¹ For a fuller treatment of these issues, see Zahra, Tara, “Imagined Non-Communities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis,” Slavic Review 69 (Spring 2010): 93–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Several local or regional studies demonstrate this point. See Cohen, Gary B., The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914 (Princeton, 1981)Google Scholar; King, Jeremy, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948 (Princeton, 2003)Google Scholar; Lozoviuk, Petr, “Ethnische Indifferenz im heutigen Ostmitteleuropa. Ein beitrag zum Studium aktueller Macht socialer und kultureller Grenzziehungen,” in Grenzen und Differenzen. Zur Macht sozialer und kultureller Grenzziehungen, ed. Hengartner, Thomas and Most, Johannes, 727–37 (Leipzig, 2006)Google Scholar; Luft, Robert, “Nationale Utraquisten in Böhmen: zur Problematik ‘nationaler Zwischenstellungen’ am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts,” in Allemands, Juifs et Tchèques à Prague, ed. Godé, Maurice, Le Rider, Jacques, Mayer, François, 37–51 (Montpelier, 1996)Google Scholar; Murdock, Caitlin, Changing Places: Society, Culture, and Territory in the Saxon-Bohemian Borderlands, 1870–1946 (Ann Arbor, MI, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hösler, Joachim, Von Krain zu Slowenien. Die Anfänge der nationalen Differenzierungsprozesse in Krain und der Untersteiermark von der Aufklärung bis zur Revolution 1768 bis 1848 (Munich, 2006)Google Scholar; Vodopivec, Peter, “Die sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Ansichten des deutschen Bürgertums in Krain vom Ende des sechziger bis zum Beginn der achtziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts,” in Geschichte der Deutschen im Bereich des heutigen Sloweniens 1848–1941, ed. Rumpler, Helmut and Suppan, Arnold, 85–119 (Vienna, 1988)Google Scholar; Clewing, Konrad, Staatlichkeit und nationale Identitätsbildung. Dalmatien in Vormärz und Revolution (Munich, 2001)Google Scholar; Ballinger, Pamela, History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans (Princeton, 2003)Google Scholar; Reill, Dominique Kirchner, Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and Venice (Stanford, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cole, Laurence, ed., Different Paths to the Nation: Regional and National Identities in Central Europe and Italy, 1830–1870 (New York, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brown, Kate, A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland (Cambridge, MA, 2004)Google Scholar; Bjork, James, Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism and National Indifference in a Central European Borderland (Ann Arbor, MI, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brendan Karch, “Nationalism on the Margins: Silesians Between Germany and Poland, 1848–1945” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2010); Dragostinova, Theodora, Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration among the Greeks of Bulgaria, 1900–1949 (Ithaca, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³ Judson, Pieter M., Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 66–70Google Scholar.

⁴ Zahra, “Imagined Non-Communities,” 97–98.

⁵ Some examples of concerns about “mixed marriages,” “fraternization,” and the dangerous influence of local priests are found in Judson, Guardians of the Nation, 33, 112–23.

⁶ King, throughout his Budweisers, argues strongly for a consideration of state institutions for understanding the particular issues raised and strategies developed by nationalist movements both in Bohemia and in Budweis/Budějovice. Several influential studies demonstrate the crucial role played by state institutions in shaping nationalist movements. See esp.: Brix, Emil, Die Umgangssprachen in Altösterreich zwischen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachenstatistik in den zisleithanischen Volkszählungen 1880 bis 1910 (Vienna, 1982)Google Scholar; Stourzh, Gerald, Die Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten in der Verfassung und Verwaltung Österreichs 1848–1918 (Vienna, 1985)Google Scholar; Burger, Hannelore, Sprachenrecht und Sprachengerechtigkeit im österreichischen Unterrichtswesen 1867–1918 (Vienna, 1994)Google Scholar; Cohen, Gary B., “Nationalist Politics and the Dynamics of State and Civil Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867–1914,” Central European History 40 (2007): 241–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ King, Budweisers; Bjork, Neither German nor Pole; Judson, Guardians.

⁸ Stourzh, Gerald, “‘Aus der Mappe meines Urgrossvaters.’ Eine mährische Juristenlaufbahn im 19. Jahrhundert,” in Der Umfang der österreichischen Geschichte. Ausgewählte Studien 1990–2010, ed. Stourzh, Gerald, 125–38 (Vienna, 2011), esp. 134CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also examples in King, Jeremy, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe: Ethnicism, Ethnicity, and Beyond,” in Staging the Past. The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present, ed. Wingfield, Nancy and Bucur, Maria, 112–52 (West Lafayette, IN, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁹ Hösler, Von Krain zu Slowenien, 142.

¹⁰ Zahra, Tara, Kidnapped Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands 1900–1948 (Ithaca, 2008), 13–48Google Scholar; on the decline of bilingual schooling in Slovene-German language regions, see Maria Kurz, “Der Volksschulstreit in der Südsteiermark und in Kärnten in der Zeit der Dezemberverfassung” (PhD diss., University of Vienna, 1986); Judson, Guardians, 47–48.

¹¹ On the fundamental similarity among the various nationalist movements in Cisleithania, Judson, Guardians, 16–7. For the rise of nationalist arguments that national identity could be determined according to objective criteria, see Stourzh, Gerald, “Ethnic Attribution in Late Imperial Austria: Good Intentions, Evil Consequences,” in The Habsburg Legacy: National Identity in Historical Perspective, ed. Robertson, Ritchie and Timms, Edward, 67–83 (Austrian Studies, vol. 5) (Edinburgh, 1994)Google Scholar; on the rise of objective attribution and the attempts of individuals to fight this trend, see Zahra, Tara, Kidnapped Souls, 39–48 and 106–41Google Scholar.

¹² On interwar Europe and World War II, see Zahra, Kidnapped Souls; Bryant, Chad, Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism (Cambridge, 2009)Google Scholar; Snyder, Timothy, Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2004)Google Scholar; Brown, Biography of No Place; Wingfield, Nancy M., Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech (Cambridge, 2007)Google Scholar; Mazower, Mark, Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (New York, 2009)Google Scholar; Harvey, Elizabeth, Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization (New Haven, CT, 2003)Google Scholar; Bergen, Doris, “The Nazi Concept of ‘Volksdeutsche’ and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939–45,” Journal of Contemporary History 29, no. 4 (October 1994): 569–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Frommer, Benjamin, “Expulsion or Integration: Unmixing Interethnic Marriage in Postwar Czechoslovakia,” East European Politics and Societies 23, no. 2 (2009): 185–212Google Scholar; Zahra, Tara, The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europe's Families after World War II (Cambridge, 2011), chap. 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thum, Gregor, Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw During the Century of Expulsions (Princeton, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On conflicts over national classification in Germany's postwar Displaced Persons’ Camps, see Cohen, G. Daniel, In War's Wake: Europe's Displaced Persons in the Postwar Order (Oxford, 2011), chap. 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zahra, The Lost Children, chap. 4 and 7; Pamela Ballinger's essay in this issue of the Austrian History Yearbook.

¹⁴ See files in folders 204–205, Pologne, 1944–1970, Europe, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive, Paris.

¹⁵ Brubaker, Rogers, Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, 2004), 7–27Google Scholar; see also Brubaker, Rogers and Cooper, Fred, “Beyond ‘Identity,’” Theory and Society 29, no. 1 (February 2000): 1–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar.