM]Google Scholar

Morilak, D. A. & Jacobs, B. L. (1985) Noradrenergic modulation ofsensorimotor processes in intact rats: The masseteric reflex as a model system. Journal of Neuroscience 5:1300–1306. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Morrison, A. R. (1979) Brainstem regulation of behavior during sleep and wakefulness. Progress in Neurobiology and Physiological Psychology 8:91–131. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morrison, A. R. (1983) A window on the sleeping brain. Scientific American 248:94–103. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morrison, A. R. & Pompeiano, O. (1965a) An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. Responses of the alpha motoneurons to direct electrical stimulation during sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 103:497–516. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morrison, A. R. & Pompeiano, O. (1965b) Central depolarization of group Ia afferent fibers during desynchronized sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 103:517–37. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Morrison, A. R. & Pompeiano, O. (1965c) Pyramidal discharge from somatosensory cortex and cortical control of primary afferents during sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 103:538–68. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Moruzzi, G. (1960) Synchronizing influences of the brain stem and theinhibitory mechanisms underlying the production of sleep by sensory stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement 13:231–56. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Moruzzi, G. & Magoun, H. W. (1949) Brainstem reticular formation andactivation of the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1:455–73. [taJAH, PJS]Google Scholar

Mosco, S. S., Haubrich, D. & Jacobs, B. L. (1977) Serotonin afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus: Evidence from HRP and synaptosomal uptake studies. Brain Research 119:269–90. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Moss, M. S., Glazer, E. J. & Basbaum, A. I. (1981) Enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya in the cat raphe dorsalis. Neuroscience Letters 21:33–37. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Mouret, J., Coindet, J. & Chouvet, G. (1974) Effet de la pinealectomie sur les états et rythmes de sommeil du rat malé. Brain Research 81:97–105. [JRN]Google Scholar

Nagatsu, I., Inagaki, S., Kondo, Y., Karasawa, N. & Nagatsu, T. (1979) Acta Histochemica Cytochemica 12:20–37. [JMM]Google Scholar

Nakamura, S. (1975) Two types of inhibitory effects upon brain stem reticular neurons by low frequency stimulation of the raphe nucleus in the rat. Brain Research 3:140–44. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Nakata, K. & Kawamura, H. (1986) ECoG sleep-waking rhythms and bodily activity in the cerveau isolé rat. Physiology and Behavior, in press. [HK]Google Scholar

Nauta, W. J. H. (1946) Hypothalamic regulation of sleep in rats: An experimental study. Journal of Neurophysiology 9:285–316. [HK]Google Scholar

Nauta, W. J. & Kuypers, G. J. M. (1958) Some ascending pathways in the brain stem reticular formation. In: Reticular formation of the brain, ed. Jasper, H., Proctor, L. D., Knighton, R. S., Noshay, W. S. & Costello, R. T.. Little, Brown. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Nelson, J. P., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1978) PGO burst neurons, 4. State-dependent stimulation from lateral geniculate nucleus. Sleep Research 7:38. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Nelson, J. O., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1983) REM sleep burst neurons, PGO waves, and eye movement information. Journal of Neurophysiology 50:784–97. [JA, taJAH]Google Scholar

Netick, A., Orem, J. & Dement, W. C. (1977) Neuronal activity specific to REM sleep and its relationship to breathing. Brain Research 120:197–207. [taJAH, KS]Google Scholar

Nicoll, R. A. & Madison, D. V. (1982) General anesthetics hyperpolarize neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. Science 217:1055–57. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Nishikawa, T. & Scatton, B. (1983) Evidence for a GABAergic inhibitory influence on serotonergic neurons originating from the dorsal raphe. Brain Research 279:325–29. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Normanton, J. R. & Gent, J. P. (1983) Comparison of the effects of two “sleep” peptides, delta sleep-inducing peptide and arginine-vasotocin, on single neurons in the rat and rabbit brain stem. Neuroscience 8:107–14. [JRN]Google Scholar

North, R. A. & Yoshimura, M. (1984) The actions of noradrenaline on neurones of the rat substantia gelatinosa in vitro. Journal of Physiology (London) 349:43–56. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Ohta, Y., Nonaka, S. & Mori, S. (1985) The suppression of postural muscle tone and its brainstem and spinal cord neuronal mechanisms in acute decerebrate, reflex standing cats. Neuroscience Letters Supplement 1:S66. [SM]Google Scholar

Ohta, Y., Sakamoto, T. & Mori, S. (1984) The cells of origin projecting their axons to the dorsal part of the central tegmental field in the pons. Japanese Journal of Physiology 46:377. [SM]Google Scholar

Ohta, Y., Sakamoto, T. & Mori, S. (1985) Inhibitory effects of medial reticular neurons in the medulla oblongata upon alpha-motoneurons innervating hindlimb extensor muscles. Japanese Journal of Physiology 47:430. [SM]Google Scholar

Olpe, H. R., Jones, R. S. & Steinmann, M. W. (1983) The locus coeruleus: Actions of psychoactive drugs. Experientia 39:242–49. [PJS]Google Scholar

Orem, J. (1980) Medullary respiratory neuron activity: Relationship to tonic and phasic REM sleep. Journal of Applied Physiology 48:54–65. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Orem, J., Montplaisir, J. & Dement, W. C. (1974) Changes in the activity of respiratory neurons during sleep. Brain Research 82:309–15. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Oshima, T. (1983) Intracortical organization of arousal as a model of dynamic neuronal processes that may involve a set of movements. In: Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven Press. [MS]Google Scholar

Palkovits, M., Inke, G. & Lukács, G. (1962) Topographische Beziehungen des menschlichen Subcommissuralorgans zur Epiphyse und ihre funktionelle Bedeutung. Endokrinologie 42:194–200. [JRN]Google Scholar

Palumbo, S. (1978) Dreaming and memory. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Pearlman, C. (1981) Rat models of the adaptive function of REM sleep. In: Sleep dreams and memory, ed. Fishbein, W.. Spectrum Publications. [RG]Google Scholar

Panula, P., Yang, H. Y. T. & Costa, E. (1984) Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences (USA) 81:2572–76. [JMM]Google Scholar

Parker, I., Gundersen, C. B. & Miledi, R. (1985) A transient inward current elicited by hyperpolarization during serotonin activation in Xenopus oocytes. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London) B223:279–92. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Parmeggiani, P. L. (1981) Temperature regulation during sleep: A study in homeostasis. In: Physiology in sleep, ed. Orem, J. & Barnes, C. D.. Academic Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pasquier, D. A., Kemper, T. L., Forbes, W. B. & Morgane, P. J. (1977) Dorsal raphe, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus: Interconnections with each other and the neostriatum. Brain Research Bulletin 2:323–39. [JMM]Google Scholar

Patton, H. D. (1965) Spinal reflexes and synaptic transmission. In: Neurophysiology, ed. Ruch, T. C., Patton, H. D., Woodburry, J. W. & Towe, A. L.. Saunders. [PAMvD]Google Scholar

Pavel, S. (1978) Arginine vasotocin as a pineal hormone. Journal of Neural Transmission 13:135–55. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S. (1979) The mechanism of action of vasotocin in the mammalian brain. Progress in Brain Research 52:445–58. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S. (1980) Presence of relatively high concentrations of arginine vasotocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of newborns and infants. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 50:271–73. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S. & Eisner, C. (1984) A GABAergic habenulo-raphe pathway mediates both serotoninergic and hypnogenic effects of vasotocin in cats. Brain Research Bulletin 13:623–27. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S. & Goldstein, R. (1981) Narcoleptic-like alterations of sleep cycle in cats induced by specific vasotocin antiserum. Brain Research Bulletin 7:453–54. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S., Goldstein, R., Petrescu, M. & Popa, M. (1981) REM sleep induction in prepubertal boys by vasotocin: Evidence for the involvement of serotonin containing neurons. Peptides 2:245–50. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S., Goldstein, R., Popoviciu, L., Corfariu, O., Foldes, A. & Farkas, E. (1979) Pineal vasotocin: REM sleep dependent release into the cerebrospinal fluid of man. Waking and Sleeping 3:347–52. [JRN]Google Scholar

Pavel, S., Psatta, D. & Goldstein, R. (1977) Slow-wave sleep induced in cats by extremely small amounts of synthetic and pineal vasotocin injected into the third ventricle of the brain. Brain Research Bulletin 2:251–54. [JRN]Google Scholar

Peterson, B. W. (1980) Participation of pontomedullary reticular neurones in specific motor activity. In: The reticular formation revisited, ed. Hobson, J. A. & Brazier, M. A. B.. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Petitjean, F., Sakai, K., Blondaux, C. & Jouvet, M. (1975) Hypersomnie par lésion isthmique chez le chat, 2. Etude neurophysiologique et pharmacologique. Brain Research 88:439–53. [JMM]Google Scholar

Phillipson, E. A. (1978) Control of breathing during sleep. American Review of Respiratory Disease 118:909–39. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pickel, V. M., John, T. H. & Reis, D. J. (1977) A serotonergic innervation of noradrenergic neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus: Demonstration by immunocytochemical localization of the transmitter specific enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase. Brain Research 131:197–214. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pittendrigh, C. S. & Daan, S. (1976) The functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents. Journal of Comparative Physiology 106:223–355. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Pivik, R. T., McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. (1977) Eye movement associated discharge in brain stem neurons during desynchronized sleep. Brain Research 121:59–76. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pole, P., Schneeberger, J. & Haefely, W. (1979) Effects of several centrally active drugs on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of cats. Neuropharmacology 18:259–67. [WH]Google Scholar

Pompeiano, O. (1965) The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. In: Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 45, ed. Seymour, S. K., Edward, V. E. & Harold, L. W.. Williams and Wilkins. [HK]Google Scholar

Pompeiano, O. (1967) The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Proceedings of the Association of Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 45:351–423. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pompeiano, O. (1980) Cholinergic activation of reticular and vestibular mechanisms controlling posture and eye movements. In: The reticular formation revisited, ed. Hobson, J. A. & Brazier, M. A. B.. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Pompeiano, O. & Hosino, K. (1976) Central control of posture: Reciprocal discharge by two pontine neuronal groups leading to suppression of decerebrate rigidity. Brain Research 116:131–38. [tarJAH]Google Scholar

Pompeiano, O. & Valentinuzzi, M. (1976) A mathematical model for the mechanism of rapid eye movements induced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 114:103–54. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Popper, K. (1962) Conjectures and refutations. Basic Books. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Popper, K. (1974) Replies to my critics. In: The philosophy of Karl Popper, Book 2, ed. Schilpp, P. A.. Open Court Publishers. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Prosser, R., Kittrell, E. M. W. & Satinoff, E. (1984) Circadian body temperature rhythms in cats with suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions. In: Thermal physiology, ed. Hales, J. R. S.. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Puizillout, J. J., Gaudin-Chazal, C., Sayadi, A. & Vigier, D. (1981) Serotoninergic mechanisms and sleep. Journal de Physiologie (Paris) 77:415–24. [JMM]Google Scholar

Ramón y Cajal, S. (1952) Histologie du système nerveux, vol. 1. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Reppert, S. M., Artman, H. C., Swaminathan, S. & Fisher, D. A. (1981) Vasopressin exhibits a rhythmic daily pattern in cerebrospinal fluid but not in blood. Science 213:1256–57. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Richter, C. P. (1965) Biological clocks in medicine and psychiatry. C. C. Thomas. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Riou, F., Cespuglio, R. & Jouvet, M. (1982) Endogenous peptides and sleep in the rat. III. The hypnogenic properties of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Neuropeptides 2:265–77. [WF]Google Scholar

Roberts, M. H. T. & Straughan, D. W. (1967) Excitation and depression of cortical neurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Journal of Physiology (London) 193:269–94. [CHV]Google Scholar

Robinson, T. E., Kramis, R. C. & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1977) Two types of cerebral activation during active sleep: Relations to behavior. Brain Research 124:544–49. [CHV]Google Scholar

Roffwarg, H. (1979) Glossary of terms used in sleep disorders classification. Sleep 2:123–29. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Roffwarg, H., Dement, W., Muzio, T. & Fisher, C. (1962) Dream imagery: Relationship to rapid eye movements. Archives of General Psychiatry 7:235–38. [RG]Google Scholar

Roflwarg, H., Herman, J. & Lamstein, S. (1975) The middle ear muscles: Predictability of their phasic activity in REM sleep and dream material. Sleep Research 4:165. [RG]Google Scholar

Roffwarg, H. P., Muzio, J. M. & Dement, W. C. (1966) Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle. Science 152:604–19. [JRN]Google Scholar

Romo, B., Cheramy, A., Godehev, G. & Glowinski, J. (1986) Physiological presynaptic facilitation of dopamine release in the cat candate nucleus. Journal of Physiology (Paris), in press. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Roney, K. J., Scheibel, A. B. & Shaw, G. L. (1979) Dendrite bundles: Survey of anatomical experiments and physiological theories. Brain Research Reviews 1:225–71. [ABS]Google Scholar

Rønnekleiv, O. K., Kelly, M. J. & Wuttke, W. (1980) Single unit recordings in the rat pineal gland: Evidence for habenulo-pineal neural connections. Experimental Brain Research 39:187–92. [JRN]Google Scholar

Rosenberg, P. A., Schweitzer, J. S. & Dichter, M. C. (1985) Effects of norepinephrine on rat neocortical neurons in dissociated cell culture. Brain Research 344:369–72. [MS]Google Scholar

Rossi, C. F. & Brodal, A. (1956) Corticofugal fibers to the brain stem reticular formation: An experimental study in the cat. Journal of Anatomy 90:42–62. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Ruch-Monachon, M. A., Jalfre, M. & Haefely, W. (1976) Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized rat. I–V. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamia et de Thérapie 219:251–346. [WH, PJM]Google Scholar

Ruch-Monachon, M. A., Jalfre, M. & Haefely, W. (1976) Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized rat, 5. Synopsis of the role of central neurotransmitters on PGO wave activity. Archives Internationales de Pharmacoydnamie et de Thérapie 219:326–46. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Saito, H., Sakai, K. & Jouvet, M. (1977) Discharge patterns of the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis neurons of the cat during sleep and waking. Brain Research 134:59–72. [taJAH, MS]Google Scholar

Sakai, K. (1980) Some anatomical and physiological properties of pontomesencephalic tegmental neurons with special reference to the PGO waves and postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. In: The reticular formation revisited, ed. Hobson, J. A. & Brazier, M. A. B.. Raven Press. [RC, taJAH, BEJ]Google Scholar

Sakai, K. (1984) Central mechanisms of paradoxical sleep. In: Experimental brain research. Supplement 8, Sleep mechanisms, ed. Borbély, A. & Valatx, J. L.. Springer. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakai, K. (1985a) Anatomical and physiological basis of paradoxical sleep. In: Brain mechanisms of sleep, ed. McGinty, D. J., Drucker-Colin, R., Morrison, A. & Parmeggiani, L.. Raven Press. [JMS, KS, MS, ZE]Google Scholar

Sakai, K. (1985b) Neurons responsible for paradoxical sleep. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Wauquier, A., Gaillard, J. M., Monti, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [KS]Google Scholar

Sakai, K. (1985c) Neurons responsible for paradoxical sleep. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Wauguier, A., Manti, J. M., Gaillard, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [tarJAH, BEJ]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Kanamori, N. & Jouvet, M. (1979) Activités unitaires spécifiques du sommeil paradoxal dans la formation réticulée bulbaires chez le chat nonrestreint. Comptes Rendues de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 289:557–61. [KS]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Salvert, D., Touret, M. & Jouvet, M. (1977) Afferent connections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis in the cat as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Brain Research 137:11–35. [taJAH, MS]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Sastre, J.-P., Kanamori, N. & Jouvet, M. (1981) State-specific neurons in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. In: Brain mechanisms and perceptual awareness, ed. Pompeiano, O. & Marsan, C. Ajmone. Raven Press. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Sastre, J. P., Salvert, D., Touret, M., Tohyama, M. & Jouvet, M. (1979) Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat: An HRP study. Brain Research 176:233–54. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Touret, M., Salvert, D., Leger, L. & Jouvet, M. (1977) Afferent projections to the cat locus coeruleus as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Brain Research 119:21–41. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakai, K., Vanni-Mercier, G. & Jouvet, M. (1983) Evidence for the presence of PS-off neurons in the ventromedial oblongata of freely moving cats. Experimental Brain Research 49:311–14. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakakura, H. (1968) Spontaneous and evoked unitary activation of cat lateral geniculate neurons in sleep and wakefulness. Japanese Journal of Physiology 18:23–42. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Sakamoto, T., Atsuta, Y. & Mori, S. (1986) Long-lasting excitability changes of soleus alpha-motoneuron induced by midpontine stimulation in decerebrate, standing cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 55(3), in press. [SM]Google Scholar

Sallanon, M., Buda, C., Janin, M. & Jouvet, M. (1985) Implication of serotonin in sleep mechanisms: Induction, facilitation? In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, ed. Wauquier, A., Monti, J. M., Gaillard, J. M. & Radulovacki, M.. Raven Press. [JMM]Google Scholar

Sastre, J. P., Sakai, K. & Jouvet, M. (1981) Are the gigantocellular tegmental field neurons responsible for paradoxical sleep? Brain Research 229:147–61. [taJAH, WBM, JMS, PJS, RRV]Google Scholar

Satoh, K., Armstrong, D. M. & Fibiger, H. C. (1983) A comparison of the distribution of central cholinergic neurons as demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase pharmacohistochemistry and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. Brain Research Bulletin 11:693–720. [BEJ]Google Scholar

Scheibel, M. E., Davies, T. & Scheibel, A. B. (1973) Maturation of reticular dendrites: Loss of spines and development of bundles. Experimental Neurology 38:301–10. [ABS]Google Scholar

Scheibel, M. E. & Scheibel, A. B. (1958) Structural substrates for integrative patterns in the brain stem reticular core. In: Reticular formation of the brain, ed. Jasper, H. H., Proctor, L. D., Knighton, R. S., Noshay, W. S. & Costello, R. T.. Little, Brown. [taJAH, ABS]Google Scholar

Scheibel, M. E. & Scheibel, A. B. (1973) The cellular basis of sleep cycle control. BIS Conference Report #33. 14. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Scheibel, M. E., Tomiyasu, U. & Scheibel, A. B. (1975) Do raphe nuclei of the reticular formation have a neurosecretory or vascular sensor function? Experimental Neurology 47:316–29. [ABS]Google Scholar

Scherschlicht, R., Pole, P., Schneeberger, J., Steiner, M. & Haefely, W. (1982) Selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in cats by typical and atypical antidepressants. In: Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms, ed. Costa, E. & Racagni, G.. Raven Press. [WH]Google Scholar

Schulz, H., Dirlich, G., Balteskonis, S. & Zulley, J. (1980) The REM–NREM sleep cycle: Renewal process or periodically driven process? Sleep 2:319–28. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Segal, M. (1979) Serotonergic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe and its action on responses to noxious stimuli. Journal of Physiology (London) 286:401–15. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Semba, J., Toru, M. & Malaga, N. (1984) Twenty-four hour rhythms of norepinephrine and serotonin in nucleus suprachiasmaticus, raphe nuclei, and locus coeruleus in the rat. Sleep 7:211–18. [taJAH]Google Scholar

Shimazu, H. (1983) Neuronal organization of the premotor system controlling horizontal conjugate eye movements and vestibular nystagmus. In: Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven Press. [rJAH]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P. (1983) Long-term cholinergic stimulation of pontine nuclei: Effects on paradoxical sleep and memory. Ph.D. diss., City University of New York. [PJS]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P., Armstrong, D. M., Groves, P. M. & Gillin, J. C. (1986) Combined neurophysiological and immunohistochemical mapping of the medial-lateral pontine reticular formation: Relationship of REM-on cells with respect to cells containing choline-acetyltransferase. Sleep Research 15, in press. [PJS]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P., Barnett, J. & Fishbein, W. (1982) Cholinergic stimulation of pontine cells by mini-pump infusion augments paradoxical sleep for fourteen days. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8:845. [WF]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P. & Fishbein, W. (1980) Cholinergic stimulation of pontine brainstem cells by mini-pump infusion augments paradoxical sleep for five days. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 6:708. [WF]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P. & Fishbein, W. (1986) Continuous pontine cholinergic microinfusion via mini-pump induces sustained alterations in rapid eye movement sleep. Submitted for publication. [WF]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P. & McGinty, D. J. (1983) Pontine sites for cholinergic PGO waves and atonia: Localization and blockade with scopolamine. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 9:1203. [taJAH, PJS]Google Scholar

Shiromani, P. & McGinty, D. J. (1986) Pontine neuronal response to local cholinergic infusion: Relation to REM sleep. Brain Research, accepted for publication. [PJS]Google Scholar