No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Abstract
Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
This paper will present a timeline of how a remote island in the South Pacific became a U.S. appurtenance (1860); then a U.S. territory (1925); and, finally, through a so-called “friendship treaty,” bargained away by New Zealand in order to maximize American Sāmoa's maritime boundaries (1980). The original claim to the island is fraudulent, as many government officials and scholars have long suspected but have been unable to prove. This paper will examine the fraud in detail and present conclusive evidence for the first time. The island's name is Olohega [olo'hɛŋa] and it belongs geographically, historically, and culturally to the nation of Tokelau.
Keywords
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Creative Commons
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.- Copyright
- Copyright © The Authors 2021
References
Bibliography
Addison, David. J. and Kalolo, John. Tokelau Science Education and Research Program: Atafu Fieldwork August 2008/Polokalame Akoakoga Faka Haienihi I Tokelau: Galuega FakaTino i Atafu 2008. Pago Pago: Samoan Studies Institute and the Tokelau Department of Education, 2009.Google Scholar
Allen, Percy S. Stewart's Handbook of the Pacific Islands: A Reliable Guide to All the Uninhabited Islands of the Pacific Ocean: For Traders, Tourists And Settlers. Sydney: McCarron, Stewart & Co., 1920.Google Scholar
Behm, E. “Das Amerikanische Polynesien und die politischen Verhältnisse in den übrigen Theilen des Grossen Oceans im J. 1859 (Nebst Karten, Taf. 8 u. 9).” Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 5 (1859): 173–194.Google Scholar
Bertram, I. G. and Watters, R. F.. “New Zealand and its Small Island Neighbours: A Review of New Zealand Policy toward the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Kiribati and Tuvalu.” Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 1984. Available online from the Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar
Burnett, C. D. “The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands.” American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2005): 779–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dabb, Geoffrey. “The Law of the Sea in the South Pacific.” In Pacific Island Year Book. edited by Carter, John. Sydney: Pacific Publications, 1981.Google Scholar
Findlay, A. G. A Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean with Descriptions of its Coasts, Islands, etc. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. First published 1851 by R. H. Laurie.Google Scholar
Fisher, Susanna. The Makers of the Blueback Charts: A History of Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson Ltd. Cambridgeshire, UK: Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson, 2001.Google Scholar
Hague, J. D. “On Phosphatic Guano Islands of the Pacific Ocean,” American Journal of Science and Arts 34 (1862): 224–43.Google Scholar
Haskell, Daniel C. The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842 and its Publications 1844-1874. Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino Publishing, 2002. First published 1842 by the New York Public Library.Google Scholar
Hau'ofa, Epeli. “Our Sea of Islands.” The Contemporary Pacific 6, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 147–161.Google Scholar
Huntsman, Judith, and Kalolo, Kelihiano. The Future of Tokelau: Decolonising Agendas, 1975-2006. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Huntsman, Judith, and Hooper, Antony. “Who Really Discovery Fakaofo…?” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 95, no. 4 (1986): 461–467.Google Scholar
Ickes, Betty. “Expanding the Tokelau Archipelago: Tokelau's Decolonization and Olohega's Penu Tafea in the Hawai'i Diaspora.” PhD diss., University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2009. ProQuest (UMI3378303).Google Scholar
Matagi Tokelau: History and Traditions of Tokelau. Translated by Judith Huntsman and Antony Hooper. Apia and Suva: Office of Tokelau Affairs and Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the Pacific, 1991.Google Scholar
Nichols, Roy F. Advance Agents of American Destiny. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. First published 1956 by University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Aliki Faipule Kolouei. “The Modern House of Tokelau.” Pacific News Bulletin 15, no. 6 (2000): 4–5.Google Scholar
Orent, Beatrice, and Reinsch, Pauline. “Sovereignty over Islands in the Pacific.” The American Journal of International Law 35, no. 3 (1941): 443–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roosevelt, Franklin D., and Reeves, J. S.. “Agreement over Canton and Enderbury Islands.” The American Journal of International Law 33, no. 3 (1939): 521–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skaggs, Jimmy M. The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1995.Google Scholar
Soons, A. H. A. Addendum to ‘Climate Change: Options and Duties under International Law,‘ The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. Available online from the Royal Netherlands Society of International Law.Google Scholar
Stanton, William. The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Starbuck, Alexander. History of the American Whale Fishery from its Earliest Inception to the Year 1876. Washington, 1878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. State Department. A Digest of International Law. edited by Moore, J. B.. 8 vols. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906.Google Scholar
U.S. State Department. “Letters Sent Regarding Bonds of the Guano Companies, 1856-1912.” Vol. 7 in Records of the Department of State Relating to Guano Islands, 1852-1912. Washington, DC: National Archives Microfilm Publication M-974 [CD-ROM], 1975.Google Scholar
U.S. State Department. “The Sovereignty of Guano Islands Claimed under the Guano Act.” Edited by E. S. Rogers and Frederic A. Fisher. 3 vols. Washington, DC: Legal Advisor's Office, Department of State, 1932. Available online from the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Library.Google Scholar
Winthrop, Colonel W. “Our Lesser Insular Appurtenances.” The Independent 51, no. 2641 (July 1899): 1877–1879.Google Scholar
Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. 5 vols. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1844.Google Scholar
Maps
Bartholomew, J. G. South Pacific Ocean on Mercators Projection….[map]. 1:25,000,000. In: J. G. Bartholomew. Times Survey Atlas of the World. London: The Times, 1922, Plate 102.Google Scholar
Norie, J. W. (Composite of) A New Chart of the Pacific Ocean, Exhibiting…All the Numerous Islands and Known Dangers Situated in Polynesia and Australasia….[map]. 1:9,650,000. In: Norie, W.. London: J. W. Norie & Co., 1836.Google Scholar
Norie, J. W. The Marine Atlas, or Seaman's Complete Pilot for all the Principal Places in the Known World….[map]. Scales differ. In: Norie, J. W.. 7th ed. London: J. W. Norie & Co., 1826.Google Scholar
Paullin, C. O. and Wright, J. K.. Possessions and Territorial Claims….of the United States, also Certain Military Operations and Grounds Formerly Frequented (ca. 1815-1860) by American Whalers….[map]. Scale not given. In: Paullin, Charles O. and Wright, John K.. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932, Plate 166.Google Scholar
U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838-1842). Groups in the Western Part of the Pacific Ocean Examined and Surveyed by the U.S. Ex. Ex. [map]. 1:14,800,000. In: Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1845, v. 5 front.Google Scholar
You have
Access
Open access