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The Tokyo Tribunal, Justice Pal and the Revisionist Distortion of History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2025

Nakajima Takeshi
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Since the mid 1990s, Japan's neonationalist forces have made important gains: in education, culture and politics, as manifested notably in the activation of the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform and the popularity of the best-selling comic book Sensōron (On War) by cartoonist Kobayashi Yoshinori.

Type
Research Article
Information
Asia-Pacific Journal , Volume 9 , Issue 44 , October 2011 , e3
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2011

References

Notes

1 Translated by Kasahara Hikaru. Edited by Mark Selden.

2 Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, signed in Tokyo on 19 January 1946, amended 26 April 1946, TIAS 1589, 4 Bevans 20 (‘Tokyo Charter‘).

3 United States et al v Araki Sadao et al in The Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial: The Records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, with an Authoritative Commentary and Comprehensive Guide (2002) Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 36–7 (‘Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial‘).

4 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 37 (emphasis in original).

5 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 45.

6 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 67.

7 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 15.

8 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1069.

9 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1099.

10 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1069–70.

11 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1089.

12 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1111.

13 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1171–2.

14 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1180.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1172.

17 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1180.

18 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1090.

19 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 376.

20 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 428.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 429–46, 460–2.

24 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 473.

25 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 513.

26 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 524.

27 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 525.

28 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 526.

29 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 527.

30 Arnold J Toynbee, Survey of International Affairs 1932 (1933) 465 quoted in Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 527.

31 Ibid 467 quoted in Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial, above n 3, Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 528.

32 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 524.

33 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 547(34)–(35).

34 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 548.

35 Ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 483 (emphases in original).

36 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 785(2)–(3) (emphases in original).

37 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 785(3).

38 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 785(20).

39 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 787.

40 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 785(29).

41 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 874–5.

42 ‘United States Note to Japan 26 November’ (1941) 5 Department of State Bulletin 461 (‘Hull Note‘).

43 Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial, above n 3, Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 978.

44 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 963.

45 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1038–9.

46 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 983.

47 See, e.g., ibid Vol 106, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 446.

48 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 988.

49 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 692.

50 Ibid Vol 107, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 736.

51 Ibid.

52 See, eg, ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 983, 988, 1234.

53 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 135 (emphasis omitted).

54 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 146.

55 Ibid Vol 105, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 55.

56 Chūgoku Shimbun (Hiroshima, Japan), 4 November 1952.

57 Tanaka Masaaki, Nihon muzairon: shinri no sabaki [On Japan's Innocence: The Truth on Trial] (1952).

58 Ibid 28.

59 Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial, above n 3, Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 988.

60 Ibid Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 983.

61 Tanaka Masaaki, Pāru Hanji no Nippon Muzai-ron [Justice Pal's Discussion of Japan as Not Guilty] (1963).

62 Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial, above n 3, Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1025.

63 Tanaka, Pāru Hanji, above n 61, 165.

64 Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial, above n 3, Vol 108, Dissenting Opinion of Justice Pal, 1089.

65 Hayashi Fusao, Dai Tōa sensō kōteiron [Affirming the Greater East Asia War] (2nd ed, 2006) 341.

66 Tanaka, Pāru Hanji, above n 61, 342.

67 Ienaga Saburo, ‘15-nen Sensō to Pāru Hanketsu-sho’ [The Fifteen Years' War and Pal's Dissentient Judgment] in Ienaga Saburo, Sensō to Kyōiku o Megutte [On War and Education] (1973) 23-43.