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³ UNDP, supra note 1, 23.

⁴ Acharya, supra note 2, 445-6; see generally Axworthy, L, “Human Security and Global Governance: Putting People First” (2001) 7 Global Governance 19 Google Scholar; Axworthy, L, “Canada and Human Security: The Need for Leadership” (1997) 52 International Journal 183 Google Scholar.

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⁶ See Dedring, ibid; see also parts 7 and 8 below.

⁷ Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now (New York, 2003), 4 Google Scholar.

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¹¹ Ibid, 131; see also Ogata, S and Cels, J, “Human Security: Protecting and Empowering the People” (2003) 9 Global Governance 273 Google Scholar.

¹² Dewi Fortuna Anwar argues that what are now regarded as non-traditional security threats have long been considered the primary security concerns of most South and South East Asian countries: “Non-Traditional Security in Asia: 2nd Regional Plenary Meeting”, Report of Meeting, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, 3-4 December 2004, 7.

¹³ For critical approaches, see, eg, Paris, R, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” (2001) 26 International Security 67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Khong, Yuen Foong, “Human Security: A Shotgun Approach to Alleviating Human Misery” (2001) 7 Global Governance 231 Google Scholar.

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¹⁵ Busumtwi-Sam, supra note 2, 254.

¹⁶ Ibid, 259-260.

¹⁷ P Schwartz and D Randall, “An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for United States National Security”, Report to the Pentagon, October 2003, 3.

¹⁸ M Duffield, “Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror”, 11th General Conference of the EADI, Bonn, 21-24 September 2005.

¹⁹ “Non-Traditional Security in Asia”, supra note 12; “Non-Traditional Security in Asia: The Dynamics of Securitization”, Report of Workshop, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, 2-4 September 2004; J Laki, “Non-Traditional Security Issues: Securitization of Transnational Crime in Asia”, IDSS Working Paper No 98, January 2006.

²⁰ S Mallick and R Sen, “The Incidence of Corruption in India: Is the Neglect of Governance Endangering Human Security in South Asia?”, IDSS Working Paper No 103, January 2006.

²¹ Tasneem Siddiqui, in “Non-Traditional Security in Asia”, supra note 12, 15.

²² Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (United Nations, December 2004), 2.

²³ See parts 7 and 8 below.

²⁴ Anand Panyarachun (former Thai Prime Minister); Sadako Ogata of Japan (former UN High Commissioner for Refugees); Satish Numbiar (a former lieutenant general in the Indian Army and a force commander of the UN Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia); Qian Qichen (a former Vice-Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of China); and Nafis Sadik of Pakistan (a former executive director of the UN Population Fund).

²⁵ UN Secretary-General's Report, “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all”, UNGA (59^th Session), 21 March 2005, UN Doc A/59/2005.

²⁶ Ibid, annex at para. 6(a).

²⁷ Ibid, at para. 78.

²⁸ Ibid, at para. 27.

²⁹ Ibid, at para. 16.

³⁰ See also Slaughter, A-M, “Security, Solidarity, and Sovereignty: The Grand Themes of UN Reform” (2005) 99 Am. J. Intl. L. 619, 622-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³² Ibid, at para. 143

³³ P Evans, in “Non-Traditional Security in Asia”, supra note 12, 6.

³⁴ Statement by HE Mr Kenzo Oshima, Permanent Representative of Japan, UNGA Plenary Meeting on the Report of the Secretary-General, 7 April 2005; Japanese Ministry for Foreign Affairs, “United Nations Reform: Priority Issues for Japan”, January 2006.

³⁵ Statement by HE Mr Kenzo Oshima, Permanent Representative of Japan, UNGA Meeting on Informal Consultations on the Report of the High-Level Panel, 22 February 2005.

³⁶ UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by Hon External Affairs Minister, Shri K Natwar Singh, 19 September 2005.

³⁷ UNGA (59th Session), Statement by HE Dr Surakiart Sathirathai, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, 27 September 2004.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ UNGA (60th Session), Statement by Vietnamese Foreign Minister Nguyen Dy Nien: “Vietnam tightens cooperation with international community for common goals”, 21 September 2005.

⁴⁰ UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by Dr Alberto G Romulo, Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, New York, 22 September 2005.

⁴¹ UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by HE Mr Bounnhang Vorachith, Prime Minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, New York, 16 September 2005.

⁴² Position Paper of the People's Republic of China on the United Nations Reforms, 7 June 2005; see also UNGA (59^th Session), Statement by Ambassador Zhang Yishan on Cluster II (Freedom from fear) of the Secretary-General's Report, informal thematic consultations, 22 April 2005.

⁴³ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

⁴⁴ Statement by Ambassador Zhang Yishan at Informal Consultations on Cluster I: “Freedom from Want” of the UN Secretary-General's Report, 25 April 2005.

⁴⁵ Statement by Ambassador Wang Guangya at the Informal Meeting of the General Assembly on the Draft Outcome Document of the September Summit, 21 June, 2005.

⁴⁶ UNGA (59th Session), Statement by Ambassador Zhang Yishan on Cluster II (Freedom from fear) of the Secretary-General's Report, Informal thematic consultations, 22 April 2005.

⁴⁷ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

⁴⁸ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42; Statement by Ambassador Wang Guangya, supra note 45. While many Asian States support the “responsibility to protect” doctrine, there are serious concerns about its implementation, double standards, and its political manipulation: International Peace Academy and Malaysian Institute of Strategic and International Studies, “Making the United Nations Relevant for Asia-Pacific in the 21st Century”, A Dialogue, Kuala Lumpur, 20-21 July 2005, 2.

⁴⁹ UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by the Hon Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia and Head of the Malaysian Delegation, New York, 14 September 2005; UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by HE U Nyan Win, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Myanmar, New York, 16 September 2005.

⁵⁰ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

⁵¹ Statement by Ambassador Gopala Menon at the Informal Thematic Consultations of UNGA to discuss the Secretary-General's Report, Cluster I: Freedom From Want, 26 April 2005.

⁵² UNGA (60th Session Plenary), Statement by HE Professor S Jayakumar, Deputy Prime Minister, Co-ordinating Minister For National Security and Minister for Law of the Republic of Singapore, New York, 16 September 2005; see also Statement by Ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon at the Informal Thematic Consultations of the General Assembly to Discuss the Four Clusters Contained in the Secretary-General's Report, 19 April 2005.

⁵³ Statement by Ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon, ibid.

⁵⁴ Ibid.

⁵⁵ Ibid.

⁵⁶ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

⁵⁷ Tay, S and Li, Tan Hsien, “Southeast Asian Cooperation on Anti-Terrorism: The Dynamics and Limits of Regional Responses” in Ramraj, V, Hor, M and Roach, K (eds), Global Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy (Cambridge: CUP. 2005), 399 Google Scholar.

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⁵⁹ Joint Communique of the Second ASEAN-UN Summit, New York, 13 September 2005, para 27.

⁶⁰ See, eg, Chu Shulong, “The ASEAN+3 and East Asian Security Cooperation” in Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Conference Report, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20-21 November 2003.

⁶¹ See generally Vitit Muntarbhorn, “Towards a Meaningful ASEAN Charter?”, Bangkok Post, 10 January 2006.

⁶² See also Seng Tan and R Emmers (eds), “An Agenda for the East Asia Summit: Thirty Recommendations for Regional Cooperation in East Asia”, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore, November 2005 (encouraging, inter alia, cooperation on health security, human security (poverty and disasters), and transnational crime).

⁶³ See, eg, Tay and Tan Hsien Li, supra note 57, 404-409; R Emmers, “International Regime Building in South East Asia: ASEAN Cooperation against the Illicit Trafficking and Abuse of Drugs”, IDSS Working Paper No 106, February 2006.

⁶⁴ J Ravenhill, “Mission Creep or Mission Impossible? APEC and Security” in Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Conference Report, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20-21 November 2003, 6.

⁶⁵ Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, ibid, 11.

⁶⁶ On security in the region generally, see M Vicziany, D Wright-Neville and P Lentini (eds), Regional Security in the Asia Pacific: 9/11 and After (Edward Elgar, London, 2004);

⁶⁷ Lowy Institute for International Policy and the International Peace Academy, “Asian Approaches to Peace and Security and the Role of the United Nations”, Conference, Sydney, 1-3 September 2004, 6-9.

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⁷² UN High Level Panel, supra note 22, viii.

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⁸² Commission on Human Security, supra note 7, 10.

⁸³ A Sen, in ibid, 9.

⁸⁴ See articles 4, 12, 17, 18 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966.

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⁹⁴ Ibid, 190 (Philippines).

⁹⁵ Ibid (US).

⁹⁶ Ibid (US, France), 157 (Netherlands), 189 (Haiti), 191 (China), 192 (Guatemala), 194 (Philippines).

⁹⁷ Ibid, 189 (Haiti), 192 (Chile), 193 (Venezuela). Yugoslavia gave as an example of a violation of security of person the lynching of black Americans in the US: infra, 158 (Yugoslavia).

⁹⁸ Ibid, 164 (Cuba), 193 (Ecuador).

⁹⁹ Ibid, 145 (Cuba), 174 (Belgium).

¹⁰⁰ Ibid, 188 (19 votes to 17, with 12 abstentions).

¹⁰¹ Ibid, 191. The reference to the right to life was separately adopted by 49 to 0, with 2 abstentions. art 3 as a whole was adopted by 36 to 0, with 12 abstentions: 193.

¹⁰² Ibid, 193 (Guatemala), 194 (Philippines).

¹⁰³ Ibid, 192 (Chile), 193 (Venezuela).

¹⁰⁴ See “Hardline Security a UN Right”, The Australian, 26 July 2005.

¹⁰⁵ See supra note 84.

¹⁰⁶ Sen, supra note 83, 8.

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¹³⁴ The expression “threats to the peace” originally referred to the preparatory phase of inter-state war: Simma, supra note 109, 717-729. However, state practice has since enlarged the concept significantly.

¹³⁵ Lockerbie (1992) I.C.J. Rep at 142 (Shahabuddeen J).

¹³⁶ Akande, supra note 116, 325; Gowlland-Debbas, supra note 115, 307.

¹³⁷ Nolte, supra note 115, 320-321.

¹³⁸ Namibia Advisory Opinion (1971) I.C.J. Rep 6 (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice), at para. 116.

¹³⁹ Ibid, 340, at para. 34 (Judge Gros).

¹⁴⁰ Ibid, 293, at paras. 112, 116, & 294 (Judge Fitzmaurice).

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¹⁴⁷ Eg, the Balkans: UNSC Res 713 (1991), 724 (1991); Somalia: res 733 (1992); Liberia: res 788 (1992); Lockerbie: res 748 (1992); racist Rhodesia: res 217 (1965), 221 (1966); Haiti: res 841 and 875 (1993); Kurds: res 688 (1991); see also M Odello, “Commentary on the United Nations High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change” (2005) 10 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 231, 232-7.

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¹⁶⁸ G Guillaume, “Terrorism and International Law”, Grotius Lecture, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, 13 Nov 2003, 8 (subsequently published in (2004) 53 I.C.L.Q. 537); see also Myjer, E and White, N, “The Twin Towers Attack: An Unlimited Right to Self-Defence?” (2002) 7 J. Conflict and Security Law 1, 6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷³ Ibid, 6.

¹⁷⁴ Ibid, 7.

¹⁷⁵ Nolte, supra note 115, 325.

¹⁷⁶ Krisch, supra note 78, 7. See CTC, Guidelines of the Committee for the Conduct of its Work, Note by the Chairman, 16 October 2001, UN Doc S/AC.40/2001/CRP.1; CTC, Guidance for the Submission of Reports pursuant to Paragraph 6 of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001, Note by Chairman.

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¹⁸³ UN Secretary-General, supra note 25, at paras. 48-49.

¹⁸⁴ See also Busumtwi-Sam, supra note 2, 256.

¹⁸⁵ Boyle and Simonsen, supra note 85, 4.

¹⁸⁶ See Moore, J, “Collective Security with a Human Face: An International Legal Framework for Coordinated Action to Alleviate Violence and Poverty” (2004) 33 Denver J. Intl. L. and Policy 43, 63–69 Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁷ Proposals at San Francisco to widen the competence of the General Assembly in security matters were also rejected: Simma, supra note 109, 607.

¹⁸⁸ Ibid, 226-242.

¹⁸⁹ Gowlland-Debbas, supra note 115, 286, 311.

¹⁹⁰ Koskenniemi, M, “The Police in the Temple: Order, Justice and the UN: A Dialectical View” (1995) 6 E.J.I.L. 325, 344 Google Scholar.

¹⁹¹ Szasz, supra note 125, 905.

¹⁹² Kelsen, supra note 114, 199.

¹⁹³ Simma, supra note 109, 838.

¹⁹⁴ Szasz, supra note 125, 905.

¹⁹⁵ UNGA (59th Session), Statement by Chinese Permanent Representative Wang Guangya on the Report of the High-level Panel, Informal Consultations, 22 February 2005.

¹⁹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁹⁷ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

¹⁹⁸ Statement by Permanent Representative Wang Guangya, n195.

¹⁹⁹ Stiglitz, J, Globalisation and its Discontents (Penguin, London, 2002), 10–11 Google Scholar.

²⁰⁰ See also Busumtwi-Sam, supra note 2, 256-257.

²⁰¹ Tay and Tan Hsien Li, supra note 57, 414.

²⁰² UNGA (60^th Session), Statement by the Indian External Affairs Minister, Shri K Natwar Singh, New York, 19 September 2005.

²⁰³ Milanovic, B, “Why Did the Poorest Countries Fail to Catch Up?”, Carnegie Papers: Trade, Equity and Development Project, No 62, November 2005, 3 Google Scholar.

²⁰⁴ Koskenniemi, supra note 190, 328, 335; Gowlland-Debbas, supra note 115, 287.

²⁰⁵ Koskenniemi, ibid, 342.

²⁰⁶ See, eg, ibid, 344-346; Reisman, supra note 117, 85-86; but see Talmon's critique of critics of the Council's secrecy and lack of representativeness: Talmon, S, “The Security Council as World Legislature” (2005) 99 Am. J. Intl. L. 175 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰⁷ Koskenniemi, ibid, 339.

²⁰⁸ Caron, D, “The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council” (1993) 87 Am. J. Intl. L. 552, 560 Google Scholar.

²⁰⁹ Türk, supra note 170, 53; Szasz, supra note 125, 905; see also Dean, J, “Expanding the Security Council Role in Blocking the Spread of Nuclear Weapons” (1992) 2 Transnational L & Contemporary Problems 587 Google Scholar.

²¹⁰ Gowlland-Debbas, supra note 115, 312.

²¹¹ World Summit, supra note 31, at paras. 138-140; see also Report of the Independent Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (2003), available at www.iciss.ca/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf (6 December 2005).

²¹² G Evans, “The United Nations: Vision, Reality and Reform”, Address to Australian Fabian Society, Melbourne, 28 September 2005.

²¹³ Ibid.

²¹⁴ World Summit, supra note 31, at para. 149.

²¹⁵ Ibid, at para. 150.

²¹⁶ Ibid, at paras. 155-156.

²¹⁷ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

²¹⁸ UNGA (60th Session), Vietnamese Foreign Minister Nguyen Dy Nien, “Vietnam tightens cooperation with international community for common goals”, 21 September 2005.

²¹⁹ Vietnamese Ambassador Le Luong Minh, Permanent Representative to the UN informal meeting Concerning the Draft Outcome Document of the UNGA High-level Plenary Meeting, 1 July 2005.

²²⁰ UNGA (60^th Session Plenary), Statement by the Hon Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia and Head of the Malaysian Delegation, New York, 14 September 2005.

²²¹ See, eg, UNGA (60^th Session Plenary), Statement by HE Dr Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of the Republic of Indonesia, New York, September 16, 2005.

²²² Statement by Ambassador Gopala Menon of Singapore, supra note 51.

²²³ Vietnamese Ambassador Le Luong Minh, supra note 219.

²²⁴ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

²²⁵ Chinese Position Paper, supra note 42.

²²⁶ Simma, supra note 109, 834, 857-9, 847-850.

²²⁷ See, eg Newman, supra note 1, 230-236.

227 See, eg Newman, supra note 1, 230-236.