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To Hell with Happy Endings! An Anti-School Manifesto

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

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In an interview held in August 2017, Tsuneno Yujiro, an activist and writer who experienced futōkō (school non-attendance) and the author of “To Hell with Happy Endings! An Anti-School Manifesto,” said:

Now I am unemployed, and although I might work part-time at some point in the future, my mental illness is severe to the point where I receive a disability pension. This is clearly different from the “cheerful tōkōkyohi (school refusal) children” model that has been proposed for futōkō children by the alternative school Tokyo Shūre among others. In my case, I am not someone who, in spite of their futōkō experience, is working, married, graduated from a famous university and so on; nor am I living a fulfilling life…. Even if I try, I cannot express my pain in such words…. Among the people I knew, it was a shared understanding that the cheerful tōkōkyohi image was a lie. Despite that understanding, the way we saw it was, Why would we want to say from the get-go that some of us remain hikikomori (acute social withdrawal) into our 40's after tōkōkyohi, when tōkōkyohi itself was seen so negatively to begin with? Why don't we tell a strategic lie instead? …What I am speaking against about this is, Who can believe that? Does that cheer up children who actually do not go to school at present? …I don't exactly want to speak directly to children and youth who are in severe situations, but I think the message “It could get worse” is more important (than “It will get better”).

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Research Article
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
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Copyright © The Authors 2018

References

Morita, Yōji 森田洋司2003 不登校:その 後 Futōkō: Sonogo [School Non-Attendance: The Aftermath] 教育開発研究所 Kyoiku Kaihatsu Kenkyujo, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Zenkoku Futōkō Shinbun Sha 全国不登校新聞社 2017 不登校50周年証言プロジェクト:36 常野 雄次郎さん Futōkō 50 year anniversary testimony project:36 Mr. Tsuneno Yujiro.Google Scholar