¹ Teodor, Pompiliu, “National and Ethnic Pluralism in Transylvania. Ethnic, Cultural and Religious Convergences,” in Emlékkönyv Jakó Zsigmond születésnapjára (Memorial volume on the eightieth birthday of Zsigmond Jakó) (Cluj, 1996), 484–91Google Scholar; Glatz, Ferenc, Történetíró és politika (Historian and politics) (Budapest, 1980)Google Scholar; Kosáry, Domokos, “The Idea of a Comparative History of East Central Europe: The Story of a Venture,” in Historians as Nation-Builders: Central and South-East Europe, ed. Deletant, Dennis and Hanák, Harry (London, 1988), 124–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roth, Harald, Kleine Geschichte Siebenbürgens (Cologne, 2000).Google Scholar

² Tóth, Zoltán I., Az erdélyi román nacionalizmus első százada 1690–1792 (The first century of Transylvanian Romanian nationalism), new ed. (Csíkszereda, 1998)Google Scholar; Prodan, David, Supplex Libellas Valachorum (Bucharest, 1967)Google Scholar; Hitchins, Keith, A Nation Discovered: Romanian Intellectuals in Transylvania and the Idea of Nation, 1700–1848 (Bucharest, 1999)Google Scholar; idem, A Nation Affirmed: The Romanian National Movement in Transylvania, 1860–1914 (Bucharest, 1999)Google Scholar; Péter, László, “Introduction,”Google Scholar in idem, Historians and the History of Transylvania (Boulder, 1992), 1–51Google Scholar; Verdery, Katherine, Transylvanian Villagers: Three Centuries of Political, Economic and Ethnic Change (Berkeley, 1983).Google Scholar

³ Outram, Dorinda, “The Enlightenment Our Contemporary,” in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, ed. Clark, William, Golinski, Jan, and Schaffer, Simon (Chicago, 1999), 32–40Google Scholar, esp. 39; Munck, Thomas, “The Public Sphere and Its Limits,”Google Scholar in idem, The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History 1721–1794 (London, 2001), 14–17.Google Scholar

⁴ Tóth, Z., Az erdélyi román nacionalizmusGoogle Scholar; Verdery, , Transylvanian Villagers.Google Scholar

⁵ Arató, András, Civil társadalom, forradalom és alkotmány (Civil society, revolution, and constitution) (Budapest, 1999)Google Scholar; István Fenyő, “A hazai liberalizmus forrásvidékeiről” (From the origins of Hungarian liberalism), Kortárs: irodalmi és kritikai folyóirat (Contemporary: Journal for literature and literary criticism) 37, no. 3 (1993): 99–102Google Scholar; Halmos, Károly, “Magyarországi polgárosodás. Tallózás az 1988–1992 közötti történeti irodalomban” (Hungarian civil society: Browsing the historical literature of 1988–1992), Aetas: Történettudományi folyóirat (Aetas: Journal for historical studies) 3 (1994): 95–154Google Scholar; Gyáni, Gábor and Kövér, György, Magyarország tárdadalomtörténete a reformkortól a második világháborúig (The history of Hungary from the Reform Era to World War II) (Budapest, 1998)Google Scholar; Tóth, Árpád, “A társadalmi szerveződés rendi és polgári normái. A Pesti Jótékony Nöegylet fennállásának első korszaka” (The feudal and bourgeois norms of social organization: The first era of the Women's Charity Association in Pest), FONS: Forráskutatás és történeti segédtudományok (FONS: Historical sources and auxiliary studies of history) 5, no. 4 (1998): 411–79Google Scholar; Bősze, Sándor, Egyesület és polgári szabadság. Egyesületek Somogyban a dualizmus idején (Associational life and civic freedom: Associations in Somogy County in dualist Hungary) (Kaposvár, 1997)Google Scholar; Gyáni, Gábor, “‘Civil társadalom’ kontra liberális állam a XIX. század végén” (“Civil society” versus liberal state at the end of the 19th century), Századvég (Fin de siècle) 1 (1991): 145–55.Google Scholar

⁶ Habermas, Jürgen, “Author's Preface,”Google Scholar in idem, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Burger, Thomas (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), xvii–xix, xvii.Google Scholar

⁷ Melton, James Van Horn, “Introduction: What is the Public Sphere?”Google Scholar in idem, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge, 2001), 1–15Google Scholar; Eley, Geoff, “Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century,” in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Calhoun, Craig (Cambridge, 1992), 288–399Google Scholar; Munck, , “The Public Sphere,” 14–17.Google Scholar

⁸ Van Horn Melton, , “Introduction,” 11.Google Scholar

⁹ Eley, , “Nations,” 298Google Scholar; Judson, Pieter M., Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848–1914 (Ann Arbor, 1996).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Bölöni, Farkas Sándor, Bölöni Farkas Sándor naplója (The diary of Farkas Sándor Bölöni), ed. Jancsó, Elemér (Bucharest, 1971), 40–41Google Scholar; Bielz, Eduard Albert, Handbuch der Landeskunde Siebenbürgens (Cologne, 1996), 232–35Google Scholar; Pajkossy, Gábor, Polgári átalakulás és nyilvánosság a magyar reformkorban (The formation of civil society and public sphere in the Hungarian reform era) (Budapest, 1991).Google Scholar

¹¹ I use the “classical” definition by Georg Iggers as applied also by Cohen, Gary B., Iggers, Georg, “The Political Theory of Voluntary Associations in Early Nineteenth-Century Liberal Thought,” in Voluntary Associations: A Study of Groups in Free Societies, ed. Robertson, D. B. (Richmond, 1966)Google Scholar; Cohen, Gary B., The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914 (Princeton, 1981)Google Scholar; Nipperday, Thomas, “Verein als soziale Struktur im späten 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert,”Google Scholar in idem, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Theorie. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur neueren Geschichte (Göttingen, 1976), 174–205Google Scholar; Gall, Lothar, ed., Von der ständischen zur bürgerlichen Gesellschafl (Munich, 1993), 67–71, esp. 67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² They were generally devoted to the “scientific and moral refinement” of their members. But none were as liberal as the trade association from Kronstadt that refused to discriminate on national or religious background. See Bielz, , Handbuch, 234.Google Scholar

¹³ See Robert Nemes on Magyar civic self-organization in Hungary. Nemes, Robert, “Associations and Civil Society in Reform-Era Hungary,” Austrian History Yearbook 32 (2001): 25–45, esp. 35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ Gergely, András, “Der ungarische Adel und der Liberalismus im Vormärz,” in Liberalismus im 19 Jahrhundert, ed. Langewiesche, Dieter (Göttingen, 1988), 458–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ Nord, Philip, “Introduction,”Google Scholar in Civil Society before Democracy: Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. Bermeo, Nancy and Nord, Philip (Lanham, 2000), xiii–xxxiii, xiv–xx.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig, “Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective,” Journal of Modern History 75, no. 2 (2003): 269–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 275; idem, Die Politik der Geselligkeit. Freimauerlogen in der deutschen Bürgergesellschaft, 1840–1918 (Göttingen, 2000)Google Scholar; idem, Geselligkeit und Demokratie. Vereine und zivile Gesellschaft im transnationalen Vergleich 1750–1914 (Göttingen, 2003).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Hoffmann, , “Democracy,” 276.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Péter, László, “Volt-e magyar társadalom a XIX. században? A jogrend és a civil társadalom képződése”Google Scholar (Was there a Hungarian society in the 19th century? The order of law and the formation of the civil society), in idem, Az Elbától keletre. Tanulányok a magyar és kelet-európai történelemből (East of the Elba: Studies in Hungarian and East European history) (Budapest, 1998), 148–86Google Scholar, esp. 156–58; Gergely, András and Veliky, János, “A politikai közvélemény fogalma Magyarországon a XIX. század közepén” (The concept of political public opinion in Hungary in the middle of the 19th century), in Magyar Történelmi tanulmányok (Hungarian historical studies), ed. Fehér András, vol. 7 (Debrecen, 1974), 5–42.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Munck, , “Preface,”Google Scholar in idem, The Enlightenment, vii–xii, esp. ix–x.Google Scholar

²⁰ Livezeanu, Irina, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 (Ithaca, 1995), 138Google Scholar; Hajós, George Marica E. I., and Mare, Calina, Ideologia generaţiei române de la 1848 în Transilvania (The ideology of the Transylvanian Romanian generation of 1848) (Bucharest, 1968), 161.Google Scholar

²¹ See Nord, , “Introduction,” xvi. According to the Saxon periodical Siebenbürger Volksfreund, the trade associations attracted only “wohlhabenderen Bürger.” Weisenfeld, Ernst, Die Geschichte der politischen Publizistik bei den Siebenbürger Sachsen (Limburg an Lahn, 1938), 58.Google Scholar

²² The total population of the town in 1857 was 20,615. Hungarians amounted to 65 percent, Romanians 18.4 percent, Germans 8.5 percent, and others 8.1 percent. Sonkoly, Gábor, Erdély városai a XVIII–XIX. Században (The towns of Transylvania in the 18–19th centuries) (Budapest, 2001), 257.Google Scholar

²³ Hermannstadt's population in 1857 amounted to 18,588 inhabitants; Germans comprised 68.8 percent, Romanians 16.4 percent, Hungarians 7.3 percent, and others 7.5 percent. See ibid.

²⁴ The acknowledgement of social exclusion practiced by voluntary associations has been widely acknowledged in recent literature. See, for example, Nord, , “Introduction,”Google Scholar passim; Calhoun, Craig, “Introduction,”Google Scholar in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Calhoun, , 1–48Google Scholar, esp. 13; and Nemes, , “Associations,” 34–39.Google Scholar

²⁵ These circles also supported plans for a prospective Romanian academy and a literary society in the neighboring Romanian principality of Muntenia. See Hajós, Marica, and Mare, , Ideologia, 26–29.Google Scholar

²⁶ Az Erdélyi Nagyfejedelemség s hozzá vissza kapcsolt Részek három nemes Nemzeteiből álló Rendeinek Kolozsvár szabad királyi várossában 1841-ik Év November 15-ik napján kezdődött ország Gyülésökröl készített Jegyző-Könyv (Records of the Transylvanian Diet of the three noble estates of Transylvania and its reattached Partes that began on 15 November 1841 in the free royal town of Kolozsvár; hereafter cited as Jegyző-Könyv) (Kolozsvár, 1841), 538–39.

²⁷ Bielz, , Handbuch, 234–35.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., 237.

²⁹ Hoffmann, , Geselligkeit und Demokratie, 27.Google Scholar

³⁰ Assmann, Aleida, Arbeit am nationalen Gedächtnis. Eine kurze Geschichte der deutschen Bildungsidee (Frankfurt, 1993), 29Google Scholar; Bollenbeck, Georg, Bildung und Kultur. Glanz und Elend eines Deutungsmusters (Frankfurt, 1994).Google Scholar

³¹ “A Kolozsvári Casino vezetősége Gróf Kemény Józsefhez” (The presidency of the Casino of Kolozsvár to Count József Kemény), 1 04 1836Google Scholar, Direcţa General a Arhivelor Naţionale Cluj, Fond 594 Colecţia personal József Kemény (General directorate of the national archives, Cluj, Fond 594, personal collection of József Kemény), 474.

³² I.d., 25 December 1832, Direcţia General a Arhivelor Naţionale, Cluj, Fond 594, Colecţia personal József Kemény, 594.

³³ “Gemeinnütziges Wirken in einem Marktflecken Burzenlands,” Blätter 4 (25 01 1841): 25–29.Google Scholar See also “Gedanken über die Einrichtung einer juridischen Fakultät in der Sächsischen Nation,” Blätter 11 (12 03 1840): 87–88.Google Scholar

³⁴ See, for instance, Erdélyi Híradó (Transylvanian gazette) 17 (28 03 1843): 150Google Scholar; and 195 (12 November 1846): 724–25.

³⁵ Időfi, “Korunk sajátságai” (The characteristics of our age), Nemzeti Társalkodó (National conversant) 8 (20 02 1840): 57–60.Google Scholar

³⁶ Lowood, Henry E., “Science for the Fatherland,”Google Scholar in idem, Patriotism, Profit and the Promotion of Science in the German Enlightenment (New York, 1991), 205–61, esp. 205–6.Google Scholar

³⁷ Munck, , “The Public Sphere,” 14Google Scholar; Clark, , Golinski, , and Schaffer, , eds., The Sciences, 21–23.Google Scholar

³⁸ Neugeboren, Daniel Georg, “Über die Lage und Hindernisse der Schriftstellerei in Siebenbürgen,” Siebenbürgische Quartalschrift 1 (1790): 1–27Google Scholar; Marienburg, Lucas Joseph, Geographie des Grossfürtstenthums Siebenbürgen, repr. ed. (Vienna, 1987), 95Google Scholar; Heitmann, Klaus, “Die Rumänen Siebenbürgens aus deutscher Sicht im 19. Jahrhundert,” in Das Bild des Anderen in Siebenbürgen, ed. Gündisch, Konrad, Höpken, Wolfgang, and Markel, Michael (Cologne, 1998), 33–56.Google Scholar

³⁹ Budai-Deleanu, Ioan, Kurzgefasste Bemerkungen über Bukowina, in Românii şi Rutenii în Bucovina (The Romanians and Ruthenians in Bukovina), ed. Nistor, Ion (Bucharest, 1915)Google Scholar; Aranka, György, “Egy Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság felállításáról vaió rajzolat az Haza Felséges Rendjeihez” (Plan to the honorable estates of the patria about establishing a Transylvanian Language Society), in Aranka György Erdélyi társaságai (The Transylvanian societies of György Aranka), ed. Enyedi, Sándor (Budapest, 1988), 42–68, esp. 48.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Hajós, Marica, and Mare, , Ideologia, 161.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Assmann, , Arbeit am nationalen Gedächtnis, 31–32Google Scholar; Cornea, Paul, Originile romantismului románese (The origins of Romanian romanticism) (Bucharest, 1972).Google Scholar

⁴² See Erdélyi, Ilona T.. Politikai restauráció és irodalmi újjászületés: értékek és eszmények a reformkor hajnalán (Political restoration and literary revival: Values and ideals at the dawn of the Reform Era) (Budapest, 1998), 63Google Scholar; Weisenfeld, , Die Geschichte der politischen Publizistik, 33.Google Scholar

⁴³ The supplement of the Siebenbürgische Wochenblatt (Kronstadt, 1837–1838)Google Scholar was printed and edited by Johann Gött and W. Nemeth and was the predecessor of the liberal Blätter für Geist, Gemüt und Vaterlandeskunde.

⁴⁴ Cited by Weisenfeld, , Geschichte der politischen Publizistik, 33.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Hajós, Marica, and Mare, , Ideologia, 54–55, 66–68.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Nagy, Ferencz, “Egy szó a hazábani utazásról” (One word about traveling in the patria), Nemzeti Társalkodó 1 (2 01 1838): 41–46, esp. 44.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Assmann, , Arbeit am nationalen Gedächtnis, 24.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Antohi, Sorin, “Cuvintele şi lumea. Constituirea limbajului social-politic modern in cultura român” (The words and the world: The establishment of modern social-political language in the Romanian culture)Google Scholar, in idem, Civitas imaginalis. Istorie si utopie în cultura româna (Civitas imaginalis: History and utopia in Romanian culture), 2nd ed. (Iasi, 1999), 153–96.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Language is thus the “Inbegriff der zivilisierenden Kraft, die die Rohheit des einzelnen Menschen zähmt und sie als Gattung dazu führt, sich in Gemeinwesen zusammenzuschliessen.” Assmann, , Arbeit am nationalen Gedächtnis, 16–17.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ “Kolozsvári Napló,” Erdélyi Hiradó 14 (17 02 1843).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Foaie pentru minte (Journal for the mind, heart and literature) 25 (1840). Cited by Cornea, , Originile, 468.Google Scholar

⁵² Hajós, Marica, and Mare, , Ideologia, 47Google Scholar; Makkai, László, Mócsy, Andrés, and Száśz, Zoltán, eds., Erdély története három kötetben (History of Transylvania), vol. 3, Erdély Története 1830-tól napjainkig (From 1830 to 1919) (Budapest, 1986), 1263–69.Google Scholar

⁵³ “Andeutungen zu nothwendigen Reformen in unserem Volkschulwesen,” Blätter 6 (8 02 1841): 42–45.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ “Über die Einrichtung einer juridischen Lehranstalt in Mitte der sächsischen Nation,” Blätter 38 (19 09 1939): 313–14Google Scholar, esp. 313.

⁵⁵ Cipariu, Timotei, Jurnal (Diary), ed. Protease, Maria (Cluj, 1972), 32–33.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Mitu, Sorin, Geneza identit ţii naţtionale la românii ardeleni (The genesis of national identity of the Transylvanian Romanians) (Bucharest, 1997), 71.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Mihály, Szentiványi, “Unio” (Union), Nemzeti Társalkodó 6 (6 08 1841): 39–42.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ “Andeutungen zu notwendigen Reformen,” 43Google Scholar; “Über die Landschulen der Sachsen in Siebenbürgen,” Blätter 42 (19 02 1838): 347–49.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Bariţ, George, “Din Transilvania. O plînsoare veche” (From Transylvania: An old worry), Gazeta de Transilvania (Gazette of Transylvania) 40 (1843): 157–58Google Scholar; cited in Mitu, , Geneza, 69.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Bariţ, George, “Benigni. Caracterul popoarelor Transilvaniei” (Benigni: About the character of Transylvania's peoples), Foaie 12 (1841): 92.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Farkas Sándor Bölöni to Count László Lázár, Transylvanian chancellor, 28 01 1829Google Scholar, in Emlékkönyv az Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület félszázados ünnepére 1859–1909 (Memorial volume on occasion of the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Transylvanian Museum Association), ed. Erdélyi, P´l (Kolozsvár, 1909–1942), 135–38.Google Scholar

⁶² von Mildenberg, Joseph Benigni and Neugeboren, Karl, eds., Transylvania, periodische Zeitschrift für Landeskunde, 3 vols, (n.p., 1833–1838)Google Scholar, including articles by Ackner, Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg, József Kemény, Neugeboren, and Schuller; von Mildenberg, Joseph Benigni, Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des Grossfürstenthums Siebenbürgen (Hermannstadt, 1837)Google Scholar; Kemény, József, ed., Deutsche Fundgruben der Geschichte Sienbenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1839–1840)Google Scholar; Schuller, Johann Karl, ed., Archiv zur Kenntnis von Siebenbürgens Vorzeit und Gegenwart (Hermannstadt, 1840).Google Scholar

⁶³ “Über Schriftstellerei und Publizität in Siebenbürgen,” Unterhaltungsblatt 1 (24 05 1837).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ des Fortschreitens, Ein Freund [Georg Binder], “Aufforderung,” Blätter 41 (10 10 1839): 335.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Ibid., 337.

⁶⁶ Ibid., 337–38.

⁶⁷ , L. H., “Auch einige Worte über den besprochenen Verein für Vaterlandeskunde,” Blätter 28 (9 07 1840): 203–25.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Ibid., 223.

⁶⁹ “Since we talk about Vaterlandskunde, I do not really grasp the principle to exclude all non-Germans. There is nothing more peaceful and endurable on earth than science, and if its devotees might have a reason for choosing a certain language [of communication], they do not have enough reason, so it seems to me, to close themselves off from members of other nations.” Ibid., 408.

⁷⁰ [Binder, Georg], “Aufforderung,” 335.Google Scholar

⁷¹ “Als Antwort auf dem Briefe über interessante und dunkle Gegenstände der siebenbürgischen Geschichte,” Blätter 50 (12 12 1839): 406–7, esp. 407.Google Scholar

⁷² But nothing was farther from Schuller's planning than such political action. See “Einiges in Betreff der am 19 und 20 dieses Monats in Schäßburg stattgefundenen Generalversammlung des im Oktober 1840 zu Mediasch gestifteten Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde,” Blätter 21 (23 05 1842): 156–57, esp. 157.Google Scholar

⁷³ Gräser, Daniel, Gräser, S., and Fabini, Joseph, “Einladung,” cited in Heinrich Herbert, “Geschichte des Vereines für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde,” Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 28 (1898): 139–236, esp. 142–43.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Protokoll über die Verhandlungen der am 8. October 1840 in Mediasch zusammengetretenen Versammlung, zur Gründung eines Verein's für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (1845).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Such as Sámuel Brassai, Bariţiu, Gheorghe Bardosi, Count József Kemény (1795–1855), and his cousin Sámuel, and a member of the Teleki family residing in Hermannstadt.

⁷⁶ Herbert, , “Geschichte,” 148.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ For mechanisms of censorship in Austria and the procedure for getting the crown's approval for associational activities, see Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918 (London, 1989), 44–52Google Scholar; Nemes, , “Associations and Civil Society,” 31–33Google Scholar. For a comparison with contemporary German scholarly associations, see Heimpel, Hermann, “Geschichtsvereine einst und jetzt,” in Geschichtswissenschaft und Vereinswesen im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Boockmann, Hartmut (Göttingen, 1972), 45–73, esp. 51–55.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Jahresbericht des VSL 1856/7 (Annual report of the VSL 1856/57) (Hermannstadt, 1857), 17.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Letter to Kemény, József, Pozsony, , 30 01 1844Google Scholar, Direcţia General a Arhivelor Naţionale, Cluj, Fond 594, Colecţia personal József Kemény.

⁸⁰ Kutschera, Rolf, Landtag und Gubernium in Siebenbürgen. 1688–1869 (Cologne, 1985), 67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸¹ Erdélyi, Pál, Erdélyi Múzeum (Transylvanian museum) (Kolozsvár, 1909), 33–36.Google Scholar

⁸² See Kelemen, Lajos, “Törekvések egy erdélyi múzeum alapítására” (Efforts for establishing a Transylvanian museum), Erdélyi Múzeum (Transylvanian museum) 26 (1909): 352–75, esp. 366–67.Google Scholar

⁸³ Jegyző-Könyv, 560–64.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Erdétyi Hiradó 5 (17 01 1843): 27Google Scholar; 6 (20 January 1843): 33–34, 37–38; and 7 (31 January 1843).

⁸⁵ The petitioners demanded proportional representation in public offices, electoral rights, the right to select jurors, mining rights, a share of public support for Romanian students and the clergy, guild participation, a share of the common arable land for newly married Romanians, and equal shares of common lands, pastures, and forests. Jegyző-Könyv, 179.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Hoffmann, , “Democracy,” 273Google Scholar; Péter, , “Magyar társadalom,” 158.Google Scholar