1. Art. 1(2) of the UN Charter states that the purposes of the United Nations are, inter alia, “[t]o develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace”; see Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 U.N.T.S. 16.

2. SHAW, Malcolm, International Law, 6th edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) at 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3. The post-World War II economic expansion is widely recognized as a period of economic prosperity which occurred in the mid twentieth century following the end of World War II in 1945.

4. FRIEDMAN, Thomas L., The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005)Google Scholar.

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6. See e.g. the terminology adopted by the Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University Law School: Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University Law School, “International Economic Law”, online: <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/international_economic_law>.

7. The terminology “international trade law” is adopted, inter alia, by the Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University Law School: ibid. The terminology “world trade law” is adopted, inter alia, in textbooks (e.g. Simon LESTER et al., World Trade Law, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2012); HORN, Henrik and MAVROIDIS, Petros C., Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)Google Scholar, commentaries (e.g. HORN, Henrik and MAVROIDIS, Petros C., eds., Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)Google Scholar, and by universities (e.g. the National University of Singapore, which offers a course on “World Trade Law”; see National University of Singapore, “Course Listing: World Trade Law” (June 2013), online: NUS <http://www.law.nus.edu.sg/student_matters/course_listing>.

8. See CORNISH, Williamet al., Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights, 8th edn. (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2013)Google Scholar at paras. 1−31, where the learned authors suggest that IP law has wider associations with territoriality than other civil rights of action in general.

9. LIFSCHITZ, Daniel, “The ACTA Boondoggle: When IP Harmonization Bites Off More Than It Can Chew” (2011) Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 197 at 201Google Scholar. It has been observed that the territorial nature of IP rights has several potential ramifications. For instance, the scope and validity of an IP right in a particular country may be determined by that country's law independently of equivalent rights over the same subject matter in other countries; or the IP right may only affect activities pursued within a particular geographical territory; or the IP right may only be asserted by a particular country's nationals and other persons as the national law permits; or the IP right may be asserted only in the courts of the country for which it is granted. See ibid.

10. LEONG, Susanna H.S., Intellectual Property Law of Singapore (Singapore: Academy Publishing, 2013)Google Scholar at paras. 01.001 and 01.025.

11. UBERTAZZI, Benedatta, Exclusive Jurisdiction in Intellectual Property (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012)Google Scholar at 4. See also TRIMBLE, Marketa, “When Foreigners Infringe Patents: An Empirical Look at the Involvement of Foreign Defendants in Patent Litigation in the U.S.” (2011) 27 Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal 499 at 544Google Scholar, where the author notes that in the US Federal District courts, the number of IP cases involving at least one defendant from a foreign jurisdiction increased by twenty percent from 2004 to 2009.

12. DINWOODIE, Graeme B., “The International Intellectual Property Law System: New Actors, New Institutions, New Sources” (2007) 10 Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review 205 at 210Google Scholar.

13. Which typically impose TRIPS-plus standards, and which ratchets up the global standard through the TRIPS “Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment” principle.

14. ISAACSON, Walter, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011) at 512Google Scholar. See “Steve Jobs Vowed to ‘Destroy’ Android” BBC News (21 October 2011), online: BBC <http://www.bbc.co.uk>.

15. Godfrey LAM, “Staging the Mobile Phone Wars”, 4th Judicial Seminar on Commercial Litigation (Singapore) at para. 6 (paper on file with author).

16. PORTER, Kate, “Ottawa Home to Robust, Controversial Patent Licensing Industry” CBC News (26 November 2013)Google Scholar, online: CBC <http://www.cbc.ca/news>.

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21. HELFER, Laurence R.et al., “Islands of Effective International Adjudication: Constructing an Intellectual Property Rule of Law in the Andean Community” (2009) 103 American Journal of International Law 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22. Ibid.

23. Cornish et al., supra note 8 at para. 2-70.

24. Ibid., although the learned authors cited Bristol Myers v. Beecham [1978] F.S.R. 553, which assumes the possibility of issue estoppel arising pursuant to a foreign judgment.

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26. Litigation has numerous externalities, and the immense costs incurred by legal systems cannot be ignored. Steven Shavell notes that litigation involves two externalities: the litigant neither takes into account the legal costs that he causes others to incur, nor recognizes the associated effects on deterrence and other social benefits. Between 1960 and 1992, legal expenditures in the US as a percentage of GDP grew from 0.523 percent to 1.47: see Steven SHAVELL, “The Fundamental Divergence between the Private and the Social Motive to use the Legal System” (1997) 26 Journal of Legal Studies 575.

27. The case filed in the Federal Court of Australia involved Apple claiming that Samsung infringed nineteen of its patents on a total of 120 grounds, in nine smartphones and two tablets produced by Samsung. Samsung has claimed that Apple infringed several of its patents in some iPhone and iPad models. See “Legal Twist in Apple, Samsung Case” Financial Review (25 February 2013) online: <http://www.afr.com>.

28. “What's Up Down Under with Apple and Samsung?” Patentology (18 November 2013), online: Patentology <http://blog.patentology.com.au/2013/11/whats-up-down-under-with-apple-and.html>.

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31. Ibid., at 1−2.

32. In this regard, it was observed in the 1980 edition of the American Bar Association's journal that: “[f]ostered by the demands of an expanding international commerce, by the businessman's traditional distrust of foreign adjudication, and by numerous court decisions upholding its awards, international arbitration is distinctly in vogue.” See HIGGINS, Francis J.et al., “Pitfalls in International Commercial Arbitration” (1980) 35 The Business Lawyer 1035Google Scholar. See also MOSK, Richard M., “Trends in International Arbitration” (2011) 18 Southwestern Journal of International Law 103 at 105Google Scholar.

33. See e.g. SEIDENBERG, Steven, “International Arbitration Loses Its Grip” American Bar Association Journal (April 2010)Google Scholar, online: <http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/international_arbitration_loses_its_grip/>, where the author notes that arbitration “offers parties a neutral forum, where neither side has the ‘home court’ advantage of litigating in its nation's courts”. See also School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London, “International Arbitration: Corporate Attitudes and Practices 2006”, online: <http://www.pwc.be/en_BE/be/publications/ia-study-pwc-06.pdf> at 5, which states: “So why do nine out of ten corporations seek to avoid transnational litigation? The most common explanation is anxiety about litigating under a foreign law before a court far from home, with a lack of familiarity with local court procedures and language.”

34. REDFERN, Alan and HUNTER, Martin, Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, 2nd edn. (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1991)Google Scholar at paras. 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, and 1-53.

35. Higgins, et al., supra note 32 at 1036Google Scholar.

36. See e.g. art. 9 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, UN Doc. A/40/17 (1985).

37. MENON, Sundaresh, “Transnational Commercial Law: Realities, Challenges and a Call for Meaningful Convergence” (2013) Singapore Journal of Legal Studies 231 at 239Google Scholar.

38. Seidenberg, , supra note 33Google Scholar. Commentators have gone so far as to state that international arbitration has become the established method of determining international commercial disputes. See e.g. REDFERN, A. and HUNTER, M., Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, 4th edn. (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2004)Google Scholar at para. 1-01, where it was pointed out that the International Chamber of Commerce recorded 344 requests for arbitration in 1986 and 580 requests in 2003; FRANCK, Susan D., “The Role of International Arbitrators” (2005−06) 12 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 499 at 499Google Scholar.

39. See School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London, “Corporate Choices in International Arbitration: Industry Perspectives” (2013), online: <http://www.pwc.com> at 7.

40. Ibid., which notes that:

41. See e.g. ibid.

42. This statement was made in STIPANOWICH, Thomas J., “Arbitration: The ‘New Litigation’” (2010) University of Illinois Law Review 1 at 8Google Scholar, in the context of American business arbitration, but it applies similarly to international commercial arbitration. This view is also supported by ibid., at 5, 21−2. Also see Higgins et al., supra note 32 at 1042Google Scholar, recognizing that whether arbitration is more or less costly than court adjudication may depend on the precise ambit of discovery obligations and procedures.

43. HOLT, L. Tyrone, “Whither Arbitration? What Can be Done to Improve Arbitration and Keep Out Litigation's Ill Effects” (2009) 7 DePaul Business and Commercial Law Journal 455 at 455Google Scholar, citing STEMPEL, Jeffrey W., “Forgetfulness, Fuzziness, Functionality, Fairness, and Freedom in Dispute Resolution: Serving Dispute Resolution Through Adjudication” (2003) 3 Nevada Law Journal 305 at 314Google Scholar.

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50. Seidenberg, , supra note 33Google Scholar, citing the view of Joseph R. Profaizer, of counsel to Paul, Hastings, Janofsky, and Walker in Washington, DC.

51. Toby LANDAU QC, Opening Keynote Address at the Singapore International Arbitration Forum (2 December 2013) (on file with author).

52. Stipanowich, , supra note 42 at 13Google Scholar, 15.

53. See Dallah Real Estate and Tourism Holding Co v. Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Government of Pakistan [2011] 1 AC 763.

54. PT First Media TBK (formerly known as PT Broadband Multimedia TBK) v. astro Nusantara International BV and Others and Another Appeal, (2014) 1 Singapore Law Reports 372 at para. 75.

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56. Ibid., at para. 29, citing GAILLARD, Emmanuel and SAVAGE, John, eds., Fouchard, Gaillard, Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999)Google Scholar at 802.

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58. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, “Investments, Bilateral Treaties” (May 2011), online: <http://opil.ouplaw.com> at para. 8.

59. Ibid., at para. 9.

60. The bilateral approach had the potential to create a “depoliticized and technocratic environment” that would enable private decision-making while avoiding wide consultation with a large and diverse group of stakeholders. See supra note 58 at para. 78.

61. The first BIT was entered into between Germany and Pakistan in 1959. The adoption of the 1966 ICSID Convention (also known as the Washington Convention) saw a significant development in the realm of investment dispute resolution.

62. Sundaresh MENON, “The Impact of Public International Law in the Commercial Sphere and its Significance to Asia”, lecture jointly organized by the International Council of Jurists and the University of Mumbai, Mumbai, 19 April 2013, online: <http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg> at para. 14.

63. ROBERTS, Anthea, “Clash of Paradigms: Actors and Analogies Shaping the Investment Treaty System” (2013) 107 American Journal of International Law 45Google Scholar.

64. BROWER, Charles N. and BLANCHARD, Sadie, “What's in a Meme? The Truth About Investor-State Arbitration: Why It Need Not, and Must Not, be Repossessed by States” (January 2014, draft on file with author) at 69Google Scholar.

65. HWANG, Michael and LIM, Kevin, “Issue Conflict in ICSID Arbitrations” in Michael HWANG ed., Selected Essays on International Arbitration (Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law, 2013)Google Scholar, 472 at para. 65.

66. The decision is dated 5 March 2014.

67. The 7−2 split decision by an eminent bench is illustrative of the difficult questions that can sometimes be raised in investor-state arbitration. The case concerns the distinction between questions of “arbitrability” (i.e. whether there is an agreement to arbitrate at all, and the enforceability and scope of that agreement), which are decided by courts, and questions on “procedural preconditions” (i.e. whether there was adequate notice, whether waiver or estoppel were applicable, etc.), which are decided by arbitrators. There was a provision in the UK-Argentina BIT entitling a party to proceed unilaterally to arbitration provided the dispute was first submitted to a court in the country where the investment was made (“local litigation requirement”). In 2003, Argentina changed the way it calculated gas “tariffs”, and this negatively impacted the BG Group. The BG Group sought arbitration against Argentina for violating substantive provisions of the BIT (expropriation and denial of fair and equitable treatment). BG Group did not first seek relief in the courts of Argentina. Argentina argued that the arbitration was improper because BG Group did not comply with the local litigation requirement. The panel disagreed and awarded BG Group $185 million. BG Group sought to confirm the monetary award in US courts, while Argentina sought to vacate the award arguing that the panel lacked jurisdiction. The majority (Breyer, J, with whom Scalia, Thomas, Ginsburg, Alito, and Kagan JJ joined, and Sotomayor J joined in part) noted that a BIT is simply a contract and should be interpreted in a manner similar to ordinary private contracts. The majority concluded that whether the “local litigation requirement” was excused in this case was for the arbitrators to decide, as it was a “purely procedural precondition to arbitrate”. It therefore upheld the arbitrators’ decision under the “considerable deference” standard. The minority (Roberts CJ, with whom Kennedy J joined) focused on the fact that the treaty was not a contract between the parties to the dispute, and was instead a “unilateral standing offer” by Argentina and the UK to arbitrate with investors if the local litigation requirement was met. The minority viewed the “local litigation requirement” as a condition to the formation of an agreement between the investor and the state. The issue should be analyzed as one of contract formation, and therefore would be for the court to decide on whether there was any agreement to arbitrate at all.

68. GONZÁLEZ, Daniel E.et al., “U.S. Supreme Court Decides First Case Related to International Investment Treaty Arbitration” Lexology (13 March 2014)Google Scholar, online: Lexology <http://www.lexology.com>. See also International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution, “BG Group v. Argentina: CPR Reviews US Supreme Court Decision”, online: <http://www.cpradr.org>.

69. Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v. United States of America, Award, 26 June 2003, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/98/3.

70. MATIATION, Stefan, “Arbitration with Two Twists: Loewen v. United States and Free Trade Commission Intervention in NAFTA Chapter 11 Disputes” (2003) 24 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 451 at 458Google Scholar.

71. Saipem SpA v. The People's Republic of Bangladesh, Award, 30 June 2009, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/7.

72. White Industries Australia Limited v. The Republic of India, Final Award, 30 November 2011, online: <http://italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0906.pdf>.

73. On this basis, the tribunal awarded White Industries the amount of AUD4.08 million, which was the amount due under the ICC award.

74. CARBONE, Giulia, “The Interference of the Court of the Seat with International Arbitration” (2012) Journal of Dispute Resolution 217 at 237Google Scholar. This principle was codified, at the turn of the century, in art. 4(1) of the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which expressly states that “[t]he conduct of any State organ shall be considered an act of that State under international law, whether the organ exercises legislative, executive, judicial or any other functions”, see International Law Commission, “Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts” (2001), online: UN <http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf>.

75. Other than Loewen, Saipem, and White Industries, there have been a number of claims raised by investors claiming that their rights were violated by national courts: see Carbone, supra note 74 at 238.

76. Carbone, , supra note 74 at 241Google Scholar.

77. TEITELBAUM, Ruth, “A Look at the Public Interest In Investment Arbitration: Is it Unique? What Should We Do About It?” (2010) 5 Berkeley Journal of International Law Publicist 54 at 54Google Scholar, observing that: “The transparency movement in investment arbitration—a movement driven by non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—believes that arbitration, a private method of dispute settlement, is an inappropriate means of adjudicating disputes involving sovereigns.”

78. See Corporate Europe Observatory and the Transnational Institute, “Profiting from Injustice: How Law Firms, Arbitrators and Financiers are Fuelling an Investment Arbitration Boom” (November 2012), online: <http:// corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/profiting-from-injustice.pdf> at 8. See also PERRY, Sebastian, “Investment Arbitration under Fire from Think Tank” Global Arbitration Review (27 November 2012)Google Scholar, online: <http://globalarbitrationreview.com>.

79. Blanchard, Brower and, supra note 64Google Scholar at ftn 199 and accompanying text.

80. Sundaresh MENON, “International Arbitration: The Coming of a New Age for Asia (and Elsewhere)”, speech delivered to the International Council of Commercial Arbitration Congress 2012, Singapore, 11 June 2012, online: <http://www.arbitration-icca.org/media/0/13398435632250/ags_opening_speech_icca_congress_20 12.pdf> at paras. 19, 22, and 32.

81. The 2013 ICSID report showed that forty-eight percent of arbitrators, conciliators, and ad hoc committee members in 2013 were chosen from Western Europe, with just seventeen percent from South and East Asia, and the Pacific region. See International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, “ICSID 2013 Annual Report” (September 2013), online: <https://icsid.worldbank.org> at 26.

82. NOTTAGE, Luke and WEERAMANTRY, J. Romesh, “Investment Arbitration in Asia: Five Perspectives on Law and Practice” (2012) 28 Arbitration International 19 at 33Google Scholar, citing Saadia M. PEKKANEN et al., “From Rule Takers, Shakers to Movers: How Japan, China and Korea Shaped New Norms in International Economic Law”, Second Biennial General Conference of the Asian Society of International Law, Tokyo, 1−2 August 2009.

83. An issue conflict is a conflict of interest stemming from an arbitrator's relationship to the subject matter of the dispute, rather than his relationship with the disputing parties. See Nassib G. ZIADE, “How Many Hats Can a Player Wear: Arbitrator, Counsel and Expert?” (2009) 24 ICSID Review 49 at 49; HRANITZKY, Dennis H. and ROMERO, Eduardo Silva, “The ‘Double Hat’ Debate in International Arbitration” New York Law Journal (14 June 2010)Google Scholar, online: <http://www.dechert.com>, citing A.C. SINCLAIR and M. GEARING, “Partiality and Issue Conflicts” (2008) 5 TDM; Hwang, and Lim, , supra note 65Google Scholar at para. 3.

84. See Hranitzky and Romero, ibid. The recurring legal issues include jurisdictional questions (e.g. the definition of “investment” and the use of a most-favoured nation clause) and substantive questions (such as the requirements for direct or indirect expropriation, the minimum standards of treatment in international law that include the notions of fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security, and the concept of discriminatory acts) (see Hwang, and Lim, , supra note 65Google Scholar at para. 64 citing ZIADE, Nassib G., “How Many Hats Can a Player Wear: Arbitrator, Counsel and Expert?” (2009) 24 ICSID Review 49 at 50Google Scholar.

85. Hranitzky, and Romero, , supra note 83Google Scholar.

86. Teitelbaum, , supra note 77 at 54−55Google Scholar.

87. ICSID Arbitration Rule 32(2) provides: “Unless either party objects, the Tribunal, after consultation with the Secretary-General, may allow other persons, besides the parties, their agents, counsel and advocates, witnesses and experts during their testimony, and officers of the Tribunal, to attend or observe all or part of the hearings, subject to appropriate logistical arrangements. The Tribunal shall for such cases establish procedures for the protection of proprietary or privileged information.” International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceedings, online: ICSID <www.icsid.worldbank.org>.

88. The US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (6 May 2003) includes a section titled “Transparency of Arbitral Proceedings”, and provides in art. 15.20(2) that:

Online: <http://www.fta.gov.sg/ussfta/chapter_15_us.pdf>.

89. European Commission, “Investment Provisions in the EU-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CETA)” (3 December 2013), online: EC <http://trade.ec.europa.eu> at 3.

90. I have explored some of these deficiencies elsewhere, and do not propose to provide a detailed analysis of them here: see Sundaresh MENON, “International Investment Arbitration in Asia: The Road Ahead”, 4th Annual Singapore International Investment Arbitration Conference, 3 December 2013, at paras. 34−46.

91. SORNARAJAH, M., “Evolution or Revolution in International Investment Arbitration? The Descent into Normlessness” in Chester BROWN and Kate MILES, eds., Evolution in Investment Treaty Law and Arbitration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)Google Scholar at 634.

92. Sundaresh MENON, Closing Address at the Singapore International Arbitration Forum, 2 December 2013 (on file with author).

93. Menon, , supra note 90Google Scholar.

94. Ibid., at para. 37.

95. Ibid.

96. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II, UN Doc. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2010/1 (2010), online: UNCTAD <http://unctad.org/en/docs/diaeia20101_en.pdf>.

97. Menon, , supra note 90Google Scholar at para. 44.

98. Ibid., at para. 46.

99. TAMS, Christian J., “An Appealing Option? The Debate about an ICSID Appellate Structure” in C. TIETJE et al., eds., Essays in Transnational Economic Law No 57, June 2006 (Halle: Martin Luther Universität, 2006)Google Scholar at 20.

100. The London tribunal refused to award any damages, while the Stockholm tribunal ordered $355 million in damages.

101. See Lauder v. Czech Republic, Final Award, 3 September 2001, online: <http://www.italaw.com> at 66−72 and CME Czech Rep. B.V. (The Netherlands) v. Czech Republic, Partial Award, 13 September 2001, online: < http://www.italaw.com> at 5−7.

102. Teitelbaum, , supra note 77 at 59−62Google Scholar.

103. Menon, , supra note 90Google Scholar at para. 55.

104. Supra note 89 at 3−4.

105. Bolivia served a written notice of its denunciation of the ICSID Convention on 2 May 2007, and the denunciation took effect six months after the receipt of notice, i.e. on 3 November 2007. See International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, “List of Contracting States and Other Signatories of the Convention” (11 April 2011), online: ICSID <https://icsid.worldbank.org>.

106. Ecuador served a written notice of its denunciation of the ICSID Convention on 6 July 2009, and the denunciation took effect six months after the receipt of notice, i.e. on 7 January 2010. See ibid.

107. Venezuela served a written notice of its denunciation of the ICSID Convention on 24 January 2012, and the denunciation took effect six months after the receipt of notice, i.e. on 25 July 2012. See ibid.

108. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “Gillard Government Trade Policy Statement: Trading Our Way to More Jobs and Prosperity” (April 2011), online: < http://www.acci.asn.au/> at 14. Also see Ministry of Trade and Investment, Australia, “Gillard Government Reforms Australia's Trade Policy” (12 April 2011), online: <http://trademinister.gov.au>.

109. MENON, Sundaresh, “The Somewhat Uncommon Law of Commerce” (2014) 46 Singapore Academy of Law Journal 23 at 49Google Scholar.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid., citing Helmut WAGNER, “Costs of Legal Uncertainty: Is Harmonization of Law a Good Solution?”, delivered at the Fortieth Annual Session of UNCITRAL, Vienna, 9−12 July 2007, online: <http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/congress/WagnerH.pdf> at 1.

112. Ibid., at para. 52 et seq.

113. See The Hague Conference for Private International Law, “The Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements—Outline of the Convention” (May 2013), online: <http://www.hcch.net>.

114. See The Hague Conference for Private International Law, “Status Table” (19 November 2010), online: <http://www.hcch.net>.

115. See art. 31(1), The Hague Choice of Court Convention, 30 June 2005, 44 I.L.M. 1291.

116. YEO Tiong Min, “International Litigation in Asia: Will the Hague Choice of Court Convention Make Any Difference?”, online: <http://www.jsil.jp> at para. 18.

117. See The Hague Choice of Court Convention, 30 June 2005, online: <http://www.hcch.net>.

118. PRIBETIC, Antonin I., “The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements” (2005) 10 The Globetrotter 2 at 2Google Scholar.

119. Ibid.

120. See Singapore International Arbitration Forum, online: <http://www.siaf.sg/>.

121. Sundaresh MENON, Closing Address at the Singapore International Arbitration Forum, 2 December 2013 (on file with author).

122. Sundaresh MENON, “Some Cautionary Notes for an Age of Opportunity”, keynote address at the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators International Arbitration Conference, 22 August 2013, online: <www.singaporelaw.sg> at para. 51.

123. A “final draft” dated 18 February 2014 has been uploaded onto the LCIA website. Art. 18 (on party representation) is certainly more substantial in the draft than in the existing LCIA Rules. There is also an Annex that provides general guidelines for the Parties’ legal representatives. Art. 18.6 provides for sanctions, including:

See LCIA, “New LCIA Rules 2014”, online: <www.lcia.org>.

124. Menon, , supra note 122 at para. 52Google Scholar.

125. Ibid., at para. 54.

126. Sundaresh MENON, “Contemporary Challenges in International Arbitration”, seminar hosted by the School of International Commercial Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre, London, 27 September 2012, online: <http://www.arbitration-icca.org>.

127. International Council for Commercial Arbitration, Miami 2014, online: <http://www.iccamiami2014.com/>.

128. In the context of investor-state arbitration, see Katia YANNACA-SMALL, “Improving the System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement”, OECD Working Paper on International Investment (February 2006), online: OECD <http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/631230863687> at 10. See also FRANCK, Susan, “The Legitimacy Crisis in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Privatizing Public International Law Through Inconsistent Decisions” (2005) 73 Fordham Law Review 1521Google Scholar.

129. In the context of investor-state arbitration, this could ensure that the interpretive approaches adopted at first instance give the necessary weight to treaty texts, as well as expressions of state intent in preambles and statements of objectives. On the issue of interpretive approaches in investor-state arbitration, see further Menon, supra note 90 at para. 48 et seq.

130. ICSID Secretariat, “Possible Improvements of the Framework for ICSID Arbitration”, Discussion Paper (22 October 2004), online: ICSID <https://icsid.worldbank.org>.

131. Under the WTO appellate mechanism, appeals are permitted, although these are limited to issues of law and questions of interpretation. Each appeal is heard by three members of a seven-member Appellate Body set up by the Dispute Settlement Body and broadly representing the range of WTO membership. See World Trade Organization, “Understanding the WTO: Settling Disputes”, online: <www.wto.org>.

132. Menon, , supra note 90 at para. 62Google Scholar.

133. US Trade Act of 2002, 19 U.S.C. §§ 3803–3805. This has been the basis for concluding several US FTAs.

134. 19 USC s 2102(b)(3)(G)(iv). See also SAUVANT, Karl P., Appeals Mechanism in International Investment Disputes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)Google Scholar at 232, and Yannaca-Small, supra note 128 at 9.

135. Yannaca-Small, supra note 128.

136. See the US-Dominican Republic-Central American FTA. Chapter 10, art. 10.20 at para. 10: Office of the United States Trade Representative, “CAFTA-DR (Dominican Republic-Central America FTA)”, online: <http://www.ustr.gov/sites>.

137. European Commission, supra note 89 at 3.

138. Menon, , supra note 37Google Scholar at para. 56.

139. Menon, , supra note 109Google Scholar at para. 60.

140. Ministry of Law, Singapore, “Report of the Singapore International Commercial Court Committee” (29 November 2013), online: <http://www.mlaw.gov.sg>.

141. Ibid., at para. 22.

142. Rajah & Tann LLP, “The Development of the Singapore International Commercial Court” (December 2013), online: < http://eoasis.rajahtann.com> at 3.

143. Report of the Singapore International Commercial Court Committee, supra note 140 at para. 31.

144. Ibid., at para. 32.

145. WILKOF, Neil, “Can Patent Judges ‘Colloquy’ Themselves to Greater Uniformity?” (30 August 2013)Google Scholar, online: <http://ipkitten.blogspot.sg/2013/08/can-patent-judges-colloquy-themselves.html>. Wilkof was referring to a comment by Chief Judge Randall Rader of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

146. In re Maxwell Communication Corporation 170 B.R. 800 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1994), affirmed in 186 B.R. 807 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).

147. James M. FARLEY, “Judicial Cooperation: Good Practices in the Field of Cross-border Insolvency Proceedings in Light of the Proposed Hague Draft General Principles for Judicial Communications”, Joint European Union-Hague Conference on Private International Law Conference on Direct Judicial Communications on Family Law Matters and the Development of Judicial Networks, 15−16 January 2009, online: <http://www.cambridgeforums.com>.

148. Ibid.

149. Westacre Investments Inc v. The State-Owned Company Yugoimport SDPR (also known as Jugoimport-SDPR) [2009] 2 SLR(R) 166.

150. International Chamber of Commerce, “The New Incoterms® 2010 Rules”, online: ICC <http://www.iccwbo.org>.

151. International Federation of Consulting Engineers, “About FIDIC”, online: FIDIC <http://fidic.org/node/13 #sthash.on7HSusc.dpuf>.

152. Menon, , supra note 37Google Scholar at para. 2.