Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T21:05:19.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The associative nature of human associative learning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2009

David R. Shanks
Affiliation:
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom. [email protected]/psychlangsci

Abstract

The extent to which human learning should be thought of in terms of elementary, automatic versus controlled, cognitive processes is unresolved after nearly a century of often fierce debate. Mitchell et al. provide a persuasive review of evidence against automatic, unconscious links. Indeed, unconscious processes seem to play a negligible role in any form of learning, not just in Pavlovian conditioning. But a modern connectionist framework, in which “cognitive” phenomena are emergent properties, is likely to offer a fuller account of human learning than the propositional framework Mitchell et al. propose.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, W. K., Barbey, A. K. & Wilson, C. D. (2003) Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:8491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleeremans, A. (1993) Mechanisms of implicit learning. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endo, N. & Takeda, Y. (2004) Selective learning of spatial configuration and object identity in visual search. Perception and Psychophysics 66:293302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghirlanda, S. (2005) Retrospective revaluation as simple associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 31:107–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Lagnado, D. A. & Shanks, D. R. (2002) Probability judgment in hierarchical learning: A conflict between predictiveness and coherence. Cognition 83:81112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, J. S. P. & Lavie, N. (2008) Load induced blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34:1078–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Maia, T. V. & McClelland, J. L. (2004) A reexamination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: What participants really know in the Iowa gambling task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:16075–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M. (2007) Embodying emotion. Science 316:1002–05.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosofsky, R. M., Kruschke, J. K. & McKinley, S. C. (1992) Combining exemplar-based category representations and connectionist learning rules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:211–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Oaksford, M. & Chater, N. (2007) Bayesian rationality: The probabilistic approach to human reasoning. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Amorim, M. A. (1992) Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: Evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:785800.Google ScholarPubMed
Postman, L. (1947) The history and present status of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin 44:489563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmajuk, N. A. & Larrauri, J. A. (2008) Associative models can describe both causal learning and conditioning. Behavioral Processes 77:443–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, D. R. (1985) Forward and backward blocking in human contingency judgement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37B:121.Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. (1990) Connectionism and the learning of probabilistic concepts. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 42A:209–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & Pearson, S. M. (1987) A production system model of causality judgment. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 210–20. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Wilkinson, L. & Channon, S. (2003) Relationship between priming and recognition in deterministic and probabilistic sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29:248–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Smyth, A. C. & Shanks, D. R. (2008) Awareness in contextual cuing with extended and concurrent explicit tests. Memory and Cognition 36:403–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, K. W. (1950) Cognitive versus stimulus-response theories of learning. Psychological Review 57:159–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorndike, E. L. (1931) Human learning. Century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tunney, R. J. & Shanks, D. R. (2003) Subjective measures of awareness and implicit cognition. Memory and Cognition 31:1060–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hamme, L. J., & Wasserman, E. A. (1994) Cue competition in causality judgments: The role of nonpresentation of compound stimulus elements. Learning and Motivation 25:127–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar