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6. These are the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, adopted 19 April 1958, 516 U.N.T.S 205 (entered into force 10 September 1964); the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf, adopted 29 April 1958, 499 U.N.T.S 311 (entered into force 10 June 1964); the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted 10 December 1982, U.N.T.S 1833 (entered into force 16 November 1994) [UNCLOS].

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9. This will be dealt with in further detail in Part I.

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13. Ibid. The British ruled the former territories of Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and Northern Borneo; the Dutch in Indonesia; the Portugese in East Timor; the Spanish and Americans in the Philippines; and the French in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Only Thailand escaped colonial occupation.

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17. ASEAN was formed through constitutive instruments such as the 1967 ASEAN Bangkok Declaration, Bangkok, Thailand, 8 August 1967 and the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, 24 February 1976.

18. Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand became members of ASEAN on 8 August 1967.

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20. Brunei became a member of ASEAN on 8 January 1984, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999.

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23. As noted by Bateman et al., supra note 10 at 4.

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25. Bateman et al., supra note 10 at 11. There are numerous straits used for international navigation in the region, including the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, the Lombok/Makassar Straits / Sunda Straits / Philippines Straits. There are also major ports such as Singapore, Port Klang, and Tanjung Pelapas in Malaysia, and Tanjong Priok in Indonesia.

26. UNCLOS, supra note 6. Cambodia signed UNCLOS on 1 July 1983 but has not ratified it. Brunei ratified UNCLOS on 5 November 1996, Indonesia on 3 February 1986, Laos on 5 June 1998, Malaysia on 14 October 1996, Myanmar on 21 May 1996, the Philippines on 8 May 1984, Singapore on 17 November 1994, Thailand on 15 May 2011, and Vietnam on 25 July 1994.

27. Papua New Guinea ratified UNCLOS on 14 January 1997 and Timor Leste acceded to UNCLOS on 8 January 2013.

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31. Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greece v. Great Britain), Judgement of 30 August 1924, 1924 PCIJ (Ser. A) No. 2 at 11.

32. Ibid., at 246.

33. KITTICHAISAREE, Kriangsak, The Law of the Sea and Maritime Boundary Delimitation in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987) at 11 Google Scholar

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38. The Philippines, for example, has previously asserted that the limits around the Philippines archipelago established by three treaties concluded by its former colonial master the US was its “international treaty limits” (see the Treaty of Paris between Spain and the United States, 10 December 1898, TS No. 343; Treaty Between Spain and the United States for the Cession of Outlying Islands for the Philippines, 7 November 1900, TS No. 345, and the Convention Between the United States and Great Britain Delimiting the Philippines Archipelago and the State of Borneo, 2 January 1930, TS No. 856). However, with the enactment of its Archipelagic Baselines Law in 2009, the Philippines appears to have retracted from this claim. Similarly, Cambodia and Vietnam also jointly claimed historic waters in 1982 (see Agreement on Historic Waters of Vietnam and Kampuchea, adopted on 7 July 1982), and China has also claimed some form of historic rights in the South China Sea.

39. Johnston and Valencia, supra note 8 at 57Google Scholar

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42. Pursuant to UNCLOS, supra note 6, arts. 15, 74(1), 83(1).

43. Pursuant to UNCLOS, supra note 6, arts. 74(3), 83(3).

44. However, it should be noted that while this is the only maritime boundary dispute submitted to binding dispute settlement mechanisms, both Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as Singapore and Malaysia, have submitted their respective sovereignty disputes over Sipadan and Ligitan, as well as over Pedra Branca, to the International Court of Justice. Malaysia has also initiated arbitration proceedings against Singapore and requested provisional measures from the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to curtail Singapore's land reclamation activities. The Philippines has also recently initiated arbitral proceedings against China over certain disputes in the South China Sea.

45. See Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary Between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Case No. 16, Judgment dated 14 March 2012, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), online ITLOS: 〈http://www.itlos.org/index.php?id=108&L=1%2F〉.

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47. These are: (i) Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Korea Concerning the Establishment of Boundary in the Northern Part of the Continental Shelf Adjacent to the Two Countries, 30 January 1974, Limits in the Seas No. 75 (1979), (entered into force 22 June 1978); (ii) Agreement Between the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on the Delimitation of the Soviet-Korean National Border, 17 April 1985 (exact date of entry into force unknown); (iii) Agreement of the Economic and Continental Shelf Boundary Between the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2 January 1986 (exact date of entry into force unknown); (iv) Agreement Between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the Regime of the Soviet-Korean State Frontier, 3 September 1990 (exact date of entry into force unknown).

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52. Case Concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), (1982) I.C.J Reports 18 at para. 232.

53. Kaye, supra note 51 at 58Google Scholar

54. There is also a Protected Zone enclosure which straddles the seabed jurisdiction line and surrounds several islands off Australia and Papua New Guinea which is established to protect the “traditional way of life and livelihood of the traditional inhabitants including their traditional fishing and free movement”, and also to protect and preserve the marine environment: 1978 Australia-Papua New Guinea Delimitation (Torres Strait) (No. 13 in Table 1), art. 10.

55. Ibid., art. 4(1).

56. Ibid., arts. 4(2), 1(1)(b).

57. Jonathan CHARNEY and Lewis ALEXANDER, eds., International Maritime Boundaries, Vol. II (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993) at 1229Google Scholar

58. The agreement is not in force yet, reportedly because it contains references to the 1989 Timor Gap Treaty which has now been replaced by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty between Australia and East Timor.

59. UNCLOS, supra note 6, art. 5.

60. Ibid., art. 7.

61. UNCLOS, supra note 6, art. 47.

62. SCHOFIELD, Clive, “Departures from the Coast: Trends in the Application of Territorial Sea Baselines under the Law of the Sea Convention” (2012) 27 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 723 at 729 Google Scholar

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64. This is because such a determination would require charts of a scale and accuracy adequate to ascertain the exact relationship of the boundary to the parties’ straight baselines: ibid., at 156−7.

65. Ibid., at 157.

66. Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), [2009] I.C.J Rep. 61 at para. 137.

67. Ibid.

68. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), [2001] I.C.J Rep. 40 at para. 212.

69. ROACH, J. Ashley and SMITH, Robert W., United States Responses to Excessive Maritime Claims, 2nd ed. (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 1996) at 17 Google Scholar

70. Council of the State Decree, 31 July 1982.

71. While Malaysia has not formally claimed straight baselines, Malaysia issued a map in 1979 (New Map Showing the Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries of Malaysia 1979) which suggests that it has employed a system of straight baselines arguably inconsistent with Article 7 of UNCLOS. While this has not been subject to objections from other states, “it appears that this has more to do with the fact that they have not been officially announced and publicized rather than because they necessarily meet the criteria set out in UNCLOS Article 7”. See Sam BATEMAN and Clive SCHOFIELD, “State Practice Regarding Straight Baselines in East Asia - Legal, Technical and Political Issues in a Changing Environment”, Paper Presented at Difficulties in Implementing the Provisions of UNCLOS, organized by the Advisory Board on the Law of the Sea (ABLOS), Monaco, 16–17 October 2008, online: University of New South Wales 〈http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/ablos/ABLOS08Folder/Session7-Paper1-Bateman.pdf〉.

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75. Vietnam claimed straight baselines in 1977, which has been described as particularly radical and far from the requirements established in art. 7 of UNCLOS. Vietnam's claims have been subject to both US and Thai protests: ibid.

76. Archipelagic baselines and archipelagic waters were accepted in Part V of UNCLOS, supra note 6.

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78. “Limits in the Seas No. 1, Continental Shelf Boundary: Indonesia and Malaysia” US Geographer (21 January 1970). Online: 〈http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/ls001.pdf〉.

79. Under art. 4 of the 1958 Territorial Seas Convention, only states whose “coastline is deeply indented and cut into” or which have “a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity” can draw straight baselines. Malaysia had acceded to the Territorial Seas Convention on 21 December 1960.

80. PRESCOTT, Victor, “Indonesia's Maritime Claims and Outstanding Delimitation Problems” (Winter 1995–1996) IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin at 94−95Google Scholar

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87. Ibid.

88. Bangladesh/Myanmar Dispute, supra note 45 at para. 184.

89. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, [1969] I.C.J Rep. 3; Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/US), [1984] I.C.J Rep. 246; Tunisia/Libya Case, supra note 52; Continental Shelf (Libya v. Malta), [1985] I.C.J Rep. 13; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau Maritime Delimitation Case, Decision of 14 February 1985, 25 I.L.M 252 (1986); St Pierre and Miquelon Case, 31 I.L.M (1992).

90. Prescott and Schofield, supra note 3 at 221Google Scholar

91. St Pierre and Miquelon Case, supra note 89 at para. 38.

92. Tunisia/Libya Case, supra note 52 at para. 110.

93. TANAKA, Yoshifumi, “Reflections on Maritime Delimitation in the Nicaragua/Honduras Case”, Paper Presented at the International Law Association British Branch, 5 March 2008Google Scholar

94. Qatar/Bahrain, supra note 68 at para. 231.

95. Cameroon/Nigeria, supra note 90 at para. 228.

96. UNCLOS, supra note 6, art. 15 (emphasis added).

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98. Bangladesh/Myanmar, supra note 45 at para. 229.

99. See, for example, Arbitration between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, Relating to the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf Between Them (Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago), Award, (2006) 45 I.L.M. 798 at para. 242.

100. Romania/Ukraine, supra note 66 at para. 115−22.

101. These are the 1971 Indonesia-Australia (on behalf of Papua New Guinea) Continental Shelf Delimitation (Arafura Sea) (No. 3 in Table 1); 1971 Indonesia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and Andaman Sea) (No. 4 in Table 1); 1973 Indonesia-Australia (on behalf of Papua New Guinea) Delimitation (Arafura Sea) (No. 7 in Table 1); 1974 Indonesia-India Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 9 in Table 1); 1977 Indonesia-India Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 11 in Table 1); 1978 India-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 12 in Table 1); 1979 Malaysia-Thailand Territorial Sea Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and Gulf of Thailand) (No. 15 in Table 1); 1979 Malaysia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Gulf of Thailand) (No. 16 in Table 1); 1980 Myanmar-Thailand Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 17 in Table 1); 1980 Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Delimitation (Pacific Ocean) (No. 18 in Table 1); 1993 India-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 21 in Table 1); 1993 India-Myanmar-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 22 in Table 1); 1995 Malaysia (Johor)-Singapore Territorial Waters Delimitation (Johor Straits) (No. 23 in Table 1); 1997 Australia-Indonesia Delimitation (Timor Sea) (No. 24 in Table 1); 1997 Thailand-Vietnam Delimitation (Gulf of Thailand) (No. 25 in Table 1).

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104. This was recognized in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, supra note 89.

105. Libya/Malta, supra note 89.

106. HIGHET, Keith, “The Use of Geophysical Factors in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries” in Charney and Alexander, supra note 7, 167Google Scholar

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108. Ibid., at 1051.

109. Ibid.

110. Charney and Alexander, supra note 57 at 1465Google Scholar

111. Ibid., at 1468.

112. Ibid., at 1377.

113. Ibid.

114. Ibid., at 1383.

115. Ibid., at 1379.

116. UNCLOS, supra note 6, arts. 121(1), 121(2).

117. Ibid., art. 121(3).

118. There has been no authoritative interpretation by international courts and tribunals of what is meant by “sustaining human habitation and an economic life of its own”.

119. Prescott and Schofield, supra note 3 at 248−249Google Scholar

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123. Charney and Alexander, supra note 57 at 1457Google Scholar

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125. Ibid., at 1334.

126. Ibid., at 1335.

127. Ibid., at 1329.

128. Ibid., at 1332.

129. Ibid., at 1330.

130. Ibid.

131. SCHOFIELD, Clive, “Unlocking the Seabed Resources of the Gulf of Thailand” (2007) 29 Contemporary Southeast Asia 286 at 302 Google Scholar

132. Jonathan CHARNEY and Robert SMITH, eds., International Maritime Boundaries, Vol. IV (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002) at 2687Google Scholar

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134. Ibid., at 2689.

135. Colson and Smith, supra note 11 at 3743Google Scholar

136. Ibid., at 3749−50.

137. Ibid., at 3753.

138. David COLSON and Robert SMITH, eds., International Maritime Boundaries, Vol. VI (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011) at 4308Google Scholar

139. Ibid.

140. Ibid., at 4310.

141. Ibid.

142. Ibid.

143. See, for example, art. IV of the 1969 Indonesia-Malaysia Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and South China Sea) (No. 1 in Table 1); art. III of the 1974 Indonesia-India Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 9 in Table 1); art. II of the 1975 Indonesia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Andaman Sea) (No. 10 in Table 1); art. 7 of the 2000 China-Vietnam Delimitation (Gulf of Tonkin) (No. 26 in Table 1); and art. 4 of the 2003 Indonesia-Vietnam Continental Shelf (South China Sea) (No. 27 in Table 1).

144. Art. IV, 1979 Malaysia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Gulf of Thailand) (No. 16 in Table 1).

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147. Ibid.

148. Art. 3, 2003 Indonesia-Vietnam Continental Shelf Delimitation (South China Sea) (No. 27 in Table 1).

149. Prescott and Schofield, supra note 3 at 217Google Scholar

150. KWIATKOWSKA, Barbara, “Economic and Environmental Considerations in Maritime Boundary Delimitation” in Charney and Alexander, supra note 7 at 91Google Scholar

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154. The potential for oil and gas north of the Natuna Islands was an important factor in the reaching of the 2003 Indonesia-Vietnam Continental Shelf Delimitation, and the seabed areas around the Natunas have proven to hold substantial reserves of commercially recoverable hydrocarbons.

155. BUSZYNSKI, Leszek and ISKANDAR, Sazlan, “Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea” (1 April 2007) 29 Contemporary South East Asia 143–171Google Scholar

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158. See 1969 Indonesia-Malaysia Continental Shelf Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea) (No. 1 in Table 1); 1970 Indonesia-Malaysia Territorial Sea Delimitation (Straits of Malacca) (No. 2 in Table 1); 1971 Indonesia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and Andaman Sea) (No. 4 in Table 1); 1971 Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Straits of Malacca) (No. 5 in Table 1); 1973 Indonesia-Singapore Territorial Sea Delimitation (Straits of Malacca) (No. 8 in Table 1); 1979 Malaysia-Thailand Territorial Sea Delimitation (Straits of Malacca and Gulf of Thailand) (No. 15 in Table 1); and 2009 Indonesia-Singapore Territorial Sea Delimitation (Singapore Strait) (No. 28 in Table 1).

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165. Djuanda Declaration, 13 December 1957.

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167. UNCLOS, supra note 6, arts. 74(3), 83(3) (emphasis added).

168. Guyana/Suriname Arbitration, UN Law of the Sea Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, Award of 17 September 2007, at para. 460, online: Permanent Court of Arbitration 〈http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/Guyana-Suriname%20Award.pdf〉.

169. Ibid.

170. See, generally, ss. 3.3–3.7 of Ben MILLIGAN, Legal and Policy Options for the Provisional Joint Management of Maritime Spaces Subject to Overlapping Jurisdictional Claims, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Woollongong.

171. Ibid.

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175. North Sea Continental Shelf Sea Cases, supra note 89 at para. 99.

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178. See 1979 Malaysia-Thailand Continental Shelf Delimitation (Gulf of Thailand) (No. 16 in Table 1).

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180. It should be borne in mind that negotiations of UNCLOS were going on at this point in time and the exact effect of islands in generating maritime zones or their effect in maritime delimitation was not clear.

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183. Ibid., at 303.

184. Daniel J. DZUREK, “Maritime Agreements and Oil Exploration in the Gulf of Thailand” in Gerald BAKE et al., eds., Boundaries and Energy: Problems and Prospects (London: Kluwer Law International, 1998) at 177 Google Scholar

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190. Thomas MENSAH, “Joint Development Zones as an Alternative Dispute Settlement Approach in Maritime Boundary Delimitation” in Ranier LAGONI and Daniel VIGNES, eds., Maritime Delimitation (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006) 143 at 149 Google Scholar

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192. For example, the 2002 Australia-East Timor Provisional Arrangement, art. 11 of the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty, provides that Australia shall facilitate as a matter of priority training and employment opportunities for East Timorese nationals and permanent representatives.

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196. See, for example, the 1982 Cambodia-Vietnam Provisional Arrangement (No. 31 in Table 1); the 1999 Malaysia-Vietnam-Thailand Provisional Arrangement (Gulf of Thailand) (No. 34 in Table 1); the 2001 Cambodia-Thailand Provisional Arrangement (No. 37 in Table 1); and the 2005 China-Vietnam-Philippines Provisional Arrangement (No. 38 in Table 1).

197. The 1979/1990 Malaysia-Thailand Provisional Arrangement (No. 30 in Table 1); the 1989 Australia-Indonesia Provisional Arrangement (No. 32 in Table 1); the 1992 Malaysia-Vietnam Provisional Arrangement (No. 33 in Table 1); and the 2002 Australia-East Timor Provisional Arrangement (No. 35 in Table 1).

198. See, for example, the 1979/1990 Malaysia-Thailand Provisional Arrangement (No. 30 in Table 1); and the 1992 Malaysia-Vietnam Provisional Arrangement (No. 33 in Table 1).

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202. The north boundary of Area A reflects Australia's position with regard to where it believes a permanent boundary should be established, and the south boundary of Area A indicates Indonesia's view of the seabed boundary, based on an approximate median line between Australia and Indonesia: ibid., at 81.

203. Ibid.

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207. ASEAN and China are now attempting to negotiate a code of conduct in the South China Sea: see “ASEAN Welcomes Start of South China Sea Code of Conduct Talks” Channel NewsAsia (30 June 2013), online: Channel NewsAsia 〈http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/asean-welcomes-start-of/729504.html〉.

208. Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia in Respect of the Common Guidelines Concerning Treatment of Fishermen by Maritime Law Enforcement Agencies of the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia, 27 January 2012.

209. I Made Andi ARSANA, “Indonesia-Malaysia Deal Is Good News for Fishermen” Jakarta Post, 30 April 2012. Online: 〈http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/30/indonesia-malaysia-deal-good-news-fishermen.html〉.

210. Ibid.

211. For example, states can come to a special agreement to refer their disputes to an arbitral tribunal or to the ICJ (art. 36(1), ICJ Statute).

212. UNCLOS, supra note 6, art. 286.

213. Ibid., art. 298(1).

214. Ibid.

215. KITTICHAISAREE, Kriangsak, The Law of the Sea and Maritime Boundary Delimitation in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987) at 103 Google Scholar

216. Ibid., at 104.

217. Ibid., at 103.

218. See statement by Thailand dated 15 May 2011 on the Ratification of UNCLOS, online: 〈http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm#Thailand%20Upon%20ratificatio〉.

219. Grisbadarna (Norway v. Sweden), (1910) A.J.I.L. 226; North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969), supra note 89; Anglo-French Continental Shelf Arbitration (France v. United Kingdom) (1977), 18 I.L.M. (1979) at 397–494; Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case, [1978] I.C.J. Rep. 3; Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case (1982), supra note 52; Gulf of Maine Case (1984), supra note 4; Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Cases (1985), supra note 89; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua Intervening), [1992] I.C.J. Rep. 351; St Pierre and Miquelon Case (1992), supra note 89; Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area Between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), [1993] I.C.J. Rep. 38; Guinea-Bissau/Senegal Case (1985), supra note 89; Eritrea/Yemen Arbitral Award (1999), supra note 177; Qatar/Bahrain Case (2001), supra note 68; Cameroon/Nigeria Case (2002), supra note 90; Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago (2006) 45 I.L.M. 798; Guyana/Suriname (2007), supra note 168; Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Rep. 2007 at 659; Bangladesh/Myanmar (2012), supra note 45; Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, 19 November 2012. There are also several pending maritime delimitation cases: Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) (Peru initiated proceedings in the ICJ against Chile in 2008 but Judgment has not been issued); Croatia/Slovenia (On 4 November 2009, Croatia and Slovenia agreed to submit their territorial and maritime dispute to arbitration); Bangladesh/India (Bangladesh initiated arbitral proceedings under Annex VII of UNCLOS).

220. “Bangladesh and Myanmar Give ITLOS its First Maritime Boundary Case” IBRU News (21 December 2009), online: Durham University 〈http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/ibru_news/?itemno=9202〉. It has been described as “remarkable” that Bangladesh chose ITLOS instead of the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal or the ICJ, both of which have experience in maritime delimitation disputes. It is said that the consensus between Myanmar and Bangladesh is due to the “tribunal's emphasis on and ability to provide expedience”, which is partly attributable to the reduction of disputes over arbitrators, which can delay proceedings: see Jared BISSINGER, “The Maritime Boundary Dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications” (July 2010) 10 Asia Policy 103−42 at 130.

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223. Ibid., at 129.

224. Ibid., at 107.

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230. This obligation to negotiate in good faith was succinctly put by the ICJ in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, [1969] I.C.J. Rep. 3, para. 86 (a):

231. Although this was arguably because Indonesia wanted Malaysia's support for its newly proposed concept of archipelagic waters. It has also now caused issues in the negotiation of EEZ boundaries with Malaysia.

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239. Ian TOWNSEND-GAULT and William STORMONT, “Offshore Petroleum Joint Development Arrangements: Functional Instrument? Compromise? Obligation?” in Gerald Blake et al, eds., The Peaceful Management of Transboundary Resources (London: Graham & Trotman Ltd and Kluwer Publishers Group, 1995) at 53 Google Scholar

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246. Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, [2008] I.C.J. Rep. 12.

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250. See supra note 38.

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265. Ibid.