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⁸⁰ Barany, , “Ungarns Verwaltung,” 334–35.Google Scholar

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⁸⁶ Barany, , “Hungary: From Aristocratic to Proletarian Nationalism,” 279, 281.Google Scholar On class structure, see John, Lukacs, Budapest 1900 (New York, 1988), esp. 84–91;Google Scholar and Macartney, C. A., Hungary (London, 1934), 180–98.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Béla, Sarkós, “A közigazgatás polgári jellegeröl” (About the bourgeois character of the public administration), in A magyarországi polgári államrendszerek (Bourgeois state systems in Hungary), ed. György, Ránki and Ferenc, Pölöskei (Budapest, 1981), 297–303.Google ScholarSee also Ferenc, Pecze, “A politikai szabadságjogok kodifikálása és érvényesülése 1848–1918” (Codification and validation of the rights to political freedom),Google Scholar in Ibid., 223–74, regarding laws on personal freedom.

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⁹⁰ For details and additional references, see Moritz, Csáky, Der Kulturkampf in Ungarn (Graz, 1967).Google Scholar For general background, see idem, “Die römischkatholische Kirche in Ungarn,” and Friedrich Gottas, “Die Geschichte des Protestantismus in der Habsburgermonarchie,” in Die Habsburgermonarchie, vol. 4: Die Konfessionen, ed. Wandruszka and Urbanitsch, 248–331 and 489–544, respectively.Google Scholar

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⁹⁷ Janos, , The Politics of Backwardness, 164–65; translation by Janos.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Pál, Szende, “A magyar látszatalkotmány” (The Hungarian pseudoconstitution), Huszadik Század 26 (1912): 31–32;Google Scholar translation mine. For Tisza's plans to reform administration, see Barany, , “Ungarns Verwaltung,” 460–66.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁸ Hanák, , “A National Compensation for Backwardness,” Studies in East European Thought 46 (1994): 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarThe number of Romanian primary schools fell from 2,756 to 2,170 and German schools from 867 to 449;Google ScholarHavránek, , “The Education of Czechs and Slovaks,” 249–60.Google Scholar

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