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⁴⁴ Leu, , Cartea şi lumea rurală, 92–94.Google Scholar

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⁵² Bocşan, Nicolae, “Polemica lui Damaschin Bojincă şi Eftimie Murgu cu Sava Tököly” (Damaschin Bojincă and Eftimie Murgu's dispute with Sava Tököly), Banatica 2 (1973): 363–81Google Scholar; Gyémánt, Ladislau, Mişcarea naţională a românilor din Transilvania între anii 1790 şi 1848 (The national movement of the Romanians of Transylvania between the years 1790 and 1848) (Bucharest, 1986), 100–107Google Scholar; and the modern editions of Murgu, Eftimie, Scrieri (Writings) (Bucharest, 1969)Google Scholar; and Bojincă, Scrieri.

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⁵⁵ Ţichindeal, , Fabule (Buda, 1814), 479ff.Google Scholar; Vulcan, , “Dimitrie Cichindeal,” 318–19Google Scholar; Jivcovici, Marko, “Sovjeti zdravago razuma… a lui Dositej Obradovici în limba română”Google Scholar (Obradovici, Dositej's Counsels of Healthy UnderstandingGoogle Scholar in Romanian), Analele societăţii de limba română (The annals of the Romanian Language Society) 3–4 (1972–1973): 219–28.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Bărbulescu, Luminiţa Wallner, “Solidaritate şi altentate în procesul de constituire a Bisericii greco-catolice în Banat” (Solidarity and alterity in the establishment of the Greek Catholic Church in the Banat), in Identitate şi alteritate (Identity and alterity), ed. Bocşan, Nicolae, 2 vols. (Cluj-Napoca, 1996–1998), 2:257–61.Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Recent accounts in English of the events of 1848–49 in Hungary, Transylvania, and the Principalities include Deák, István, “The Revolution and the War of Independence, 1848–1849,” in A History of Hungary, ed. Sugar, Peter F., Hanák, Péter, and Frank, Tibor (Bloomington, 1990), 209–34Google Scholar; Hitchins, , The Romanians, 232–72Google Scholar; idem, A Nation Discovered: Romanian Intellectuals in Transylvania and the Idea of Nation, 1700–1848 (Bucharest, 1999), 175–221Google Scholar; Evans, , “1848–1849 in the Habsburg Monarchy”Google Scholar; Miskolczy, Ambrus, “Transylvania in the Revolution and the War of Independence (1848–1849),” in History of Transylvania, ed. Köpeczi, Béla, trans. Szaffkó, Péter et al. , 3 vols. (Boulder, 2002), 3:219–330.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ On Bălcescu, see Dragomir, Silviu, Studii privino istoria revoluţiei române de la 1848 (Studies in the history of the Romanian Revolution of 1848) (Cluj-Napoca, 1989), 116–34Google Scholar; and Fryer, Bruce, “Bălcescu and the National Question in 1849,” East European Quarterly 12, no. 2 (1978): 189–208Google Scholar. Ghica, 's memorandum in Anul 1848 în Principatele Române (The year 1848 in the Romanian principalities), 6 vols. (Bucharest, 1902–1910), 1:645–46Google Scholar; on Brătianu, , Bodea, , Lupta românilor, 157–58.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Maiorescu, memoranda in Ghica, Ion, Amintiri din pribegie după 1848 (Memories of exile after 1848) (Bucharest, 1889), 120–45Google Scholar; and in Bodea, , Lupta românilor, 343–46Google Scholar; Golescu, letters of August 1848 and April 1849, in Dragomir, S., “Din corespondenţa dascălilor ardeleni în anul 1848” (From the correspondence of the Transylvanian teachers in 1848), Omagiu lui I. Bianu (Homage to I. Bianu) (Bucharest, 1927), 166–67Google Scholar; and Fotino, G., ed., Din vremea renaşterii naţionale. Boierii Goleşti (From the age of national rebirth: The boyars Golescu), 4 vols. (Bucharest, 1939), 2:269Google Scholar. On a rather more far-fetched plan for a Romanian state as a semi-colony of France, see Ion C. Brătianu, letter to Battaillard, Paul, in Anul 1848, 2:188–89.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Iorga, N., Histoire des Roumains de Transylvanie et Hongrie, 2 vols. (Bucharest, 1915), 2:309–15Google Scholar; Hitchins, , Orthodoxy and Nationality, 69–71.Google Scholar

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⁸³ For a more critical view of the Hungarian conception of nationality, see Deák, István, “István Széchényi, Miklós Wesselényi, Lajos Kossuth and the Problem of Romanian Nationalism,” AHY 12–13, part 1 (1976–1977): 69–77.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See especially Dragomir, Silviu, Studii şi documente privitoare la revoluţia românilor din Transilvania în anii 1848–49 (Studies and documents concerning the revolution of the Romanians of Transylvania in 1848–49), vol. 5 (Cluj, 1947)Google Scholar; Daicoviciu, Constantin and Cheresteşiu, Victor, Din istoria Transilvaniei (From the history of Transylvania), 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Bucharest, 1963), 2:1–132.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ The classic work is Bodea, Lupta românilor, see also Maciu, Vasile, “Le caractère unitaire de la révolution de 1848 dans les pays roumains,” RRH 7, no. 5 (1968): 679–707Google Scholar; Suciu, I. D., “La lutte des Roumains du Banat pour la réalisation de l'unité de l'Etat,” RRH 7, no. 6 (1968): 989–1005Google Scholar; Platon, Gheorghe, De la constituirea naţiunii la Marea Unire (From the formation of the nation to the great union), 4 vols. (laşi, 1996–2002), 1:253–58Google Scholar; Berindei, Dan, L'an 1848 dans les pays roumains (Bucharest, 1984), 78–90Google Scholar; Hitchins, , A Nation Discovered, 195–96.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Dragomir, , Studii şi documente, 5:303–23Google Scholar; an English resume of his conclusions is Carpathinus, , “1848 and Roumanian Unification,” Slavonic & East European Review 26, no. 27 (1948): 390–421Google Scholar, esp. 398–99. See also Iorga, N., Histoire des Roumains de Transylvanie et Hongrie, 2:ch. 10–12Google Scholar; idem, Histoire des roumains et de la romanité orientale, 10 vols. (Bucharest, 1937–1944), 9:154–71.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ The Serbian case presents numerous analogies. See Mackenzie, David, “Policy of the Serbian Government Toward the Serbian National Movement in the Vojvodina, 1848–1849,” in Papers for the Vth Congress of Southeast European Studies, Belgrade, September, 1984, ed. Shangriladze, Kot K. and Townsend, Erica W. (Columbus, 1984), 284–92.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ For transcripts of his interrogations for 1840, see Zane, G., “Miş. carea revoluţionară de la 1840” (The revolutionary movement of 1840), Studii şi materiale de istorie modernă (Studies and documents of modern history) 3 (1963): 255–71Google Scholar; for 1845, see Bodea, Cornelia, ed., 1848 la români (The Romanians' 1848), 3 vols. (Bucharest, 1982–1998), 1:251–68.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Deák, , The Lawful Revolution, 72Google Scholar, writes that Mihály Táncsics was the only political prisoner in Hungary in 1848, and that he was released immediately after the revolution broke out. This overlooks Murgu, who was not released immediately. Documents concerning his release in Documente privind revoluţia de la 1848 in Ţările Române. C. Transilvania (Documents concerning the Revolution of 1848 in the Romanian lands. C. Transylvania; hereafter cited as Documente 1848 C), 6 vols. (Bucharest, 1977–1998), 2:180–81, 205–6, 357–58.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Report of 12 April 1848, in Revoluţia de la 1848 în Ţările Române. Documente inedite din arhivele ruseşti (The 1848 revolution in the Romanian lands: Unpublished documents from the Russian archives), ed. Varta, Ion (Chişinău, 1998), 48–51Google Scholar. See also ibid., 78–80, for a rather scurrilous appeal in Romanian. Carpathinus, “1848,” 403–4, assesses various rumors of Romanian union under Russian leadership.

⁹¹ Cheresteşiu, V., “Luptătorul revoluţionar Eftimie Murgu (The revolutionary fighter Eftimie Murgu),” Studii 9, no. 1 (1956): 73Google Scholar; Bodea, , Lupta românilor, 134Google Scholar; Neamţu, Gelu, “Deputaţii români în Dieta de la Pesta, 1848–1849” (The Romanian deputies in the Pest diet), AIIC 13 (1970): 134Google Scholar; Dragomir, , Studii şi documente, 2:127, 5:346–59Google Scholar; Documente 1848 C, 5:103–4.Google Scholar

⁹² Rajačićs proclamation in Păcăţian, Cartea de aur, 1:232–36Google Scholar. An anti-Serb statement by Gherasim Raţ (Rac), bishop of Arad, in Suciu, , Nicolae Tincu-Velia, 21–22Google Scholar. Decision of the Lugoj committee not to attend the Karlovci congress in Documente 1848 C, 3:141–45.Google Scholar

⁹³ Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Revoluţia română de la 1848 in context european (The Romanian Revolution of 1848 in European context) (Bucharest, 1998), 148–50.Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Dragomir, , Studii şi documente, 5:353.Google Scholar

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⁹⁷ “Fraţilor români bănăţeni” (Brother Romanians of the Banat), 5 06 1848Google Scholar, Romanian original and German translation in Thim, Jószef, A magyarországi 1848/49-iki Szerb fölkelés törtenete (The history of the Serbian uprising in Hungary in 1848/49), 3 vols. (Budapest, 1930–1940), 2:471–72Google Scholar; Serbian translation in Grada za istoriju srpskog pokreta u Vojvodini, 1848–1849 (Materials for the history of the Serbian movement in the Vojvodina), ser. 1, bk. 1 (03–06 1848) (Belgrade, 1952), 413Google Scholar; Suciu, , Revoluta, 102Google Scholar (facsimile of the original document, in Cyrillic; there is a rather selective and misleading citation in the text); Murgu, , Serien', 444–45.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ Suciu, , Revoluţia, 106–12.Google Scholar

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¹⁰¹ Letter to Bălcescu, N., in Bogdan-Duică, , Eftimie Murgu, 171–72Google Scholar; Murgu, , Scrieri, 451–53Google Scholar; 1848 la români, 2:793–95Google Scholar. See also G. Poenaru, letter to Bălcescu, , 27 06 1848Google Scholar, in Anul 1848, 2:149Google Scholar; N. Kretzulescu, letter to Golescu, A. G., 5 08 1848Google Scholar, in Anul 1848, 6:24–25.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁶ Dragomir, , Studii şi documente, 5, 369–72Google Scholar; Suciu, , Revoluţia, 147–49Google Scholar; 1848 la români, 1:515–16.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁹ Hroch, Miroslav, “The Social Interpretation of Linguistic Demands in European National Movements,” in Regional and National Identities in Europe, ed. Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard, Müller, Michael G., and Woolf, S. J. (The Hague, 1998), 67–96Google Scholar; idem, “Historical Belles-Lettres as a Vehicle of the Image of National History” in National History and Identity, ed. Branch, Michael (Helsinki, 1999), 97–108.Google Scholar