Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T23:18:32.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

We All Stand Together: The Role of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions in Promoting Constitutionalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2016

Maartje DE VISSER
Maartje DE VISSER*
Affiliation:
Singapore Management University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article critically evaluates the interplay among courts with constitutional jurisdiction in Asia. This is done in the specific context of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions (AACC). The article finds that the AACC has to date made only a nominal contribution to cultivating inter-court relations in furtherance of common goals and advances the claim that its members ought to rectify this state of affairs. On the one hand, transnational judicial alliances have instrumental value for participating courts in the discharge of their mandate. On the other hand, the AACC can be a useful conduit in nurturing an Asian perspective to the global judicial discourse on constitutional issues. In that vein, the article identifies the most suitable means to enable the AACC to optimally discharge its role to help advance respect for democracy, the rule of law, and human rights in the region.

Keywords

Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions (AACC)transnational judicial engagementsconstitutional justiceconstitutionalismmeans of communication
Type
Research Article
Information
Asian Journal of Law and Society , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , May 2016 , pp. 105 - 134
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and KoGuan Law School, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Associate Professor of Law, Singapore Management University. I wish to thank participants in the 11th Asian Law Institute Conference (29 and 30 May 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this paper as well as Victor Looi for valuable research assistance. Correspondence to Maartje de Visser, School of Law, Singapore Management University, 60 Stamford Road #04–11, Singapore 178900. E-mail address: [email protected]. Funding for this study was provided by the SMU Internal Research Grant Fund (Project Fund. No. 14-C234-SMU-015).

References

REFERENCES

7th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (1985) “United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary.” Milan, 26 August–6 September 1985.Google Scholar
AACC (2012) “Seoul Declaration of the Inaugural Congress of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions,” online <http://www.aaccei.org/ccourt?act=documentsView&bbsId=4200&bbbsSeqn=291> (last accessed 21 January 2016).+(last+accessed+21+January+2016).>Google Scholar
AACC (2014) “Istanbul Declaration of the Second Congress of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions,” online <http://www.constitutionalcourt.gov.tr/inlinepages/press/NewsAndEvents/detail/6.html> (last accessed 21 January 2016).+(last+accessed+21+January+2016).>Google Scholar
AACCEI.org (2012) “The Constitutional Court of Korea to Host the AACC’s Inaugural Congress,” online <http://www.aaccei.org/ccourt?act=noticeView&bbsId=3100&bbsSeqn=245> (last accessed 18 August 2015).+(last+accessed+18+August+2015).>Google Scholar
ACA-Europe.eu (2012) “Judges’ Exchanges,” online <http://www.aca-europe.eu/index.php/en/exchanges/2012> (last accessed 18 August 2015).+(last+accessed+18+August+2015).>Google Scholar
ACA-Europe.eu (2015) “Dec.Nat database,” online <http://www.aca-europe.eu/index.php/en/dec-nat-en> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
ACCPUF.org (2015) “Association des Cours Constitutionnelles ayant en Partage l’Usage du Français: Les Cours membres,” online <http://www.accpuf.org/les-cours-membres> (last accessed 18 August 2015).+(last+accessed+18+August+2015).>Google Scholar
ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting (2009) “ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Terms of Reference,” adopted in Phuket on 20 July 2009.Google Scholar
Barak, Aharon (2002) “A Judge on Judging: The Role of a Supreme Court in a Democracy.” 116 Harvard Law Review 16–162.Google Scholar
Baudenbacher, Carl (2003) “Judicial Globalization: New Development or Old Wine in New Bottles?” 38 Texas International Law Journal 505–526.Google Scholar
Baum, Lawrence (2008) Judges and Their Audiences, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel A. (2000) East Meets West: Human Rights and Democracy in East Asia, New Haven: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal, & George W., Downs (2009) “National Courts, Domestic Democracy, and the Evolution of International Law.” 20 European Journal of International Law 59–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobek, Michal (2013) Comparative Reasoning in European Supreme Courts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer-Carías, Allan (1989) Judicial Review in Comparative Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brewer-Carías, Allan (2014) Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Amparo Proceedings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bruun, Ole, & Michael, Jacobsen eds. (2000) Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bryde, Brun-Otto (2006) “The Constitutional Judge and the International Constitutionalist Dialogue,” in B. Markesinis & J. Fedtke, eds., Judicial Recourse to Foreign Law: A New Source of Inspiration?, Abingdon: Routledge, 295–308.Google Scholar
Buquicchio, Gianni (2014) “Venice Commission’s President Concerned about Attacks against Constitutional Court of Turkey,” statement issued on 30 April 2014.Google Scholar
Canivet, Guy (2010) “Trans-Judicial Dialogue in a Global World,” in S. Muller & S. Richards, eds., Highest Courts and Globalisation, The Hague: Hague Academic Press, 21–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappelletti, Mauro (1970) “Judicial Review in Comparative Perspective.” 58 California Law Review 1017–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Johannes M.M., H.L., Fu & Yash, Ghai (2000) Hong Kong’s Constitutional Debate: Conflict over Interpretation, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, Wen-Chen, Li-ann, ThioKevin Y.L., Tan & Jiunn-rong, Yeh (2014) Constitutionalism in Asia: Cases and Materials, Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Chen, Albert (2010) “Pathways of Western Liberal Constitutional Development in Asia: A Comparative Study of Five Major Nations.” 8 International Journal of Constitutional Law 849–884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choudhry, Sujit, et al. (2014) Constitutional Courts after the Arab Spring: Appointment Mechanisms and Relative Judicial Independence. Report, Center for Constitutional Transitions and International IDEA.Google Scholar
Cole, David, Federico, Fabbrini& Arianna, Vedaschl, eds. (2013) Secrecy, National Security and the Vindication of Constitutional Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conference of European Constitutional Courts (2014) “XVIth Congress: Co-Operation of Constitutional Courts in Europe—Current Situation and Perspectives: Notes on the Congress Theme,” online <http://www.confeuconstco.org/en/congress/congress-XVI/Notes_on_the_Congress_theme_21.5.12.pdf> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
Davis, Fergal, Nicola, McGarrity& George, Williams, eds. (2014) Surveillance, Counter-Terrorism and Comparative Constitutionalism, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Michael C. (1998) “Constitutionalism and Political Culture: The Debate over Human Rights and Asian Values.” 11 Harvard Human Rights Journal 109–148.Google Scholar
de Visser, Maartje (2014) Constitutional Review in Europe: A Comparative Analysis, Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Dixon, Rosalind, & Eric A., Posner (2011) “The Limits of Constitutional Convergence.” 11 Chicago Journal of International Law 399–424.Google Scholar
Dürr, Rudolf (2010) “The Venice Commission,” in T. Kleinsorge, ed., Council of Europe, The Hague: Kluwer, 151–163.Google Scholar
English.ccourt.go.kr (2015a) “Growing International Presence of the Court,” online <http://english.ccourt.go.kr/cckhome/eng/introduction/news/newsDetail.do> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
English.ccourt.go.kr (2015b) “The Court Offers Assistance for the Development of Mongolian Constitutional Justice System,” online <http://english.ccourt.go.kr/cckhome/eng/introduction/news/newsDetail.do> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
Fa, Jyh-Pin (1991) “Constitutional Developments in Taiwan: The Role of the Council of Grand Justices.” 40 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 198–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabbrini, Federico, & Vicky, Jackson, eds. (2015) Constitutionalism across Borders in the Struggle Against Terrorism, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Ferreres Comella, Victor (2009) Constitutional Courts and Democratic Values: A European Perspective, New Haven: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, Jacob (2010) “The Use of Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpretation: Lessons from South Africa.” 45 University of San Francisco Law Review 79–139.Google Scholar
Frishman, Olga (2016) “Should Courts Fear Transnational Engagement?” 49 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1–53.Google Scholar
Frosini, Justin, & Lucio, Pegoraro (2008) “Constitutional Courts in Latin America: A Testing Ground for New Parameters of Classification?” 3 Journal of Comparative Law 39–63.Google Scholar
Garoupa, Nuno, & Tom, Ginsburg (2009) “Judicial Audiences and Reputation: Perspectives from Comparative Law.” 47 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 451–490.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2003) Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2008) “The Global Spread of Constitutional Review,” in K.E. Whittington, R.D. Keleman & G.A. Caldeira, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Law And Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 81–98.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2009) “National Courts, Domestic Democracy, and the Evolution of International Law: A Reply to Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs.” 20 European Journal of International Law 1021–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2010) “The Constitutional Court and the Judicialization of Korean Politics,” in A. Harding & P. Nicholson, eds., New Courts in Asia, New York: Routledge, 145–157.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, & Zachery, Elkins (2008) “Ancillary Powers of Constitutional Courts.” 87 Texas Law Review 1431–1461.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, & Mila, Versteeg (2014) “Why Do Countries Adopt Constitutional Review?” 30 Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 587–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, David B. (2007) Globalisation and the Western Legal Tradition: Recurring Patterns of Law and Authority, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, Jeffrey (2012) “Constitutional Interpretation,” in M. Rosenfeld & A. Sajó, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 689–717.Google Scholar
Groppi, Tanja, & Marie-Claire, Ponthoreau (2014) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Hahm, Chaihark (2012) “Beyond ‘Law vs. Politics’ in Constitutional Adjudication: Lessons from South Korea.” 10 International Journal of Constitutional Law 6–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halmai, Gábor (2012) “The Use of Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpretation,” in M. Rosenfeld & A. Sajó, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1328–1348.Google Scholar
Harding, Andrew (2010) “A Turbulent Innovation: The Constitutional Court of Thailand, 1998–2006,” in A. Harding & P. Nicholson, eds., New Courts in Asia, New York: Routledge, 121–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Andrew, & Peter, Leyland (2008) “The Constitutional Courts of Thailand and Indonesia: Two Case Studies from South East Asia.” 3 Journal of Comparative Law 118–137.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, & Julio, Rios-Figueroa, eds. (2011) Courts in Latin America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrianto (2010) “Institutional Choice and the New Indonesian Constitutional Court,” in A. Harding & P. Nicholson, eds., New Courts in Asia, New York: Routledge, 158–177.Google Scholar
Hiebert, Jane (2005) “Interpreting a Bill of Rights: The Importance of Legislative Rights Review.” 35 British Journal of Political Science 235–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2004) Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2014) Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Holzinger, Gerhart (2014) “Welcome Address to the XVIth Congress of the Conference of European Constitutional Courts,” online <https://www.vfgh.gv.at/cms/vfgh-kongress/en/willkommen.html> (last accessed 18 August 2015).+(last+accessed+18+August+2015).>Google Scholar
Jackson, Vicky C. (2013) Constitutional Engagement in a Transnational Era, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kiliç, Haşim (2014) “Welcome Message for the 2nd Congress of the AACC,” online <http://www.aaccei.org/en/inaugural/second_message.jsp> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
Kirby, Michael (2008) “Transnational Judicial Dialogue, Internationalisation of Law and Australian Judges.” 9 Melbourne Journal of International Law 171–190.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz (2008) “South Africa’s Constitutional Court: Enabling Democracy and Promoting Law in the Transition from Apartheid.” 3 Journal of Comparative Law 174–193.Google Scholar
La Forest, Gerard (1994) “The Use of American Precedents in American Cases.” 46 Maine Law Review 211–220.Google Scholar
Law, David S. (2008) “Globalization and the Future of Constitutional Rights..” 102 Northwestern University Law Review 1277–1350.Google Scholar
Law, David S. (2015) “Judicial Comparativism and Judicial Diplomacy.” 163 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 927–1036.Google Scholar
Law, David S., & Wen-Chen, Chang (2011) “The Limits of Global Judicial Dialogue.” 86 Washington Law Review 523–577.Google Scholar
L’Heureux-Dubé, Claire (1998) “The Importance of Dialogue: Globalization and the International Impact of the Rehnquist Court.” 34 Tulsa Law Journal 15–40.Google Scholar
Liebner, Stefan (2012) “Practice Report,” online <http://www.aca-europe.eu/index.php/en/exchanges> (last accessed 23 November 2015).+(last+accessed+23+November+2015).>Google Scholar
Lin, Yan, & Tom, Ginsburg (2015) “Constitutional Interpretation in Lawmaking: China’s Invisible Constitutional Enforcement Mechanism.” 63 American Journal of Comparative Law 467–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonnell, Vanessa (2015) “The Civil Servant’s Role in the Implementation of Constitutional Rights.” 13 International Journal of Constitutional Law 383–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés (MEDEL) (2014) “MEDEL Statement on Constitutional Court President Haşim Kiliç,” online <http://www.medelnet.eu/index.php?option=com_content&lang=en&limitstart=15> (last accessed 21 January 2016).+(last+accessed+21+January+2016).>Google Scholar
McCrudden, Christopher (2000) “A Common Law of Human Rights? Transnational Judicial Conversations on Constitutional Rights.” 20 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 499–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menon, Sundaresh (2013) “Transnational Commercial Law: Realities, Challenges and a Call for Meaningful Convergence,” delivered at the 26th LAWASIA Conference and the 15th Biennial Conference of Chief Justices of Asia and the Pacific, Singapore, 27–30 October 2013.Google Scholar
Michiels, Valérie (2011) “Practice Report,” online <http://www.aca-europe.eu/index.php/en/exchanges/106-exchange-2011> (last accessed 23 November 2015).+(last+accessed+23+November+2015).>Google Scholar
Min, Hyeong-Ki (2012) “Democracy, Rule of Law and Constitutional Adjudication from the Perspectives of Korean Experience,” presented at the Inaugural Congress of the AACC, Korean Constitutional Court, 20–24 May 2012.Google Scholar
Network-presidents.eu (2015) “Common Portal of Case Law,” online <http://network-presidents.eu/rpcsjue/> (last accessed 28 August 2015).+(last+accessed+28+August+2015).>Google Scholar
Örücü, Esin (2008) “The Constitutional Court of Turkey: The Anayasa Mahkemesi as the Protector of the System.” 3 Journal of Comparative Law 254–268.Google Scholar
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (2010) “Kyiv Recommendations on Judicial Independence in Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia.” Kyiv, 23–25 June 2010.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall, ed. (2004a) Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian countries, France and the U.S., London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall (2004b) Beyond Universalism and Relativism: The Evolving Debates about ‘Values in Asia’.” 14 Indiana International Comparative Law Review 1–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Anne (2007) “The Globalization of State Constitutions,” in J.E. Nijman & A. Nollkaemper, eds., New Perspectives on the Divide Between National and International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 251–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Richard A. (2008) How Judges Think, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rosas, Allan (2007) “The European Court of Justice in Context: Forms and Patterns of Judicial Dialogue.” 1 European Journal of Legal Studies 1–19.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Michel (2004) “Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrasts.” 2 International Journal of Constitutional Law 633–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Michel (2012) “Comparative Constitutional Analysis in United States Adjudication and Scholarship,” in M. Rosenfeld & A. Sajó, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 38–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadurski, Wojciech (2011) “The Growth of Constitutional Courts in Central and Eastern Europe after the Fall of Communism: In Pursuit of Monopoly on Constitutional Adjudication.” Annuario di Diritto Comparato e di Studi Legislativi 305–333.Google Scholar
Saunders, Cheryl (2011) “Judicial Engagement with Comparative Law,” in T. Ginsburg & R. Dixon, eds., Comparative Constitutional Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 571–598.Google Scholar
Saunders, Cheryl (2014a) Judicial Engagement,” in R. Dixon & T. Ginsburg, eds., Comparative Constitutional Law in Asia, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 80–101.Google Scholar
Saunders, Cheryl (2014b) The Impact of Internationalisation on National Constitutions,” in A.H.Y. Chen, ed., Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 391–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalia, Antonin, & Stephen, Breyer (2005) “The Relevance of Foreign Legal Materials in US Constitutional Cases: A Conversation between Justice Antonin Scalia and Justice Stephen Breyer.” 3 International Journal of Continental Law 519–541.Google Scholar
Schor, Miguel (2009) “An Essay on the Emergence of Constitutional Courts: The Cases of Mexico and Colombia.” 16 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 173–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, Herman (2000) The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Seah, Daniel (2012) “The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia: The Issue of Non-Intervention and Its Accession by Australia and the USA.” 11 Chinese Journal of International Law 785–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, Amartya (1997) “Human Rights and Asian Values.” The New Republic 33–40.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin (1999) “The Success of Judicial Review,” in S.J. Kelly, W. Reisinger & J.C. Reitz, eds., Constitutional Dialogues in Comparative Perspective, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 193–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simson Caird, Jack (2012) “Parliamentary Constitutional Review: Ten Years of the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution.” Public Law 4–11.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie (2000) “Judicial Globalization.” 40 Virginia Journal of International Law 1103–1124.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alex (2000) Governing With Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Hsien-Li (2011) The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Institutionalising Human Rights in Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, C. Neal, & Torbjorn, Vallinder (1995) The Global Expansion of Judicial Power: The Judicialization of Politics, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Thio, Li-Ann (2006) “Beyond the Four Walls in an Age of Transnational Judicial Conversations: Civil Liberties, Rights Theories, and Constitutional Adjudication in Malaysia and Singapore.” 19 Columbia Journal of Asian Law 428–518.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark (2003) “Non-Judicial Review,” in T. Campbell, J. Goldsworthy & A. Stone, eds., Protecting Human Rights: Instruments and Institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tushnet, Mark (2009) “The Inevitable Globalization of Constitutional Law.” 49 Virginia Journal of International Law 985–1006.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark, & Rosalin, Dixon (2014) “Weak-Form Review and Its Constitutional Relatives: An Asian Perspective,” in R. Dixon & T. Ginsburg, eds., Comparative Constitutional Law in Asia, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 102–117.Google Scholar
UNStats.un.org (2013) “Composition of Macro Geographical (Continental) Regions, Geographical Sub-Regions, and Selected Economic and Other Groupings,” online <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm> (last accessed 18 August 2015).+(last+accessed+18+August+2015).>Google Scholar
US Agency for International Development, Office of Democracy and Governance (2002) Guidance for Promoting Judicial Independence and Impartiality, Technical Publication PN-ACM-003 (Washington, DC).Google Scholar
Venice.coe.int (2014) “World Conference on Constitutional Justice,” online <http://www.venice.coe.int/WebForms/pages/?p=02_WCCJ> (last accessed 21 January 2016).+(last+accessed+21+January+2016).>Google Scholar
Voeten, Erik (2010) “Borrowing and Nonborrowing among International Courts.” 39 Journal of Legal Studies 547–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy (2005) “Foreign Law and the Modern Ius Gentium.” 119 Harvard Law Review 129–142.Google Scholar
World Conference on Constitutional Justice (2014) “Seoul Communiqué,” adopted at the 3rd Congress of the World Conference on Constitutional Justice, Constitutional Court of Korea, 30 September 2014.Google Scholar
Yap, Po Jen (2015) Constitutional Dialogue in Common Law Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar