¹ This theory, found in numerous historical studies, has been subject to vehement criticism by some scholars. Allan Sharlin, for instance, tried to demonstrate that immigrants were mostly responsible for the excessive number of deaths. As many of them belonged to the pauper segments of urban society, they often remained childless and unmarried. In consequence, they received no credit for births in the city, and their names appeared only in the death registers. See Sharlin, Allan, “Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Reconsideration,” Past and Present 79 (1978): 126–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Some theoretical aspects of early modern urban migration have been discussed by de Vries, Jan, European Urbanization 1500–1800 (London, 1984), 179–200Google Scholar; Hohenberg, Paul M. and Lees, Lynn Hollen, The Making of Urban Europe 1000–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 85–98Google Scholar; Francois, Etienne, ed., Immigration et société urbaine en Europe occidentale, XVIe–XXe siècle (Paris, 1985)Google Scholar; and Jaritz, Gerhard and Müller, Albert, eds., Migration in der Feudalgesellschaft (Frankfurt, 1988).Google Scholar See also case studies by Hochstadt, Steve, “Migration in Preindustrial Germany,” Central European History 16, no. 3 (1983): 195–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Friedrichs, Christopher R., Urban Society in an Age of War: Nördlingen, 1580–1720 (Princeton, 1979), 45–64Google Scholar; idem, The Early Modern City 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 114–35Google Scholar; and Schilling, Heinz, “Niederländische Exulanten im 16. Jahrhundert,” Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte 187 (1972): 1–200.Google Scholar

² Fallenbüchl, Zoltán, “Pest város népességének származáshelyei a statisztika és a kartográfia tükrében (1687–1770)” (Origin of the Pest population in the light of statistics and cartography, 1687–1770), Tanulmányok Budapest múltjából (Studies in Budapest history) 15 (1963): 239–87Google Scholar; Vorel, Petr, Dějiny města Přelouče (History of Přelouč), vol. 1 (Přelouč, 1999), 81–85Google Scholar; Mendelová, Jaroslava, “Obyvatelé Nového města pražského na přelomu let 1585 a 1586” (Inhabitants of Prague's New Town between 1585 and 1586), Documenta pragensia (Prague documents) 19 (2001): 81–84.Google Scholar

³ Jockisch, Hans, ed., Das Bürgerbuch von Birnbaum 1668–1853 (Marburg, 1982), 1–21.Google Scholar

⁴ A comparative approach has been applied, for instance, by Vasarhelyi, Hanno, “Einwanderung nach Nördlingen, Esslingen und Schwäbisch Hall zwischen 1450 und 1550,” in Stadt und Umland, ed. Maschke, Erich and Sydow, Jürgen (Stuttgart, 1974), 129–65Google Scholar; and Mathis, Franz, Zur Bevölkerungsstruktur österreichischer Städte im 17. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1977).Google Scholar For a more recent work, see Hochstadt, , “Migration in Preindustrial Germany,” 195–224.Google Scholar

⁵ This is arguably the case for the otherwise excellent study by Gierszewski, Stanislaw, Obywatele miast Polski przedbiorowej (Urban population in pre-partitioned Poland) (Warsaw, 1973).Google Scholar In some of his conclusions the author clearly tends to identify “burgher” immigration with “urban” immigration.

⁶ Among many examples, perhaps the most instructive is the case of Václav Nešpor, who studied the burgher immigration into Olomouc. Accused by the Protectorate magistrates of misinterpreting the source with the aim of disputing the German nature of the city, he was obliged to leave the study unfinished. After several decades, Nešpor's research was completed by Vladimír Spáčil. Nešpor, Václav, “Matriky měšťanů olomouckých od r. 1668 do r. 1915” (Olomouc burgher registers, 1668 to 1915), Časopis vlasteneckého spolku musejního v Olomouci (Journal of the Patriotic Museum Society in Olomouc) 50 (1937)Google Scholar: appendix 1–8; ibid., (1938): 99–106; ibid., (1939): 109–16; ibid., (1940): 119–26; ibid., (1941): 163–70. Spáčil, Vladimír, “Matriky olomouckých měšťanů od r. 1668 do r. 1915” (Registers of Olomouc burghers, 1668–1915), Státni Okresní archiv v Olomouci (State District Archive Olomouc) (1973): 51–58Google Scholar; ibid., (1974): 66–72; ibid., (1975): 79–84; ibid., (1976): 79–88; ibid., (1977): 129–32; ibid., (1978): 133–40; ibid., (1979): 116–19.

⁷ Bogucka, Maria, “Warszawa w latach 1526–1720” (Warsaw in the years 1526–1720), in Warszawa w latach 1526–1795 (Warsaw in the years 1526–1795), ed. Zahorski, A. (Warsaw, 1984), 187.Google Scholar

⁸ Zemský archiv Opava—pobočka Olomouc (Land Archive Opava, Olomouc branch), Lenní dvůr Kroměříž (Feudal Court Kroměříž), Knihy (Books), shelfmarks 23, 24, 38.

⁹ See, for instance, Nešpor, Václav, Dějiny Olomouce (History of Olomouc) (Brno, 1936), 89Google Scholar; Belzyt, Leszek, “Demographische Entwicklung und ethnische Pluralität in den grösten Städten Ostmitteleuropas 1400–1600,” in Metropolen im Wandel, ed. Engel, Evamaria, Lambrecht, Karen, and Nogosseck, Hanna (Berlin, 1995), 69.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Budapest Főváros levéltára (Budapest City Archive; hereafter cited as FővL), Pest Levéltára, Buda Levéltára (Pest Archive, Buda Archive; hereafter cited as PL, BL), Matricula civium (Register of citizens).

¹¹ Lípa, Státni okresní archiv Česká (State District Archive Česká Lipa), MěÚ Česká Lípa (Municipal Office Česká Lípa), no. 41, shelfmark reg. 89/1 K1.Google Scholar

¹² Gierszewski, , Obywatele miast Polski przedrozbiorowej, 77.Google Scholar

¹³ Denominations of immigrants were recorded more systematically from the mid eighteenth century. As a whole, between 1687 and 1848, Catholics in Pest represented 86 percent of all immigrants whose confession is known; in Buda from 1686 to 1848, the comparable statistic is 89 percent. Protestants and Greek Catholics formed an insignificant minority. See FővL, PL, BL, Matricula Civium.

¹⁴ Przemyśl, Archiwum Państwowe (State Archive Przemyśl), Cathalogus civium civitatis Praemisliensis ius civile acceptantium (Register of burghers granted citizenship in the city of Przemyśl), no. 429.Google Scholar See also Arłamowski, Kazimierz, “Przyjęcia do prawa miejskiego w Przemyślu w łatach 1541–1664” (Admittance to burgher status in Przemyśl 1541–1664), Sprawozdanie dyrekcji państwowego gimnazjum (Report of the management of the state secondary school), vol. 2 (Przemyśl, 1931), 10Google Scholar; and Gilewicz, Aleksy, Przyjęcia do prawa miejskiego we Lwowie w łatach 1405–1604 (Admittance to burgher status in Lwów 1405–1604) (Ľviv, 1931), 411–12.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Gilewicz, , Przyjęcia do prawa miejskiego we Lwowie w łatach, 411.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Státní okresní archiv Olomouc (State District Archive Olomouc), Archiv města Olomouce (Olomouc Municipal Archive), Listiny (Charters), no. 1355.

¹⁷ Nešpor, , “Matriky měšťanů olomouckých od r. 1668 do r. 1915,” appendix 7.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Bogucka, Maria and Samsonowicz, Henryk, Dzieje miast i mieszczaństwa w Polsce przedbiorowej (History of cities and urban society in pre-partition Poland) (Wrocław, 1986), 474–75.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Kraków, Archiwum państwowe, Bochnia, oddzial (State Archive Cracow in Bochnia), Akta miasta Bochni (Documents of the city of Bochnia), ASB 71. Kiryk, Feliks, ed., Ksiega przyjeć do prawa miejskiego w Bochni 1531–1656 (Register of admittance to burgher status in Bochnia 1531–1656) (Wroclaw, 1979), 13–15.Google Scholar

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²³ Strnad, Josef, ed., M. Šimona Plachého z Třebnice Paměti Plzeňské (Pilsen memoirs by Master Šimon Plachý of Třebnice) (Plzeň, 1888), 93–94.Google Scholar

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²⁶ The Uherské Hradiště city books cover only the period from 1684 to 1691, resuming in 1706. Státní okresní archiv Uherské Hradiště (State District Archive Uherské Hradiště), AM UH (Uherské Hradiště Municipal Archive), no. 410.

²⁷ See slightly different numbers suggested by Janáček, Josef, Dějiny obchodu v předbělohorské Praze (History of commerce in pre-White Mountain Prague) (Prague, 1955), 345Google Scholar; Marek, Jaroslav, “O studiu městského přistěhovalectvi” (On the study of urban immigration), Sborník Matice moravské (Journal of Matice moravské) 79 (1960): 86–111Google Scholar; also see Semotanová, Eva, “Knihy měšťanských práv—významný pramen předstatického období (Příspěvek ke studiu přistěhovalectví do měst pražských v letech 1618–1770)” (Burgher registers—an important source of pre-statistical period: Contribution to study of immigration into Prague 1618–1770), Historická demografie 10 (1986): 99.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Bogucka, and Samsonowicz, , Dzieje miast i mieszczaństwa, 392Google Scholar; Gierszewski, , Obywatele miast Polski przedbiorowej, 18Google Scholar; Historia Polski w liczbach (History of Poland in numbers) (Warsaw, 1993), 47.Google Scholar

³⁰ Kosáry, Domokos and Nagy, Lájos, eds., Budapest törtenete (History of Budapest), vol. 3 (Budapest, 1975), 130–35.Google Scholar

³¹ Fallenbüchl, , “Pest város népességének,” 239–87.Google Scholar

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³³ Ibid., 94–95.

³⁴ This hypothesis has been raised by Jaroslav Marek, for example; see ibid., 94–95. The issue has recently been touched on by Vorel, Petr, Rezidenční vrchnostenská města v Čechách a na Moravě v 15.–17. století (Residential private towns in Bohemia and Moravia in 15th–17th centuries) (Pardubice, 2001), 178.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Gierszewski, , Obywatele miast Polski przedrozbiorowej, 55Google Scholar; and Semotanová, , “Knihy měšťanských práv—významný pramen předstatického období,” 99.Google Scholar

³⁷ FővL, PL, BL, Matricula CiviumGoogle Scholar; Fallenbüchl, , “Pest város népességének,” 243–67.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Immigration into Vodňany and Kadaň followed similar trends as in other cities.

⁴¹ On Bohemian and Moravian exile, recent works include Mrva, Ivan, “Uhorsko, azylová krajina vobdobí novoveku” (Hungary, the asylum country in the modern period), Česko-slovenská historická ročenka (Czech-Slovak historical yearbook) (1999): 17–26Google Scholar; Marečková, Marie, “K náboženským exulantům z českých zemi ve východoslovenských městech raného novověku” (On religious refugees from Bohemian lands in early modern eastern Slovakian towns), Česko-slovenská historická ročenka (1999): 49–50Google Scholar; and Macůrek, Josef, České zemé a Slovensko (1620–1750) (Czech Lands and Slovakia, 1620–1750) (Brno, 1969), 39–68.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Ibid., 387.

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