No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Arbitration in Syria: Navigating Postwar Disputes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 October 2021
Abstract
The place of arbitration within the Syrian legal system has received scant academic and professional attention, and as such, remains largely unstudied. Shedding much-needed light on the nature of arbitration in Syria as a resilient form of ancient customary Arab alternative dispute resolution, this contribution appraises the salient features of the Syrian Arbitration Law 2008 and arbitration-related provisions within recent Syrian legislation. It aims to understand the position of arbitration in Syria between existing national and international law frameworks for dispute settlement and to assess the potential for establishing independent, transparent, and efficient tribunals to resolve disputes arising out of ongoing conflicts that have plagued the country since 2011. If arbitration proves to be a mechanism for ordering the peaceful settlement of postwar disputes within and concerning Syria, parties, practitioners, and stakeholders must employ perspectives that include and are capable of navigating Syria’s existing arbitration landscape.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Asian Journal of Law and Society
References
References
Al-Dinawari, Abu Hanifa (1888) in Guirgass, V., ed., Kitab al-akbhar at-tiwal, Leiden: Brill (Arabic-language source).Google Scholar
Baamir, Yahya Abdulrahman (2012) Shari’a Law in Commercial and Banking Arbitration: Law and Practice in Saudi Arabia, London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, William M. (2000) Essays and Addresses on Arab Laws, London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Comair-Obeid, Nayla (2014) “Salient Issues in Arbitration from an Arab Middle Eastern Perspective.” 4 The Arbitration Brief 52–74.Google Scholar
Coulson, Noel J. (1984) Commercial Law in the Gulf States: The Islamic Legal Tradition, London: Graham & Trotman.Google Scholar
El-Aḥdab, Abd al-Ḥamid, & El-Ahdab, Jalal (2011) Arbitration with the Arab Countries, 3rd revised and expanded edn, New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.Google Scholar
El-Hakim, Jacques (1994) “Syria.” 1 Yearbook of Islamic & Middle Eastern Law 142.10.1163/221129895X00155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Hakim, Jacques (2006) “Syria.” 12 Yearbook of Islamic & Middle Eastern Law 269–79.10.1163/22112987-91000169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Hakim, Lina (2011) “The Syrian Arbitration Law: Four Years after the Enactment of Law No. 4 of 25 March 2008.” 3 International Journal of Arab Arbitration 3.Google Scholar
Elliesie, Hatem, & Elwan, Omaia (2018) “Exequaturverfahren syrischer Urteile in Deutschland,” in Elliesie, H., Beate, A., & Hanstein, T., eds., Islamisches Recht in Wissenschaft und Praxis: Festschrift zu Ehren von Hans-Georg Ebert, Berlin: Peter Lang, 243–68.10.3726/b15031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franke, Ulf, Magnusson, Annette, & Dahlquist, Joel (2016) Arbitrating for Peace: How Arbitration Made a Difference, New York: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. (2005) The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanssen, Jens, & Hicham, Safieddine (2019) The Clarion of Syria: A Patriot’s Call against the Civil War of 1860, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harries, Jill (1999) Law & Empire in Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511482809CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinds, Martin (1972) “The Siffin Arbitration Agreement.” 17 Journal of Semitic Studies 93–129.10.1093/jss/17.1.93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitti, Philip (1951) History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine, London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Hitti, Philip (1970) History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan.10.1007/978-1-349-15402-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalenderian, Vahan H. (1945) “Protection of Commercial Interests in Near and Middle East.” 1 International Arbitration Journal 30–5.Google Scholar
Krüger, Hilmar (2008) “Syrien: Neues Schiedsrecht, Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts.” IPRax 564.Google Scholar
Krüger, Hilmar (2009) “Internationalrechtliches im neuen syrischen Handelsvertreterrecht.” Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam (ZR&I) 12.Google Scholar
Krüger, Hilmar (2013) “Überblick über das Schuldvertragsrecht arabischer Staaten.” 1 Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 102–14.Google Scholar
Lew, Julian D. M. (1985) “The Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and Awards in the Middle East.” 1 Arbitration International 161–78.10.1093/arbitration/1.2.161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallat, Chibli (2007) Introduction to Middle Eastern Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230495.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Najjar, Nathalie (2018) Arbitration and International Trade in the Arab Countries, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.10.1163/9789004357488CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office of Foreign Assets Control (2013) “Syria Sanctions Program,” 2 August, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/syria.pdf (accessed 17 June 2021).Google Scholar
Requejo, Marta, & Burkhard, Hess (2018) “The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals in the Peace Treaties of 1919–1922.” Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law Research Paper Series No. 2018 (5).10.2139/ssrn.3283690CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Richard (1992) Arabian Boundary Disputes, Vol. 20, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simma, Bruno, & Cristina, Hoss (2021) “The Contribution of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal,” in Fabri, H. R. & Stoppioni, E., eds., International Investment Law: An Analysis of the Major Decisions, Oxford: Hart Publishing (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Stein, Peter (1974) “Arbitration Under Roman Law.” 41 Journal of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 203.Google Scholar
Stein, Peter (1984) Legal Institutions: The Development of Dispute Settlement, London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Tyser, Charles Robert Sir, Demtriades, D. G., & Ismail, Efendi (1967) The Mejelle: Being an English Translation of Majallahel-ahkam-i-adliya and a Complete Code on Islamic Civil Law, Lahore: All Pakistan Legal Decisions.Google Scholar
International conventions and bilateral treaties
Agreement on Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments amongst the Member States of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, signed on 6 June 1981Google Scholar
Arab League Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Awards, signed by members of the Arab League of States on 14 September 1952Google Scholar
Articles of Agreement of the Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit, concluded in Tripoli, Libya on 19 February 1992Google Scholar
Convention Establishing the Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation 1971Google Scholar
Convention on Judicial Cooperation between the States of the Arab League, endorsed by the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice on 6 April 1983Google Scholar
Syria–Egypt BIT 1997Google Scholar
Syria–Indonesia BIT 1997Google Scholar
Syria–Iran BIT 2005Google Scholar
Syria–Jordan BIT 2001Google Scholar
Syria–Spain BIT 2003Google Scholar
Syria–UAE BIT 1997Google Scholar
Legislation
Egyptian Law No. 27 of 1994, Promulgating the Law Concerning Arbitration in Civil and Commercial MattersGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 7 of 2000, InvestmentGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 8 of 2007, Trademarks, Geographic Indicators, Industrial Drawings and Designs, and Unfair CompetitionGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 9 of 2007, Establishing the Syrian Investment OrganisationGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 17 of 2010, Syrian Labour LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 29 of 2011, Regulating the Establishment of all Legal Forms of CompaniesGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 52 of 2009, Regulating the Creation of Chambers of IndustryGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 62 of 2013, Implementing the Provisions Governing Copyright and Related Rights Protection LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 84 of 1953, Syrian Civil Procedure CodeGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 94 of 2012, Promulgating the 2012 Syrian ConstitutionGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 148 of 1949, Syrian Penal CodeGoogle Scholar
Syrian Decree No. 630 of 1952, General Conditions for Contracts Concluded by the Syrian Defence MinistryGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 3 of 2016, Establishing the Agency for Supporting and Developing Local Products and ExportsGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 4 of 2009, Implementing the Electronic Signature and Network Services LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 5 of 2016, Syrian Law No. 5 of 2016, Concerning Partnership between the Public and Private SectorsGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 8 of 2007, Syrian Investment LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 10 of 1991, Syrian Investment LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 15 of 2008, Real Estate Investment LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 16 of 2014, Concerning Property JudgesGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 18 of 2010, TelecommunicationsGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 20 of 2006, Maritime LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 30 of 2010, Regulating the Legal ProfessionGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 32 of 2019, Council of State Administrative Law.10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 32 of 2019, Formation of the State Council and its PowersGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 38 of 2006, Customs LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 51 of 2004, Syrian Procurement LawGoogle Scholar
Syrian Law No. 65 of 2002, Creating a National Tourism Federation and Tourism ChambersGoogle Scholar
Syrian Legislative Decree No. 43 of 2005, Regulating the Insurance MarketGoogle Scholar
UAE Federal Law No. 6 of 2018, Concerning ArbitrationGoogle Scholar
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 2006Google Scholar
Court judgments and arbitral awards
ICC Case No. 3380, Extract of the Final Award rendered on 29 November 1980, “Italian Enterprise v Syrian Enterprise,” in P. Sanders, ed., Yearbook Commercial Arbitration 1982 –Volume VII, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, Volume 7, London: Kluwer Law International; ICCA & Kluwer Law International, pp. 116–8.Google Scholar
ICC Case No. 4237, Final Award rendered on 17 February 1984, by Loek J. Malmberg as Sole Arbitrator, “Syrian State trading organization, buyer v Ghanaian State enterprise, seller” (1985) in P. Sanders, ed., Yearbook Commercial Arbitration 1985—Volume X, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, Volume 10, London: Kluwer Law International; ICCA & Kluwer Law International, 52–60.Google Scholar
ICC Case No. 10729/DB, Final Award rendered on 21 December 2001, “Papillon Group Corporation v. République Arabe de Syrie et Arab Advertising Organization—(AAO-Golan) Syrie.”Google Scholar
ICC Case No. 12923/E.C., Final Award rendered on 11 October 2007, “Papillon Group Corporation (Panama) v. (1) Arab Republic of Syria; (2) Arab Advertising Organization (AAO, GOLAN) (Arab Republic of Syria); (3) General Establishment of External Commerce (Arab Republic of Syria).” (2013) 5 International Journal of Arab Arbitration 99–137.Google Scholar
Permanent Court of Arbitration Case No. 11 of 2012, Final Award rendered on 5 February 2014.Google Scholar
Spanish High Court of Justice (Madrid) Case No. 24 of 2014Google Scholar
Syrian Court of Cassation Case No. 93 of 2014Google Scholar
Syrian Court of Cassation Case No. 741 of 2007Google Scholar