Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T19:56:37.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Equity as a Basis for Inclusive Educational Systems Change*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2016

Wayne Sailor*
Affiliation:
SWIFT Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
*
Correspondence: Wayne Sailor, SWIFT Center, Department of Special Education, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Inclusion of students with ‘disabilities’ in public systems of general education has been a global initiative since the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action by the Ministry of Education and Science, Madrid (Spain), and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France), in 1994. Despite global and national policy efforts the practice has been sporadic and elusive. Framing education as categorical, specialised service delivery to discrete populations makes inclusion an unsolvable problem. The advent of multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) coupled with universal design for learning (UDL) practices delivered in whole-school rather than classroom-based formats poses a pathway out of the conundrum by framing public education as a system of equitable distribution of resources, such as services and supports, based on measured and monitored need on the part of all students. Potentially supportive research literature is reviewed.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This manuscript was accepted under the Editorship of Umesh Sharma.

References

Ainscow, M. (1991). Effective schools for all. London, UK: Fulton.Google Scholar
Ainscow, M. (2014). From special education to effective schools for all: Widening the agenda. In Florian, L. (Ed.), The Sage handbook of special education (2nd ed., pp. 171186). London, UK: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446282236.n12 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainscow, M., & César, M. (2006). Inclusive education ten years after Salamanca: Setting the agenda. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 21, 231238. doi:10.1007/BF03173412 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apple, M. W. (2006). Educating the “right” way: Markets, standards, god, and inequality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Artiles, A. J., & Kozleski, E. B. (2007). Beyond convictions: Interrogating culture, history, and power in inclusive education. Language Arts, 84, 357364.Google Scholar
Artiles, A. J., & Kozleski, E. B. (2016). Inclusive education's promises and trajectories. Critical notes about future research on a venerable idea. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 24, 43/44, 125. doi:10.14507/epaa.24.1919 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, J. R. (2014). Beneath the veneer: Marginalization and exclusion in an inclusive co-teaching context. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 10 (1), 4362.Google Scholar
Barton, L. (Ed.). (1987). The politics of special educational needs. Lewes, UK: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Batsche, G. (2014). Multi-tiered system of supports for inclusive schools. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 183196). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch14 Google Scholar
Bogdan, R., & Kugelmass, J. (1984). Case studies of mainstreaming: A symbolic interactionist approach to special schooling. In Barton, L. & Tomlinson, S. (Eds.), Special education and social interests (pp. 173191). London, UK: Broom-Helm.Google Scholar
Bolman, L. E., & Deal, T. E. (2013). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Booth, T., & Ainscow, M. (2011). Index for inclusion: Developing learning and participation in schools (3rd ed.). Bristol, UK: Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education.Google Scholar
Brock, M. E., & Schaefer, J. M. (2015). Location matters: Geographic location and educational placement of students with developmental disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40, 154164. doi:10.1177/1540796915591988 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browder, D. M., Hudson, M. E., & Wood, L. (2014). Using principles of high quality instruction in the general education classroom to provide access to the general education curriculum. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 339351). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch24 Google Scholar
Brown, L., Shiraga, B., & Kessler, K. (2006). The quest for ordinary lives: The integrated post-school vocational functioning of 50 workers with significant disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31, 93121. doi:10.1177/154079690603100202 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownell, M. T., Sindelar, P. T., Kiely, M. T., & Danielson, L. C. (2010). Special education teacher quality and preparation: Exposing foundations, constructing a new model. Exceptional Children, 76, 357377. doi:10.1177/001440291007600307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrello, L. C., Sailor, W., & Kleinhammer-Tramill, J. (2013). Unifying educational systems: Leadership and policy perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Carter, E. W., Asmus, J., Moss, C. K., Biggs, E. E., Bolt, D. M., Born, T. L., . . . Weir, K. (2016). Randomized evaluation of peer support arrangements to support the inclusion of high school students with severe disabilities. Exceptional Children, 82, 209233. doi:10.1177/0014402915598780 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAST. (2016). About universal design for learning. Retrieved from http://www.cast.org/our-work/about-udl.html#.Vst9bhhW6wY Google Scholar
Causton, J., & Theoharis, G. (2014). How do schools become effective and inclusive? In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 3042). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Courtade, G., Jimenez, B., & Delano, M. (2014). Providing effective instruction in core content areas (literacy, mathematics, science, and social studies) in inclusive schools. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 352362). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch25 Google Scholar
Deal, T. E., & Peterson, K. D. (2009). Shaping school culture: Pitfalls, paradoxes, and promises (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Dempsey, I. (2012). The use of individual education programs for children in Australian schools. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 36, 2131. doi:10.1017/jse.2012.5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiPaola, M., Tschannen-Moran, M., & Walther-Thomas, C. (2004). School principals and special education: Creating the context for academic success. Focus on Exceptional Children, 37 (1), 110.Google Scholar
DiPaola, M. F., & Walther-Thomas, C. (2003). Principals and special education: The critical role of school leaders (COPSSE Document No. IB-7E). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, Center on Personnel Studies in Special Education.Google Scholar
Farrell, P., Dyson, A., Polat, F., Hutcheson, G., & Gallannaugh, F. (2007). Inclusion and achievement in mainstream schools. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 22, 131145. doi:10.1080/08856250701267808 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R., Carter, E. W., Asmus, J., & Brock, M. E. (2016). Presence, proximity, and peer interactions of adolescents with severe disabilities in general education classrooms. Exceptional Children, 82, 192208. doi:10.1177/0014402915585481 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florian, L. (2014). Preparing teachers to work with students with disabilities: An international perspective. In Sindelar, P. T., McCray, E. D., Brownell, M. T., & Lignugaris/Kraft, B. (Eds.), Handbook of research on special education teacher preparation (pp. 4764). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Florian, L., & Rouse, M. (2014). International perspectives: What can be known about effective inclusive schools? In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 507520). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch36 Google Scholar
Fox, N. E., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1997). Implementing inclusion at the middle school level: Lessons from a negative example. Exceptional Children, 64, 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Compton, D. L., Wehby, J., Schumacher, R. F., Gersten, R., & Jordan, N. C. (2015). Inclusion versus specialized intervention for very-low-performing students: What does access mean in an era of academic challenge? Exceptional Children, 81, 134157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fullan, M. (2005). Leadership and sustainability: System thinkers in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38, 915945. doi:10.3102/00028312038004915 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giangreco, M. F. (2013). Teacher assistant supports in inclusive schools: Research, practices and alternatives. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 37, 93106. doi:10.1017/jse.2013.1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giangreco, M. F., & Suter, J. S. (2015). Precarious or purposeful? Proactively building inclusive special education service delivery on solid ground. Inclusion, 3, 112131. doi:10.1352/2326-6988-3.3.112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giangreco, M. F., Suter, J. S., & Hurley, S. M. (2013). Revisiting personnel utilization in inclusion-oriented schools. The Journal of Special Education, 47, 121132. doi:10.1177/0022466911419015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grima-Farrell, C. R., Bain, A., & McDonagh, S. H. (2011). Bridging the research-to-practice gap: A review of the literature focusing on inclusive education. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 35, 117136. doi:10.1375/ajse.35.2.117 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, S., & Jacques, M. (Eds.). (1989). New times: The changing face of politics in the 1990s. London, UK: Lawrence and Wishart.Google Scholar
Halle, J. W., & Dymond, S. K. (2008–2009). Inclusive education: A necessary prerequisite to accessing the general curriculum? Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 33–34, 196198. doi:10.2511/rpsd.33.4.196 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harn, B., Fritz, R., & Berg, T. (2014). Effective literacy instruction in inclusive schools. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 229246). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hemmings, B., & Woodcock, S. (2011). Preservice teachers’ views of inclusive education: A content analysis. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 35, 103116. doi:10.1375/ajse.35.2.103 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, P., Soto, G., Maier, J., & Doering, K. (2003). Collaborative teaming to support students at risk and students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms. Exceptional Children, 69, 315332. doi:10.1177/001440290306900304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L. B., Ryndak, D. L., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2008–2009). The dynamic relationship between context, curriculum, and student learning: A case for inclusive education as a research-based practice. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 33–34, 175195. doi:10.2511/rpsd.33.4.175 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimenez, B. A., & Kamei, A. (2015). Embedded instruction: An evaluation of evidence to inform inclusive practice. Inclusion, 3, 132144. doi:10.1352/2326-6988-3.3.132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffman, J. M., & Hallahan, D. P. (Eds.). (1995). The illusion of full inclusion: A comprehensive critique of a current special education bandwagon. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.Google Scholar
Kauffman, J. M., McGee, K., & Brigham, M. (2004). Enabling or disabling? Observations on changes in special education. Phi Delta Kappan, 85, 613620. doi:10.1177/003172170408500810 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinert, H., Towles-Reeves, E., Quenemoen, R., Thurlow, M., Fluegge, L., Weseman, L., & Kerbel, A. (2015). Where students with the most significant cognitive disabilities are taught: Implications for general curriculum access. Exceptional Children, 81, 312328. doi:10.1177/0014402914563697 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klingner, J. K., Arguelles, M. E., Hughes, M. T., & Vaughn, S. (2001). Examining the schoolwide “spread” of research-based practices. Learning Disability Quarterly, 24, 221234. doi:10.2307/1511112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozleski, E. B., & Siuty, M. B. (2016). The complexities of inclusive education: How cultural histories shape the ways teachers respond to multiple forms of diversity. Retrieved February 11, 2015, from http://capacitybuildingnetwork.org/article6/ Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kurth, J. A., Morningstar, M. E., & Kozleski, E. B. (2014). The persistence of highly restrictive special education placements for students with low-incidence disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39, 227239. doi:10.1177/1540796914555580 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leko, M. M., & Roberts, C. A. (2014). How does professional development improve teacher practice in inclusive schools? In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 4354). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch4 Google Scholar
Lewis, A., & Norwich, B. (2005). Special teaching for special children? Pedagogies for inclusion. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, G., & Cassebohm, M. (2012). The education of Australian school students with the most severe intellectual disabilities: Where have we been and where could we go? A discussion primer. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 36, 7995. doi:10.1017/jse.2012.8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magiera, K., & Zigmond, N. (2005). Co-teaching in middle school classrooms under routine conditions: Does the instructional experience differ for students with disabilities in co-taught and solo-taught classes? Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 20, 7985. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2005.00123.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonnell, J., Johnson, J. W., & McQuivey, C. (2008). Embedded instruction for students with developmental disabilities in general education classrooms. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.Google Scholar
McDonnell, J., Thorson, N., Disher, S., Mathot-Buckner, C., Mendel, J., & Ray, L. (2003). The achievement of students with developmental disabilities and their peers without disabilities in inclusive settings: An exploratory study. Education & Treatment of Children, 26, 224236.Google Scholar
McKnight, J. (1995). The careless society: Community and its counterfeits. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, T. W., Snyder, P. A., & Algina, J. (2015). Characterizing early childhood disabilities in a nationally representative sample using functional profiles. Exceptional Children, 81, 471488. doi:10.1177/0014402914563696 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeskey, J., Landers, E., Williamson, P., & Hoppey, D. (2012). Are we moving toward educating students with disabilities in less restrictive settings? The Journal of Special Education, 46, 131140. doi:10.1177/0022466910376670 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeskey, J., & Waldron, N. L. (2002). Inclusion and school change: Teacher perceptions regarding curricular and instructional adaptations. Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 25, 4154. doi:10.1177/088840640202500106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMaster, C. (2013). Building inclusion from the ground up: A review of whole school re-culturing programmes for sustaining inclusive change. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 9 (2), 124.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Science, Spain, & United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special needs education. Paris, France: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Mintz, J., & Wyse, D. (2015). Inclusive pedagogy and knowledge in special education: Addressing the tension. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19, 11611171. doi:10.1080/13603116.2015.1044203 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, C., & Sharma, U. (2011). Facilitating the inclusion of children with vision impairment: Perspectives of itinerant support teachers. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 35, 191203. doi:10.1375/ajse.35.2.191 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murawski, W. W., & Goodwin, V. A. (2014). Effective inclusive schools and the co-teaching conundrum. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 292305). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch21 Google Scholar
Nelson, L. L. (2014). Design and deliver: Planning and teaching using universal design for learning. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Nota, L., Soresi, S., & Ferrari, L. (2014). What are emerging trends and perspectives on inclusive schools in Italy? In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 521534). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch37 Google Scholar
Oh-Young, C., & Filler, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the effects of placement on academic and social skill outcome measures of students with disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 8092. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peetsma, T., Vergeer, M., Roeleveld, J., & Karsten, S. (2001). Inclusion in education: Comparing pupils’ development in special and regular education. Educational Review, 53, 125135. doi:10.1080/00131910125044 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugach, M. C., Blanton, L. P., Correa, V. I., McLeskey, J., & Langley, L. K. (2009). The role of collaboration in supporting the induction and retention of new special education teachers (NCIPP Doc. No. RS-2). Retrieved July 28, 2013, from http://ncipp.education.ufl.edu/files_6/NCIPP%20Collab_010310.pdf Google Scholar
Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155169. doi:10.1007/BF01405730 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, V., Hohepa, M., & Lloyd, C. (2009). School leadership and student outcomes: Identifying what works and why. Best evidence synthesis iteration. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryndak, D., Jackson, L. B., & White, J. M. (2013). Involvement and progress in the general curriculum for students with extensive support needs: K–12 inclusive-education research and implications for the future. Inclusion, 1, 2849. doi:10.1352/2326-6988-1.1.028 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryndak, D., Lehr, D., Ward, T., & DeBevoise, H. (2014). Collaboration and teaming in effective inclusive schools. In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 395409). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch28 Google Scholar
Sailor, W. (2009). Making RTI work. How smart schools are reforming education through schoolwide response-to-intervention. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass. doi:10.1002/9781118269480 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sailor, W. (2015). Advances in schoolwide inclusive school reform. Remedial and Special Education, 36, 9499. doi:10.1177/0741932514555021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sailor, W., & Burrello, L. C. (2013). Shifting perspective to frame disability policy. In Burrello, L. C., Sailor, W., & Kleinhammer-Tramill, J. (Eds.), Unifying educational systems: Leadership and policy perspectives (pp. 2140). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sailor, W. S., & McCart, A. B. (2014). Stars in alignment. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39, 5564. doi:10.1177/1540796914534622 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sailor, W., & Paul, J. L. (2004). Framing positive behavior support in the ongoing discourse concerning the politics of knowledge. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6, 3749. doi:10.1177/10983007040060010601 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saloviita, T., & Takala, M. (2010). Frequency of co-teaching in different teacher categories. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25, 389396. doi:10.1080/08856257.2010.513546 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schön, D. A. (1984). The crisis of professional knowledge and the pursuit of an epistemology of practice (Report for the Harvard Business School). Cambridge. MA: Harvard University.Google Scholar
Sindelar, P. T., Adams, A. J., & Leko, C. D. (2014). How can teacher education improve effective inclusive schools? In McLeskey, J., Waldron, N. L., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (Eds.), Handbook of effective inclusive schools: Research and practice (pp. 5566). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203102930.ch5 Google Scholar
Sindelar, P. T., Daunic, A., & Rennells, M. S. (2004). Comparisons of traditionally and alternatively trained teachers. Exceptionality, 12, 209223. doi:10.1207/s15327035ex1204_3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skrtic, T. M. (1993). The crisis in special education knowledge: A perspective on perspective. In Meyen, E. L., Vergason, G. A., & Whelan, R. J. (Eds.), Challenges facing special education (pp. 165192). Denver, CO: Love.Google Scholar
Slee, R., & Allan, J. (2001). Excluding the included: A reconsideration of inclusive education. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 11, 173192. doi:10.1080/09620210100200073 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (2007). Have we made any progress? Including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 297309. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2007)45[297:HWMAPI]2.0.CO;2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solis, M., Vaughn, S., Swanson, E., & McCulley, L. (2012). Collaborative models of instruction: The empirical foundations of inclusion and co-teaching. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 498510. doi:10.1002/pits.21606 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tews, L., & Lupart, J. (2008). Students with disabilities’ perspectives of the role and impact of paraprofessionals in inclusive education settings. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5, 3946. doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2007.00138.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tschannen-Moran. (2004). Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Education. (2010). A blueprint for reform: The reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/ Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services. (2016). RDA: Results driven accountability. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/osep/rda/index.html Google Scholar
Wakeman, S. Y., Browder, D. M., Flowers, C., & Karvonen, M. (2011). Alternate achievement standards for alternate assessment: Considerations for policy and practice. In Russell, M. & Kavanaugh, M. (Eds.), Assessing students in the margin: Challenges, strategies, and techniques (pp. 149170). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.Google Scholar
Walton, E. (2011). Getting inclusion right in South Africa. Intervention in School and Clinic, 46, 240245. doi:10.1177/1053451210389033 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitburn, B. (2013). The dissection of paraprofessional support in inclusive education: ‘You're in mainstream with a chaperone’. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 37, 147161. doi:10.1017/jse.2013.12 CrossRefGoogle Scholar