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Center and Periphery at the Austrian-Russian Border: The Galician Border Town of Brody in the Long Nineteenth Century1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2011

Börries Kuzmany
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Center and periphery are popular concepts to describe geographical, political, or economic power relations. Both are mostly perceived as strict and mutually exclusive categories. This article examines a Galician border town whose history illustrates the complexities of conceptualizing center and periphery relations. At first glance, nineteenth-century Brody (in today's Ukraine) would seem to qualify as a peripheral town located on the Galician border between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. An analysis of this city under Habsburg rule (1772–1918), however, shows us that during that period it constituted both an important center and a declining periphery, not only consecutively, but also simultaneously. Its situation on the country's physical and political periphery did not harm Brody's central role in Europe's East-West trade until the first twenty years of the nineteenth century. Only in later decades did the city lose its place within a modernizing commercial system, and eventually it declined in importance. If we leave aside the economic aspect and take a closer look at Brody's mostly Jewish inhabitants, we see that for centuries this city functioned as an important center for Eastern and Central European Jewry. Even though the town's centrality for Jewish history also changed over time, Brody nevertheless kept its place on Jewish mental maps, whether as a center of religious learning, as a pioneering site of political emancipation, or as a safe haven for Jewish refugees.

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Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 42 , April 2011 , pp. 67 - 88
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Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2011

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Footnotes

1

The writing of this article was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), a research grant of the City of Vienna, and by a summer academy on space concepts organized by the German Historical Institute in Paris. I want to thank Larry Wolff, Gary Cohen, Christine Lebeau, Jacques Lévy, Stefan Litt, and Mark von Hagen for their helpful comments on my paper, William Godsey for proofreading my English, and Clemens Jobst for helping me with the figures.

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54 CDIA-L, f. 146, op. 66, spr. 40, 34–36.

55 Kustynowicz, Rudolf, “Entstehungsgeschichte des k.k. Rudolfs-Gymnasium in Brody (1. Teil),” in Jahresbericht des k. k. Rudolf-Gymnasiums in Brody (Brody, 1904)Google Scholar.

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60 L'vivs'ka naukova biblioteka im. V. Stefanyka—Viddil rukopysiv (hereafter LNB-VR), Barv. 3239/p. 189, Campaign for the collection of signatures in favor of transforming the Brody Gymnasium into a Ukrainian Gymnasium, 24 January 1897, 1–4.

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62 CDIA-L, f. 178, op. 3, spr. 936, Legislative proposal concerning the change of the language of instruction, 7 November 1904, 26–27; Expertise of the Galician Finanzprokuratur for the Galician Executive Committee [Landespräsidium], 10 November 1905, Zl. 47578/05, 32–39; Letter of the Ministry of Education to the Galician Governor, Vienna, 14 March 1907, Zl. 6715, 20; Declaration of the Brody city administration, 21 November 1907, Zl. 9644/907, 49; CDIA-L, f. 146, op. 8, spr. 602, Letter of the Galician Executive Committee to the Ministry of Education, L'viv, 5 May 1906, Zl. 6609, 2–10.

63 Data for the years 1851–1864: Tafeln zur Statistik der österreichischen Monarchie; 1865–1878: Statistisches Jahrbuch der österreichischen Monarchie; 1879–1914: Jahresbericht des k. k. Real und Ober-Gymnasiums in Brody (Sprawozdanie c. k. Gimnazyum im. Rudolfa w Brodach [after 1908 in Polish]) (Brody, 1879–1914).

64 Category “Bevölkerung nach Sprachstämmen,” in Tafeln zur Statistik der österreichischen Monarchie, e.g., 1851.

65 Schematismus der Allgemeinen Volksschulen und Bürgerschulen in den im Reichsrathe vertretenen Königreichen und Ländern. Auf Grund der statistischen Aufnahme vom 30. April 1890, ed. k.k. Statistische Central Commission (Vienna, 1891, 1901)Google Scholar.

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67 For a thorough analysis of students “national” behavior at Brody's Rudolfsgymnasium, see Kuzmany, Börries, “Les Lycées Galiciens—Un Lebenswelt Multiethnique. Le Cas De Brody [Fr. Galician High Schools – A Multiethnic Lebenswelt. The Case of Brody],” Cultures d'Europe centrale, no. 8, Lieux communs de la multiculturalité dans les villes centre-européennes (2009): 65–83Google Scholar.

68 Some Brody Jews (as well as some native Ukrainian-speakers) must have classified themselves already in this period as Polish-speakers, as the total number of Polish-speakers already outnumbered the total number of Roman-Catholic students, a group largely associated with Poles (besides the few Roman-Catholic Germans).

69 Schematismus der Allgemeinen Volksschulen und Bürgerschulen, 611.

70 For the Bohemian Lands, see King, Jeremy, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics. 1848–1948 (Princeton, NJ, 2002), esp. 45–62Google Scholar; and Zahra, Tara, Kidnapped Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900–1948 (Ithaca, NY, 2008)Google Scholar. For Carniola and the Slovenian Lands, see Hösler, Joachim, Von Krain zu Slowenien. Die Anfänge der nationalen Differenzierungsprozesse in Krain und der Untersteiermark von der Aufklärung bis zur Revolution 1768 bis 1848 (Munich, 2006), especially 271–301Google Scholar. For Bohemia, Styria, and Tirol, see Judson, Pieter M., Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA, London, 2006), especially 2–5Google Scholar. For Galicia, see Stauter-Halsted, Keely, The Nation in the Village: The Genesis of Peasant National Identity in Austrian Poland. 1848–1914 (Ithaca, NY, 2001)Google Scholar; Snyder, Timothy, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus. 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2003), especially 122–32Google Scholar. Himka had already demonstrated in the 1980s that Ruthenian peasants were only very slowly receptive to national ideas. See Himka, John-Paul, Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Basingstoke, Alberta, 1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 Stourzh, Gerald, Die Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten in der Verfassung und Verwaltung Österreichs 1848–1918 (Vienna, 1985), for Brody esp. relevant 74–78Google Scholar.

72 “Correspondenzen. Brody,” Die Welt, 4 February 1898, 11; “Correspondenzen. Lemberg,” Die Welt, 12 August 1898, 11; Gelber, Nathan Michael, Toldot hatnua hatsionit beGalitsia 1875–1918, vol. 1: 1875–1898 (Jerusalem, 1958), 247Google Scholar.

73 Binder, Harald, Galizien in Wien. Parteien, Wahlen, Fraktionen und Abgeordnete im Übergang zur Massenpolitik (Vienna, 2005), 237, 261–62, 290–91Google Scholar; Gelber, Nathan Michael, Toldot yehudey Brodi 1584–1943 [Hebr. History of the Jews of Brody 1584–1943] (Jerusalem, 1955), 313–19Google Scholar; Joshua Shanes, “National Regeneration in the Diaspora: Nationalism, Politics and Jewish Identity in Late Habsburg Galicia, 1883–1914” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 2002).

74 Binder, Harald, “‘Galizische Autonomie’—ein streitbarer Begriff und seine Karriere,” in Moravské vyrovnání z roku 1905 / Der Mährische Ausgleich von 1905, ed. Fasora, Lukás, Hanuš, Jiří, and Malíř, Jiří, 239–65 (Brno, 2006)Google Scholar.

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76 “Pomnik Józefa Korzeniowskiego,” Gazeta Brodzka, no. 7, 1 April 1897, 1–2. For the importance of monuments in the national mapping of town topographies, see King, Jeremy, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe. Ethnicism, Ethnicity, and Beyond,” in Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present, ed. Bucur, Maria and Wingfield, Nancy M. (West Lafayette, IN, 2001), esp. King's article on the monument to Adalbert/Vojtěch Lanna in Budweis/BudějoviceGoogle Scholar.

77 “Kronika. ‘Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,’” Gazeta Brodzka, no. 7, 1 April 1897, 3Google Scholar.