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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 April 2013
Almost every national historiography has at one time or another emphasized a certain era dominated by the alleged extraordinary feats of particular individuals. Modern nationalists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries often sought support for their founding myths in their histories, exploiting imagery of heroic eras and their heroes for the needs of the present. The work of historians played an integral part of this mythmaking process. The German word Heldenzeitalter [Age of Heroes] is a concept with exactly such strong historiographical dimension. The term is not precise. It has variously been used to denote the mythic era of German sagas, the time of the Völkerwanderungen [migrations of peoples], and the Ostrogoth king Theodoric (sixth century). The same concept of an “age of heroes” is also fundamental to understanding Austrian historiography. This age constitutes a basic element of the Austrian national idea, and as with the other applications of the term “Age of Heroes,” the Austrian version, which was largely a nineteenth-century historiographical construct, was also fed by epics and poetry and myth making. The ruling Habsburg dynasty also actively supported the design of an Austrian Age of Heroes, at whose center could be found the figure of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736).
This article has been encouraged by Professor Dr. Hrvoje Petrić from its beginning stage through his colloquia on the Habsburg Imperial Legacy. Valuable feedback was gathered from the anonymous reviewer, as well as the editors of the AHY.
1 Concurrently with Austrian historiography, elements of the myth of Prince Eugene have appeared in Croatian, Bosnian, and other national historiographies, albeit with completely different assumptions.
2 See: Magris, Claudio, Il mito asburgico nella letteratura austriaca moderna (Torino, 1963)Google Scholar.
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5 Großegger, Elisabeth, “Historische Dramen als immaterielle Denkmäler in öffentlichen [Theater]raum,” in Die Besetzung des öffentlichen Raumes: politische Plätze, Denkmäler und Strassennamen im europäischen Vergleich, ed. Jaworski, Rudolf and Stachel, Peter, 293–309 (Berlin, 2007), 299Google Scholar.
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9 “Die Enthüllungsfeier des Prinz Eugen-Denkmals in Wien am 18. October,” Illustrierte Zeitung, 4 November 1865, 318.
10 “Prinz Eugen und sein Wien,” Die Presse, 18 October 1865, 1–2.
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14 Elisabeth Großegger, “Historische Dramen als immaterielle Denkmäler in öffentlichen [Theater]raum,” 298. A similar message was “hidden” in the 1866 placing of Fernkorn's monument of Ban Josip Jelačić in the main square of Zagreb, pointing north. In a wholly different time from the Heldenzeitalter, the image of Josip Jelačić was similarly exploited in his Croatian surroundings, for good or ill, as a symbol of Austrian might and Croatia's part in the strengthening of this notion. His reputation as a general and statesman served the purpose of solidifying the special relationship between the ruling dynasty and the Croatian people. Similarly to the Viennese fête, but in a much more modest fashion, a “Prinz-Eugen-Feier” was held in 1902 in Vezirac near Petrovaradin, where a monument of the cross was dedicated to Eugene's military victory of 1716. The monument, made by the architect Hermann Bollé, was opened with a ceremonial morning mass and speeches listened by 25,000 people, as reported by the Pester Lloyd and Agramer Zeitung. The statue of Ban Jelačić had been proclaimed as a monument of the “black-yellow general”—it was removed in 1947 and returned in 1990. Since then, it has been facing south. For more on this subject, see Roksandić, Drago, “Ban Josip Jelačić (1801.–1859.): mitovi u promjenama i trajanjima [Banus Josip Jelačić (1801–1859): the duration and transformation of myths],” in Zbornik Mirjane Gross [Mirjana Gross - Festschrift], ed. Goldstein, Ivo, Stančić, Nikša, and Strecha, Mario, 105–17 (Zagreb, 1999)Google Scholar; “Prinz-Eugen-Feier,” Agramer Zeitung, 5 August 1902, 5; “Enthüllung des Prinz-Eugen-Kreuzes in Petrowardein,” Agramer Zeitung, 7 August 1902, 4; “Ein Prinz-Eugen-Denkmal in Újvidék,” Pester Lloyd, 6 August 1902, 5. See also: Krašnjak, Ivan, “Križ princa Eugena Savojskog na Vezircu kod Petrovaradina [The cross of Prince Eugene of Savoy on Vezirac at Petrovaradin],” Rad Muzeja Vojvodine [Journal of the Museum of Vojvodina] (2010): 271–79Google Scholar.
15 “Begeisterte Kundgebungen in Wien,” Neue Freie Presse, 26 July 1914, 4.
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32 These were written by historians Friedrich J. Heller, Joseph von Hormayr, Johann Heinrich Hennes, and Franz Georg Friedrich von Kausler, among whom the work of the Austrian military historian and Generalstaboffizier Friedrich Jakob Heller (1789–1866) can be highlighted, who, when working in the Kriegsarchiv, collected an ample body of Eugene's correspondence based on similar publications in England and Germany. On the other hand, Kausler's book, which proclaimed the use of new, never before used sources, is nothing more than a semidependable reconstruction of Eugene's military campaigns and battles. When Kausler leaves the narrow confines of military-political relations, he relies on the biographies familiar to him at the time, not bringing up any new aspects while doing this.
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52 The Croatian historian Josip Matasović (1892–1962), an expert in cultural history of the eighteenth century, put forward this argument. He saw Eugene as an exponent of the dynasty's political, cultural, and economic power that reflected on Croatia in a negative light. He wrote on Eugene's campaign in Sarajevo in a similar fashion. In spite of some faintly visible elements of Matasović's ideological orientation, it is ironic that in antagonizing the Habsburgs he paved the way for a historical interpretation of Bosnian history that would only later become relatively conventional—a more positive evaluation of the Ottoman government in Bosnia. Matasović, Josip, “Princ Evgenij Savojski u Sarajevu 1697 [Prince Eugene Savoy in Sarajevo 1697],” Narodna starina [Popular Antiquities] 6, no. 14 (1927): 96–106Google Scholar.
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79 “Militärmissionen ehren Österreichs Helden,” Neues Wiener Journal, 21 April 1936, 4; “Prinz-Eugen-Feier in Berlin,” Neue Freie Presse, 21 April 1936, 2.
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