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To Hell with Happy Endings! An Anti-School Manifesto
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
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In an interview held in August 2017, Tsuneno Yujiro, an activist and writer who experienced futōkō (school non-attendance) and the author of “To Hell with Happy Endings! An Anti-School Manifesto,” said:
Now I am unemployed, and although I might work part-time at some point in the future, my mental illness is severe to the point where I receive a disability pension. This is clearly different from the “cheerful tōkōkyohi (school refusal) children” model that has been proposed for futōkō children by the alternative school Tokyo Shūre among others. In my case, I am not someone who, in spite of their futōkō experience, is working, married, graduated from a famous university and so on; nor am I living a fulfilling life…. Even if I try, I cannot express my pain in such words…. Among the people I knew, it was a shared understanding that the cheerful tōkōkyohi image was a lie. Despite that understanding, the way we saw it was, Why would we want to say from the get-go that some of us remain hikikomori (acute social withdrawal) into our 40's after tōkōkyohi, when tōkōkyohi itself was seen so negatively to begin with? Why don't we tell a strategic lie instead? …What I am speaking against about this is, Who can believe that? Does that cheer up children who actually do not go to school at present? …I don't exactly want to speak directly to children and youth who are in severe situations, but I think the message “It could get worse” is more important (than “It will get better”).
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