No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2009
Sarajevo entered the twentieth century larger, more developed, and more European than it had been when Austro-Hungarian troops took control of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878. The cityscape acquired a Western-oriented face superimposed on its previous profile as a classical Ottoman town. Underlying this physical transformation were major changes in demography, political organization, cultural life, and social practices in the city. Taken together these changes may be characterized broadly as “modernization” or “Westernization,” but they reached Sarajevo mediated through the filters of Habsburg and Viennese experience and often mixed unpredictably with local culture and traditions. By 1900 Sarajevo was in two overlapping cultural orbits: a largely traditional world centered in Istanbul and increasingly dominant influences emanating from Vienna.
1 Hamdija, Kreševljaković, Sarajevo u vrijeme austrougarkse uprave (1878–1918) (Sarajevo during Austro-Hungarian administration) (Sarajevo, 1969)Google Scholar; and Todor, Kruševac, Sarajevo pod austrougarskom upravom, 1878–1918 (Sarajevo under Austro-Hungarian administration) (Sarajevo, 1960)Google Scholar, are excellent general studies of the city's history in this period. Tomislav, Kraljačić, Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini (1882–1903) (The Kállay regime in Bosnia-Herzegovina) (Sarajevo, 1987)Google Scholar, is a thorough, richly documented, and indispensible study of Kállay's life and the policies of his regime.
2 Enver, Imamovič et al., Bosna i Hercegovina od najstarijih vremena do kraja drugog svjetskog rata (Bosnia-Herzegovina from earliest times to the end of the Second World War) (Sarajevo, 1994), 154–56Google Scholar; and Galib, šljivo, Omer-paša Latas u Bosni 1850–1852 (Omer-pasha Latas in Bosnia) (Sarajevo, 1977).Google Scholar
3 Berislav, Gavranović, ed., Bosna i Hercegovina u doba austrougarkse okupacije 1878. godine (Bosnia-Herzegovina in the period of Austro-Hungarian occupation) (Sarajevo, 1973), Wassitsch to Andrassy, Sarajevo, July 7, 1878, 170.Google Scholar
4 Vladislav, Skarić, Sarajevo i njegova okolina od najstarijih vremena do austro-ugarske okupacije (Sarajevo and its environs from earliest times to Austro-Hungarian occupation) (Sarajevo, 1937), 257–90.Google Scholar
5 Robert, Donia, “The Battle for Bosnia: Habsburg Military Strategy in 1878,” Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovina, Posebna izdanja (Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, special edition) 43 (1978): 109–21.Google Scholar
6 Hamdija, Kapidžić, Hercegovački ustanak 1882. godine (The Herzegovinian uprising of 1882) (Sarajevo, 1973).Google Scholar
7 The Dual Monarchy's arcane political structure dictated that Bosnia could best be administered by one of the joint ministries with jurisdiction over the entire empire. The task fell to the joint ministry of finance, and administering the province became the primary duty of the joint minister of finance from 1878 until the empire collapsed.
8 “Neoabsolutism” was the name given to the era of conservative rule in the Habsburg monarchy following suppression of the 1848 revolution under Prince Felix Schwarzenberg and Alexander Bach in Austria from 1849 to 1860. See Kann, Robert A., A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (Berkeley, 1974), 318–26.Google Scholar
9 Under the category of “Jevreji” (Jews) were two subgroups: “sefardički” (Sephardic) and “drugi” (Others). Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung in Bosnien und der Hercegovina vom 10. Oktober 1910 (Sarajevo, 1912), section 1, 5.Google Scholar
10 Todor, Kruševac, “Društvene promene kod bosanskih jevreja za austrijskog vremena” (Social change among Bosnian Jews in Austrian times), in Spomenica 400 godina od dolaska Jevreja u Bosnu i Hercegovinu (Commemoration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the arrival of the Jews in Bosnia-Herzegovina) (Sarajevo, 1966), ed. Samuel, Kamhi, 71–97, discusses the demographic development of the two Jewish communities.Google Scholar
11 Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung, section 1, 48.Google Scholar
12 Peter, Sugar, The Industrialization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1878–1918 (Seattle, 1963), 89.Google Scholar
13 Kreševljaković, , Sarajevo u vrijeme austrougarkse uprave, 78.Google Scholar
14 Kruševac, , “Društvene promene kod bosanskih jevreja,” 110–16.Google Scholar
15 Schorske, Carl E., Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1980)Google Scholar. Schorske's pioneering work, which established the interconnectedness of comprehensive cultural changes in Vienna around the turn of the century, serves as an inspiration for much of what is undertaken in this article. His authoritative discussion of the Ringstrasse's intellectual and cultural origins is found in chapter 1, “The Ringstrasse, Its Critics, and the Birth of Urban Modernism,” 24–115.
16 Ibid., 30.
17 For Vancaš's architectural career, see Jela, Božić, “Arhitekt Josip PI. Vancaš” (The architect Josip Vancaš), in Graditelji Sarajevo (The builders of Sarajevo), ed. Džemal, Čelić (Sarajevo, 1988), 379–90;Google Scholar and Boris, Spasojević, Arhitektura stambenih palata austrougarskog perioda u Sarajevu, drugo izdanje (The architecture of residential palaces in the Austro-Hungarian period in Sarajevo, second edition) (Sarajevo, 1999), 20.Google Scholar
18 Kreševljaković, , Sarajevo u vrijeme austrougarkse uprave, 121, note 157.Google Scholar
19 Illustrations and brief architectural notes on hundreds of Sarajevo structures may be found in Ibrahim, Krzović, Arhitektura Bosne i Hercegovine, 1878–1918 (The architecture of Bosnia-Herzegovina) (Sarajevo, 1987).Google Scholar
20 Another story was added three decades later, giving the building its present cubic appearance.
21 Jela, Božić, “Izgradnja i arhitektura Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu” (“The construction and architecture of the regional museum in Sarajevo”), in Spomenica stogodišnjice rada zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine 1888–1988 (Commemoration of one hundred years of work of the regional museum in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1888 to 1988), ed. Almaz, Dautbegović (Sarajevo, 1988), 419.Google Scholar
22 Nedžad, Kurto, Arhitektura Bosne i Hercegovine: razvoj bosanskog stila (The architecture of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Development of the Bosnian style) (Sarajevo, 1998), 14 and 32.Google Scholar
23 In August 1992, this building, converted in the 1950s to the University and National Library, was attacked by incendiary shells from Serbian guns around the city, creating a fire that burned most of the library's contents and the flammable parts of the interior structure.
24 Spasojević, , Arhitektura stambenih palata, 22.Google Scholar
25 Haus, , Hof und Staatsarchiv, Politisches Archiv. XL, 210. Szlávy to Dahlen, Vienna, August 24, 1880.Google Scholar
26 Kraljačić, , Kalajev režnt u Bosni i Hercegovini, 189.Google Scholar
27 Ibid., 385–87.
28 “Provisorisches Statut für die Errichtung einer Gemeindevertretung in der Stadt Sarajevo von 22 August 1878,” Sammlung der Gesetze, Verordnungen und Normalweisungen von Bosnien und der Hercegovina (Sarajevo, 1880), I, 585–86.Google Scholar
29 Kruševac, , “Društvene promene kod bosanskih jevreja,” 60–61.Google Scholar
30 Berislav, Gavranović, Uspostava redovite katoličke hijerarhije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1881. godine (Restoration of the Catholic religious hierarchy in Bosnia-Herzegovina) (Belgrade, 1935), 201–2.Google Scholar
31 On the changes in the vakufs, sheriat courts, and religious hierarchy, see Robert, Donia, Islam under the Double Eagle: The Muslims of Bosnia and Hercegovina, 1878–1914 (New York, 1981), 20–24.Google Scholar
32 Kraljačifć, , Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini, 161, citing Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovina, Zajedničke Ministarstvo Financije (Joint Finance Ministry), 3542/1888.Google Scholar
33 Ibid., 51.
34 Kreševljakocić, , Sarajevo u vrijeme austrougarksee uprave, 13–14.Google Scholar
35 The Ziviladlatus was the civilian head of the Habsburg administration in Bosnia-Herzegovina. He reported to the Landeschef, typically a general, who in turn reported to the joint minister of finance.
36 Kruševac, , “Društvene promene kod bosanskih jevreja,” 267, citing Memoirs of Protopop Nedeljka, 79.Google Scholar
37 Kruševac, , “Društvene promene kod bosanskih jevreja,” 266, citing Sarajevski List, Sept. 6, 1882.Google Scholar
38 Arhiv grada Sarajeva (hereafter AGS), Sarajevo gradske vijeće (Sarajevo city council [hereafter SGV]), Apr. 3, 1879.Google Scholar
39 AGS, SGV, Dec. 17, 1888.
40 Kraljačić, , Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini, 163–64.Google Scholar
41 Ibid., 159.
42 Ibid., 146.
43 Ibid., 166–67.
44 Vidovdan commemorates St. Virus, but it also takes its name from Vid, a pre-Christian Slavic god of the sun and war. It is celebrated on the summer solstice principally in order to observe the anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo (June 28, 1389).
45 Ibid., 67.
46 Božo, Madžar, Pokret Srba Bosne i Hercegovine m vjersko-prosvjetnu samoupravu (Movement of the Serbs of Bosnia-Herzegovina for religious and educational autonomy) (Sarajevo, 1982), 171–74.Google Scholar
47 Donia, , Islam under the Double Eagle, 55–59.Google Scholar
48 For the history of the Muslim autonomy movement, see Nusret, šehić, Autonomni pokret Muslinmna za vrijeme austrougarske uprave u Bosni i Hercegovina (The autonomy movement of Muslims during Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia-Herzegovina) (Sarajevo, 1980)Google Scholar; the excellent introduction in Ferdo, Hauptmann, Borba Muslimana Bosne i Hercegovine za vjersku vakufsko-mearifsku autonomiju: grada (The battle of the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina for autonomy of religion and religious endowments: Materials) (Sarajevo, 1967), 21–38Google Scholar; and Donia, , Islam under the Double Eagle, 70–166.Google Scholar
49 Kraljačić, , Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini, 400, citing Milorad Ekmečić, Nacionalni Pokret (National movement), 622.Google Scholar