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³³ See Ministerrat, Dollfuß, no. 796 of May 24, 1932, para. 7, pp. 7–11;Google Scholar and the circular letter to the provincial governors dated May 19, 1932, ibid., appendix F, pp. 16–17.

³⁴ For a discussion of the Pfrimer putsch, see Rath, , “Deterioration of Democracy,” 240–41.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Geisser Celesia to Grandi, Vienna, June 27, 1932, Documenti, doc. no. 127, p. 170; emphasis added.Google Scholar A similar account based on Hungarian documents can be found in Lajos, Kerekes, Abenddämmerung einer Demokratie. Mussolini, Gömbös und die Heimwehr (Vienna, 1966), 108.Google Scholar The Hungarian and Italian documents were not available for use by Edmondson, C. Earl, the author of The Heimwehr and Italian Politics, 1918–1936,Google Scholar and Pauley, Bruce F., who wrote Hahnenschwanz and Hakenkreuz. Steirischer Heimatschutz und österreichischer Nationalsozialismus 1918–1934 (Vienna, 1972). Starhemberg wrote nothing about this and other conspiracies. Since the usual aim of a memoir is to leave the impression on the reader that the author wants him to have, Starhemberg certainly did not want his readers to know how he secretly conspired to overthrow his friend's government at the same time he was publicly pretending to be its strong supporter.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Geisser Celesia to Grandi, Vienna, June 27, 1932, Documenti, vol. 12, doc. no. 127, pp. 170–71.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Starhemberg had gone to Rome to confer with Mussolini during the first half of June. For details of the visit, which dovetail only in part with Geisser Celesia's account, see Starhemberg, Between Hitler and Mussolini, 89–94.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Geisser Celesia to Grandi, Vienna, June 30, 1932, Documenti, vol. 12, doc. no. 131, p. 176.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ibid., 177.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 178.

⁶⁰ Geisser Celesia to Grandi, Vienna, July 7, 1932, Documenti, doc. no. 144, p. 207.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Preamble of the Lausanne protocol, Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich, Jahrgang 1932, 5. Stuck, no. 12, pp. 29–30 (quotations); p. 35 (amounts); article 2, para. 4, pp. 31–32 (length of loan). A copy of the protocol and its annexes is printed in Klingenstein, Die Anleihe von Lausanne, appendix A, 133–40. On amounts, see also report of Eduard Heinl, minister of commerce and trade, on Aug. 17, 1932, Nationalrat, 98th session, 4th legislative period, 4:2508.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ Minutes of the July 7, 1932, meeting of the Nationalrat's chief committee, AVA, Christlichsoziale Partei, Parlaments Klub, Carton 63: Staatskorrespondenz, no number given.

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⁷⁵ Geisser Celesia to Grandi, Vienna, July 19, 1932, Documenti, vol. 12, doc. no. 158, pp. 233–34.Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Clauzel to Herriot, Vienna, Aug. 20, 1932, Documents diplomatiques français 1932–1939, 1st ser. (1932–35), vol. 1 (Paris, 1964), doc. no. 113, p. 201.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Ministerrat, Dollfuβ, official minutes, para. 1, p. 428.Google Scholar See also ibid., no. 819 of July 28, 1932, rough draft, para. 1, p. 445. Subsequent quotations are from official minutes, pp. 428–29.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 429–32; rough draft no. 819, pp. 445–48. The unofficial draft copy contains the following statement that has been omitted in the official minutes: “The chairman [Dollfuß] reported that legal press regulations that would be satisfactory to the Heimatblock had once been prepared on the basis of the economic enabling act. He requests the council of ministers to authorize the submission of the provisions that were laid aside at that time for approval in the next session of the chief committee. The council of ministers gave the requested authorization”; ibid., 445.

⁸¹ Dollfuß to Starhemberg, Vienna, July 28, 1932, AVA, Präs., no. 5886-Pr./32. The minutes of the council of ministers housed in the Verwaltungsarchiv contain a resolution certifying that “the Heimwehr's wishes in the writing lying before us are in accord with the program of the government, which is resolved under all circumstances to carry it out. It empowers the federal chancellor to reply to the above letter in this sense.” Beschlussprotokoll of the 819th session of the Ministerrat on July 28, 1932, AVA, Carton 151, p. 2.

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⁹⁰ Kunschak's speech in the Nationalrat on July 29, 1932, ibid., 2445.

⁹¹ Foppa's speech in the Nationalrat on July 29, 1932, ibid., 2462. For the entire speech, see 2449–62.

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¹⁰¹ See the letter and telegrams from Vinzl and Renner's report in regard to what he did about them in Nationalrat, 101st session, Aug. 23, 1932, 4th legislative period, 4:2625–26.Google Scholar

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¹¹² In the new elections held in November 1932, the National Socialists, however, elected only 196 deputies, and their percentage of the popular vote fell to 33.1 percent.

¹¹³ The information about conditions in Germany was drawn largely from Craig, Gordon A., Germany, 1866–1945 (New York, 1978), passim;Google Scholar and Hajo, Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1840–1945 (New York, 1969), passim.Google Scholar For Robert Hecht's life and work, see Peter, Huemer, Robert Hecht und die Zerstörung der Demokratie in Österreich. Eine historisch-politische Studie (Munich, 1975).Google Scholar

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