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9. This Report is published annually by the U.S. Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. It ranks the governments of the world on the basis of their efforts to acknowledge and combat human trafficking. According to the State Department, this Report is the US government’s principal diplomatic tool to engage foreign governments on human trafficking. In this Report, the Department of State places each country onto one of three tiers based on the extent of their governments’ efforts to comply with the “minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking” found in s. 108 of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act [TVPA] of 2000 (Public Law 106-386). While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, countries which are placed on Tier 2 are those who do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards. Other lists which are not regarded as good are: Tier 2 Watch List and Tier 3. Pursuant to the TVPA, the governments of countries on Tier 3 may be subject to certain restrictions on bilateral assistance, whereby the US government may withhold or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance. In addition, certain countries on Tier 3 may not receive funding for government employees’ participation in educational and cultural exchange programmes. See “Tier Placements”, online: U.S. Department of State <http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/226649.htm>.

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13. Ibid., Vol. 9, at 415.

14. International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age, 11 October 1933, League of Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 150, at 43 (entered into force 24 August 1934), online: UN <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1950/04/19500424%2010-32%20PM/Ch_VII_4p.pdf>.

15. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 21 March 1950, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 96, at 271 (entered into force 25 July 1951), online: UN <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1951/07/19510725%2010-37%20PM/Ch_VII_11_a_bp.pdf>.

16. SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating the Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002 (entered into force 15 November 2005), online: Faculty of Law, University of Oslo <http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/02/2-04/saarc-traff-women-children.xml>.

17. Immoral Traffic (Prevention Act) 1956, online: Indian Parliament <http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/India_Acts_1986.pdf>.

18. Ministry of Law, Bangladesh, online: <http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=159>.

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44. Shelley, supra note 1 at 3, 49.

45. Slavery Convention, 25 September 1926 (entered into force 9 March 1927), online: UN Office of the High Commissioner <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/SlaveryConvention.aspx>.

46. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, adopted by a Conference on Plenipotentiaries Convened by Economic and Social Council Resolution 608 (XXI) of 30 April 1956 on 7 September 1956 (entered into force 30 April 1957).

47. Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour, adopted at 14th ILC session on 28 June 1930 (entered into force 1 May 1932).

48. Convention Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour, adopted at 40th ILC session on 25 June 1957 (entered into force 17 January 1959).

49. Convention Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, adopted at 58th ILC session on 26 June 1973 (entered into force 19 June 1976).

50. Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, adopted at 87th ILC session on 17 June 1999 (entered into force 19 November 2000).

51. Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, 2011 (entered into force 5 September 2013).

52. General Assembly Resolution 55/25 (15 November 2000), Annexure I contains the main Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, while Annexure II contains Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, online: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime <http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf>.

53. Ibid., Annexure II.

54. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), online: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia <http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_808_1993_en.pdf>.

55. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, online: <http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf>.

56. No. 66/2011/qh/12, online: International Labour Organization <http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_isn=91653>.

57. Act No. 5 of 2064 (2007), online: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health <http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/trafficking/nepal.trafficking.07.pdf>.

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80. Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims, and Replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, online: EUR-Lex <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0036>.

81. Public Law 106-386 (28 October 2000), 114 Stat. 1464 (codified as amended in scattered ss. of 18, 22, and 42 U.S.C.).

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86. Cal. Civil Code ss. 1714-43 (2012).

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99. Trafficking in Persons Report, 2014, supra note 76.

100. See also NGUYEN, Jennifer, “The Three Ps of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Unaccompanied Undocumented Minors and the Forgotten P in the William Wilberforce Trafficking Prevention Reauthorization Act” (2010–11) 17 Washington & Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 187 at 191 Google Scholar.

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112. Prosecutor v. Tadic[1999] Case No. IT-94-1-A, ICTY Appeals Chamber, 15 July 1999, at para. 117, cited in ILC Commentary, at art. 8, para. 5.

113. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), ICJ Gen. List No. 91, decided 26 February 2007 [Bosnian Genocide case].

114. Bosnian Genocide case, ibid. at para. 404.

115. ILC Commentary, at art. 8, para.1. See also the Commentary to art. 11, at para. 2: “The general principle, drawn from state practice and international judicial decisions, is that the conduct of a person or group of persons not acting on behalf of the state is not considered as an act of the state under international law. This conclusion holds irrespective of the circumstances in which the private persons acts and of the interests affected by the person’s conduct.”

116. ILC Commentary, at part one, chapter II, para. 4. An example drawn from the Tehran Hostages case is used to illustrate this point: The seizing of the American embassy in Tehran by private individuals did not immediately engage the international legal responsibility of the state of Iran. It was only after the government failed to assert control over the situation that the conduct of the private individuals became attributable to the state itself. It was therefore Iran’s failure “to take appropriate steps” to protect the Embassy that “by itself, constituted a clear and serious violation”: United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran), ICJ Rep. (1980) 3, at para. 67. The Court noted that the Iranian authorities were aware of their obligations to protect consular and diplomatic staff and premises and that they had the means at their disposal but “completely failed to comply”: ibid., at para. 68 [Tehran Hostages case].

117. Supra note 76, para. 173.

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137. Public Law No. 106-386 (2000).

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144. UK Home Office, “Human Trafficking: The Government’s Strategy” (29 July 2011), online: Gov.UK <http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-strategy?=Binary> (last accessed 24 February 2016), at 8.

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158. See KAPUR, Ratna, “Coss-border Movements and the Law: Renegotiating the Boundaries of Difference” in Kamala KEMPADOO, Jyoti SANGHERA, and Bandana PATTANAIK, eds., Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work and Human Rights 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2012), at 25 Google Scholar; Lee, supra note 2 at 44–7.

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