¹ Freud discussed the street signs in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess of 3 Dec. 1897, and German-language street signs found their way into one of his dreams about going to Rome. See Masson, J. M., ed., The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904 (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 284–85Google Scholar.

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³ See Agnew, Hugh L., Origins of the Czech National Renascence (Pittsburgh/London, 1993)Google Scholar; Peter Bugge, “Czech Nation-Building, National Self-Perception and Politics 1780–1914,” (PhD diss., University of Aarhus, 1994); Cohen, Gary B., The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914, 2nd ed., rev. (West Lafayette, IN, 2006)Google Scholar; Kořalka, Jiří, Tschechen im Habsburgerreich und in Europe 1815–1914 (Vienna/Munich, 1991)Google Scholar; idem, Češi v Habsburské Říši a v Europě 1815–1914 [Czechs in the Habsburg Empire and Europe 1815–1914] (Prague, 1996)Google Scholar; and Sayer, Derek, The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History (Princeton, NJ, 1998)Google Scholar.

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⁵ On the boycotts, see Albrecht, Catherine, “The Rhetoric of Economic Nationalism in the Bohemian Boycott Campaigns of the Late Habsburg Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook 32 (2001): 47–68Google Scholar.

⁶ Kohn, Hans, Living in a World Revolution (New York, 1964; reprinted, 1965), 9–10Google Scholar.

⁷ See the population statistics in Cohen, Politics of Ethnic Survival, 2nd ed., rev., 70–71.

⁸ Politzer, Heinz, “Prague and the Origins of Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Kafka, and Franz Werfel,” Modern Languages Quarterly 16 (1955): 49–63Google Scholar.

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¹⁶ On the history of the Czech National Theater, see Dějiny Národního divadla [History of the National Theater], 6 vols. (Prague, 1933–36)Google Scholar; Kimball, Stanley B., Czech Nationalism: A Study of the National Theatre Movement 1845–83 (Urbana, IL, 1964)Google Scholar; Locke, Brian S., Opera and Ideology in Prague: Polemics and Practice at the National Theatre 1900–1938 (Rochester, NY, 2006), 18–22Google Scholar; Storck, Christoph P., Kulturnation und Nationalkunst: Strategien und Mechanismen tschechischer Nationsbildung von 1860 bis 1914 (Cologne, 2001), 213–28Google Scholar; and Ther, Philipp, Národní divadlo v kontextu evropských operních dějin. Od založení do první světové války [The National Theater in the Context of European Opera History. From the Founding to the First World War] (Prague, 2008)Google Scholar.

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²¹ Štech, Vzpomínky, I: V zamlženém zrcadle, 59.

²² Teweles, Theater und Publikum, 184; Kukula, Richard, Erinnerungen eines Bibliothekars (Weimar, 1925), 37Google Scholar; Ther, Národní divadlo v kontextu, 218.

²³ Vogel, Jaroslav, Leoš Janáček. Život a dílo [Leoš Janáček: Life and Works] (Prague, 1963), 216Google Scholar.

²⁴ Teweles, Theater und Publikum, 184; Gorrell, Lorraine, Discordant Melody: Alexander Zemlinsky, His Songs, and the Second Viennese School (Westbook, CT, 2002), 236, n. 12Google Scholar; and Tancsik, Pamela, Die Prager Oper heisst Zemlinsky: Theatergeschichte des Neuen Deutschen Theaters Prag in der Ära Zemlinsky von 1911–1927 (Vienna, 2000), 415Google Scholar.

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²⁶ See Egon Basch, “Wirken und Wandern: Lebenserinnerungen” (mimeograph, n.d., Leo Baeck Institute, New York), 16–20; Langer, František, Byli a bylo [They Were and It Was] (Prague, 1963), 172–73Google Scholar; and Kukula, Richard, Erinnerungen eines Bibliothekars (Weimar, 1925), 37–38Google Scholar.

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²⁸ Blaukopf, Kurt, Gustav Mahler, trans. Goodwin, Inge (New York and Washington, 1973), 71Google Scholar.

²⁹ See the discussion of Mahler's efforts to produce Czech operas in Vienna in de la Grange, Henry-Louis, Gustav Mahler, vol. 2. Vienna: The Years of Challenge (1897–1904) (Oxford and New York, 1995), 65–67, 190Google Scholar; and David Brodbeck, Defining Deutschtum: Political Ideology, German Identity, and Music-Critical Discourse in Liberal Vienna (New York and Oxford, forthcoming).

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³¹ Štech, Vzpomínky, I: V zamlženém zrcadle, 48.

³² Rauchberg, Heinrich, Der nationale Besitzstand in Böhmen, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1905), vol. 2, 368Google Scholar.

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³⁴ Conversation in Prague, spring 1973, with Ruda Havránková [née Bondyová] (1905–1983), mother of the historian Jan Havránek.

³⁵ See Storck, Kulturnation und Nationalkunst, 228–34; and the detailed description with lists of concerts in Lébl, Vladimir and Ludvová, Jitka, “Pražské orchestrální koncerty v letech 1860–1895” [Prague Orchestral Concerts in the Period 1860–1895], Hudební věda 17, no. 2 (1980): 99–138Google Scholar.

³⁶ Ibid., 111–15. See also Teweles, Theater und Publikum, 213–14. The Bohemian Savings Bank (Česká spořitelna/Böhmische Sparkasse) built the Rudolfinum to serve the arts in Prague on an ostensibly nationally neutral basis, although many Czech nationalists considered the bank's management to be German-leaning.

³⁷ Dalibor 6, no. 46 (14 Dec. 1884): 455–57.

³⁸ Bohemia, 6 Dec. 1884 (Beilage), 1.

³⁹ Prager Tagblatt, 5 Dec. 1884 (Beilage), 8.

⁴⁰ Prager Tagblatt, 6 Dec. 1884 (Beilage), 7.

⁴¹ On the national politics of symphonic music in Vienna during the last third of the century, see Brodbeck, Defining Deutschtum, passim; idem, “Dvorák's Reception in Liberal Vienna: Language Ordinances, National Property, and the Rhetoric of Deutschtum,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 60 (2007): 71–131Google Scholar; and idem, “Ausgleichs-Abende: The First Viennese Performances of Smetana's Bartered Bride,” Austrian Studies 17 (2009): 43–61Google Scholar. For the national politics of music criticism and reception in Germany and Austria during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries more broadly, see Painter, Karen, Symphonic Aspirations: German Music and Politics, 1900–1945 (Cambridge, MA, 2008)Google Scholar.

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⁴³ On Mahler's concert programs in Prague in 1908, see Gustav Mahler a Praha. Ke 110. výročí pražského pusobení 1885–1886 / Gustav Mahler und Prag. Zur 110. Wiederkehr seines Wirkens in Prag 1885–1886 (Prague, 1996), 83Google Scholar. On the 1908 exposition, see Jiránek, Tomáš, “K jubileu našeho císaře. Výstava obchodní a živnostenské komory v Praze” [For the Jubilee of Our Emperor: The Exposition of the Prague Chambers of Trade and Manufacture], Dějiny a současnost, 12/2008Google Scholar. http://dejinyasoucasnost.cz/archiv/2008/12/k-jubileu-naseho-cisare/ (accessed 29 Aug. 2013).

⁴⁴ Gustav Mahler a Praha, 82–85. The Czech daily newspapers in Prague did not publish reviews of Mahler's concerts in the New German Theater, but the Czech musical journal Dalibor reviewed his 1899 and 1904 concerts as well as Leo Blech's performances of Mahler's music in 1902 and 1905, suggesting interest on the part of the Czech musical cognoscenti. The German daily newspapers in Prague did not publish reviews of the Czech Philharmonic's performances of Mahler's music between 1903 and 1912.

⁴⁵ Bohemia, 22 May 1908 (morning), 1.

⁴⁶ Bohemia, 24 May 1908 (morning), 25. On Felix Adler, see “Mahler's German Language Critics,” ed. and trans. by Painter, Karen and Varwig, Bettina, in Mahler and His World, ed. Painter, 267–378 (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, 2002)Google Scholar, at 317–18.

⁴⁷ Prager Tagblatt, 24 May 1908 (morning), 15. On Batka, see Painter, Symphonic Aspirations, 69, 133; and, “Mahler's German Language Critics,” ed. and trans. by Painter and Varwig, 320–23.

⁴⁸ Den, 26 May 1908.

⁴⁹ On Nejedlý's championing of a modern Czech music and his criticisms of conservative Czech musical figures, see Locke, Opera and Ideology in Prague, 35, 74, 113, 115–21; and Křesťan, Jiří, Zdeněk Nejedlý, politik a vědec v osamění [Zdeněk Nejedlý, Politician and Scholar in Solitude] (Prague and Litomyšl, 2012), 81–101Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Národní listy, 22 Sept. 1908 (morning), 1. On Šilhan, see Locke, Opera and Ideology in Prague, 51, 357, n.15.

⁵¹ Den, 22 Sept. 1908, 1–2.

⁵² De la Grange, Gustav Mahler, vol. 4. A New Life Cut Short, 227–30; Mitchell, Donald, “Mahler in Prague,” in The Mahler Companion, ed. Mitchell, Donald and Nicholson, Andrew, 400–06 (Oxford, 2002), at 401Google Scholar. The immensely thorough De la Grange, Gustav Mahler, vol. 4. A New Life Cut Short, 474, allows that Mahler “might have understood Czech” but is not certain.

⁵³ William Ritter, quoted in De la Grange, Gustav Mahler, vol. 4. A New Life Cut Short, 228–29.

⁵⁴ Bohemia, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 1–2; Prager Tagblatt, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 16. Edited, translated versions of these reviews can be found in “Mahler's German Language Critics,” ed. and trans. by Painter and Varwig, 317–24.

⁵⁵ Prager Abendblatt, 21 Sept. 1908, 2.

⁵⁶ Prager Tagblatt, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 16.

⁵⁷ Two years later, Batka took up the question of Mahler's Jewishness again in “Das Jüdische bei Gustav Mahler,” Kunstwart 23, no. 20 (2 July 1910): 97–98Google Scholar. See Painter, Karen, “Jewish Identity and Anti-Semitic Critique in the Austro-German Reception of Mahler, 1900–1945,” in Perspectives on Gustav Mahler, ed. Barham, Jeremy, 175–94 (Aldershot, Hants, 2005)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁷ Sayer, Coasts of Bohemia, 82–153.

⁶⁸ See Judson, Pieter M., “Nationalizing Rural Landscapes in Cisleithania, 1880–1914,” in Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe, ed. Wingfield, Nancy M., 127–48 (New York/Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar, at 133–44; and idem, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 34–42Google Scholar.

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⁷³ See Stewart, “The Wildes of Bohemia,” 135–55; and idem, “The Cosmopolitanism of Moderní revue (1894–1925),” 63–69. Moderní revue published two Rilke poems in German in 1897 and one in Czech translation in 1898; see Sawicki, “The View from Prague,” 1077–78; and Schoolfield, George C., Rilke and His Time (Rochester, NY, 2009), 294Google Scholar.

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⁷⁸ On cultural life in Prague in the 1920s, see Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, passim; and Poche, ed., Praha našeho věku, 7–120, 208–28, 271–91.

⁷⁹ Spector, Scott, Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2000), 17–19Google Scholar; Brod, Max, Der Prager Kreis (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1966), 35–37Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ On Brod, see Brod, Max, Streitbares Leben 1884–1968, rev. ed. (Munich and Berlin, 1969)Google Scholar; Pazi, Margarita, Max Brod. Werk und Persönlichkeit (Bonn, 1970)Google Scholar; and Vassogne, Gaëlle, Max Brod in Prag: Identität und Vermittlung (Tübingen, 2009)Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Spector, Prague Territories, 14–15; Ingeborg Schnack, “Rainer Maria Rilke—Kindheit und Jugend 1875–1900.” http://mitrilkedurchdasjahr.blogspot.com/2012/01/sonntagsthema-kindheit-und-jugend.html (accessed 18 Sept. 2013); and Demetz, Peter, René Rilkes Prager Jahre (Düsseldorf, 1953), 62–70Google Scholar.

⁸² See the nuanced analysis of the situation and common concerns of the German Jewish writers in Prague in Spector, Prague Territories, 36–92, 234–40.

⁸³ Haas, Literarische Welt, 35.

⁸⁴ On the mediating role, see Spector, Prague Territories, 195–217; Vassogne, Max Brod in Prag, 190–221; Josef Čermák, “La culture pragoise entre les nationalismes: le rôle des médiateurs,” in Allemands, Juifs et Tchèques à Prague—Deutsche, Juden und Tschechen in Prag, 1890–1924, ed. M. Godé, J. Le Rider, and F. Mayer, 397–404; Kieval, Hillel, “Choosing to Bridge: Revisiting the Phenomenon of Cultural Mediation,” Bohemia 46, no. 1 (2005): 15–27Google Scholar; and Šrámková, Barbora, Max Brod und die tschechische Kultur (Wuppertal, 2010)Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Dierk O. Hoffmann, “Paul Leppin (27. Nov. 1878–10. April 1945). Biographie.” http://www.ssi-media.com/leppin/Bio.htm (accessed 20 Sept. 2013).

⁸⁶ Max Brod, “Frühling in Prag,” Die Gegenwart (18 May 1907), 316–17; quoted and trans. in Nicholas Sawicki, “The Critic as Patron and Mediator: Max Brod,” 32–53; also quoted in part in Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, 180, and Vassogne, Max Brod in Prag, 194.

⁸⁷ See the insightful discussion of the correspondence in Spector, Prague Territories, 217–33; and Kafka's published letters in Kafka, Franz, Briefe an Milena, ed. Haas, Willy (Frankfurt, 1960)Google Scholar; or in English, Letters to Milena, trans. Boehm, Philip (New York, 1990)Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Langer, Byli a bylo, 167–68, 172–73. On Prague's literary and artistic cafés in the early twentieth century, see Jähn, Karl-Heinz, ed., Das Prager Kaffeehaus. Literarische Tischgesellschaften (Berlin, 1988)Google Scholar; and Dörflová, Yvetta and Dyková, Věra, Kam se v Praze chodilo za múzami. Literární salony, kavárny, hospody a stolní společnosti [Where One Went in Prague for the Muses. Literary salons, coffee houses, pubs, and table gatherings] (Prague, 2009)Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ František Langer, “Der Rattenfänger und die Dirnen,” trans. Otto Pick, Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 55–61.

⁹⁰ Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 64. On Kraus's first lectures in Prague, see Haas, Literarische Welt, 24–25; and Krolop, Kurt, Reflektionen der Fackel. Neue Studien über Karl Kraus (Vienna, 1994), 127–36Google Scholar.

⁹¹ Haas, Literarische Welt, 24–25; Josef Čermák, “Junge Jahre in Prag. Ein Beitrag zum Freundeskreis Franz Werfels,” in Brücken nach Prag, ed. Ehlers, Höhne, Maidl, and Nekula, 125–62, at 132–34; and idem., “Ze zákulisí prvních přednášek Karla Krause v Praze” [Behind the Scenes of Karl Kraus's First Lectures in Prague], in Karl Kraus: Jičínský rodák a světoobčan—in Jičín geboren, in der Welt zu Hause. Sborník referátů z mezinárodní konference konané ve dnech 21.–23. dubna 2004 v Jičíně [Karl Kraus: Jičín Native, Citizen of the World: Collection of Papers from the International Conference held 21–23 April 2004, in Jičín], ed. Naděžda Macurová (Semily, 2004), 262–73.

⁹² Bohemia, 4 Dec. 1910 (morning), 10.

⁹³ Die Fackel, 12, Heft 313/314 (31 Dec. 1910): 56–60.

⁹⁴ Krolop, Reflektionen der Fackel, 135.

⁹⁵ Prager Tagblatt, 16 Mar. 1911, 5; Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 64–65. For the German text of the Heine essay with English translation, annotations, and commentary, see Franzen, Jonathan, The Kraus Project: Essays by Karl Kraus (New York, 2013), 3–134Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Národní listy, 16 Mar. 1911, 3.

⁹⁷ Novina, 4, no. 10 (24 Mar. 1911): 320.

⁹⁸ Ther, Národní divadlo v kontextu evropských operních dějin, 257–81.

⁹⁹ Robert Frost, “Mending Wall” (1914), published in idem, North of Boston, repr. ed., 11–13 (Charleston, SC, 2008).

¹⁰⁰ Koeltzsch, Geteilte Kulturen, 257–317, passim.

¹⁰¹ On the protests in Prague against German sound films, see Wingfield, Nancy M., Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands became Czech (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2007), 199–230Google Scholar.

¹⁰² See Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, passim.