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Jews and Peasants in Interwar Hungary
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2009
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A paradox inspires the following paper. Hungary was one of three East European countries which, between the great wars, contained at once large peasant and large Jewish populations. The others were Poland and Romania, where, in both, the record is clear enough: the peasants can be said to have disliked the Jews. In Hungary things were not so simple.
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References
1 This article was originally a paper read at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies in New Orleans, 21 November 1986. The author is very much indebted to Michael Silber and Peter Hánák, as well as to Peter Sugar and the other participants on the panel, for their careful comments and criticisms. A substantially different, incomplete version of this article appeared, by inadvertence, in Nationalities Papers, XV, no. 1 (Spring 1987).Google Scholar
2 For the following, see Randolph Braham, L.The Holocaust in Hungary (2 vols.; New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), especially chapters 1–4;Google ScholarJanos, Andrew, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), especially chapters 5–6;Google Scholar and Ránki, György, ed., Magyarország Története Tíz Kötetben, vol. VIII (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1976),Google Scholar especially chapter 8.
3 For the record of anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe outisde Hungary, see Mendelsohn, Ezra, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1983)Google Scholar as indexed.
4 Details in Bernstein, Béla, ed., A negyvennyolcas magyar szabadságharc és a zsidók (Budapest: Tabor, 1898,Google Scholar reissued 1939), ch. 2.
5 Details are to be found in Kubinszky, Judit, Politikai Antiszemitizmus Magyarországon (Budapest: Kossuth, 1976),Google Scholar ch. 5.
6 Mark the disappointment about this in Szekfü's, Gyula classic Három Nemzedék (Budapest: “Élet,” 1920),Google Scholar pt. 4; and Nazi-poisoned, Klaus Schickert'sDie Judenfrage in Ungarn (Essen: Essener Verlagsanstalt, 1937),Google Scholar p. 125 f.
7 Király, Béla, “Peasant Movements in the 19th Century,” in Held, Joseph, ed., The Modernization of Agriculture: Rural Transformation in Hungary, 1848–1975 (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1980),Google Scholar p. 151 f.
8 Erdei, Ferenc, A magyar falu (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1940),Google Scholar p. 48 f.
9 Bibó, István, “A zsidókérdés Magyarországon,” in Harmadik út (London: MKC, 1960), p. 254.Google Scholar
10 The following figures are from Peter Gunst, A paraszti társadalom Magyarországon a két világháború között (Budapest: MTA Sokszorositó, 1987), p. 13;Google Scholar and Hoóz, István, Népesedés politika és népesség fejlödés Magyarországon a két világháboruú között (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1970), pp. 67–68.Google Scholar
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13 There is an effective summary in Borbandi, Gyula, Der ungarische Populismus (Mainz: Hase und Kühler, 1976),Google Scholar ch. 2.
14 This is the thesis of Joseph Held in “The Interwar Years and Agrarian Change,” in Held, ed., Modernization of Agriculture, p. 293 f.
15 This is the tendency of Marxists, for example, Pölöskei, Ferenc and Szakács, Kálmán, Földmunkás és szegényparaszt mozgalmak Magyarországon, 1848–1948 (2 vols.; Budapest: MEDSZ, 1962).Google Scholar
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17 Convenient statistics in Kovács, Alajos, A zsidóság térfoglalása Magyarországon (Budapest: Private, 1922).Google Scholar
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19 László, “Hungary's Jewry,” pp. 168–170.
20 Ibid. pp. 158–161.
21 Ibid.p. 150.
22 Schickert. Judenfrage, p. 97 f.; Kovács, Térfoglalása, p. 45 f.
23 Kovács, Csonkamagyarországi zsidóság, pp. 39–47.
24 See Ránki, ed., Magyarország története, VIII, 473 f.; and McCagg, , Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1972;Google Scholar reissue, 1986), ch. 6.
25 Sozan, Michael, “The Jews of Aba.” in East European Quarterly. XX (1986), 179–197.Google Scholar Sozan cites older literature on p. 195, n. 9.
26 Ibid., pp. 179–180.
27 Ibid., p. 181. Bibó's essay is cited in n. 9, above.
28 Ibid., p. 184.
29 McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary, provides background for the following. For the situation in Poland, see most recently Marcus, Josef, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939 (Amsterdam: Mouton, 1983),CrossRefGoogle Scholar pts. 1 and 2; for Romania, , Iancu, C., Histoire desjuifs en Romanie (Aix: PUF, 1978).Google Scholar
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31 Szabó, Dezső, Az elsodort falu (Budapest: Táltos kiadása, 1919).Google Scholar
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33 Béla Király, “Peasant Movements in the Twentieth Century,” in Held, ed., Modernization of Agriculture, p. 319 f.
34 A clear account is in Borbandi, Ungarischer Populismus; but see the useful belittlement of village-exploring “sociography” in Sozan, Michael, The History of Hungarian Ethnography Washington: University Press of America, 1977),Google Scholar p. 245 f.
35 See József Révai's 1937 essay, “Marxismus és népiesség,” in his Marxismus, népiesség, magyarság (Budapest: Szikra, 1949).Google Scholar
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37 There is a Marxist account by Szakács, Káalmán, Kaszáskeresztesek (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1963).Google Scholar Sectarianism is emphasized in Kovács, Imre, A néma forradalom (Budapest: Cserépfalvi, 1937),Google Scholar p. 246 f. One finds a conventional sneer in Király, “Peasant Movements in the Twentieth Century,” p. 342, and serious treatment in Deak, Istvan, “Hungarian Fascism,” in Rogger, Hans and Weber, Eugene, eds., The European Right (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965),Google Scholar p. 383 f.
38 Bibó, “Zsidókérdés Magyarországon,” pt. 2, especially p. 275 f.
39 See the comparative view in Mendelsohn, Ezra, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the Two Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983),Google Scholar ch. 2.
40 For a general review see Bitton, Livia, “Jewish Nationalism in Hungary” (doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1968).Google Scholar
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