¹ See Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, “Trade, Investment, Power and the China-in-Africa Discourse,” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus53, 2 (28 December 2009).

² Studies of the ‘Yellow Peril’ include Jenny Clegg, Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril: the Making of a Racist Myth (Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham 1994): 1-36; Roger Daniels, “The Yellow Peril,” in The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1999); Heinz Gollwitzer, Die Gelbe Gefahr: Geschichte eines Schlagworts: Studien zum Imperialistischen Denken [The Yellow Peril: History of Catchphrases: Study of Imperialist Thought] (Göttingen, Germany: Hubert & Company 1962); Yorim Hashimoto, Primary Sources on Yellow Peril, Series I: Yellow Peril Collection of British Novels, 1895-1913, 7 vols (Tokyo: Edition Synapse 2008); Sukehiro Hirakawa, The Yellow Peril: Past and Present (Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center 1985); Gary Hoppenstand, “Yellow Devil Doctors and Opium Dens: A Survey of the Yellow Peril Stereotypes in Mass Media Entertainment,” in Christopher D. Geist and Jack Nachbar, eds., The Popular Culture Reader, 3rd ed (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press 1983): 171-185; Wang Jiwu, ‘His Dominion’ and the Yellow Peril’: Protestant Missions to the Chinese Immigrants in Canada, 1859 - 1967(Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2006); John F. Laffey, “Racism and Imperialism: French Views of the ‘Yellow Peril’: 1895-1919,” in Imperialism and Ideology: An Historical Perspective (Montreal, Canada: Black Rose Books 2000); Ute Mehnert, Deutchland, Amerika und die ‘gelbe Gefahr’: zur Karriere eines Schlagworts in der Grossen Politik, 1905-1917 [Germany, America and the ‘Yellow Peril’: The Career of a Catchphrase in Big Politics, 1905-1917] (Stuttgart: Steiner 1995); Jacqui Murray, Watching the Sun Rise: Australian Reporting of Japan, 1931 to the Fall of Singapore (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 2004); Yuko Naka, The Black Savage and the Yellow Peril: The Differing Consequences of the Radicalization of the Black's and Japanese in Canada, M.A. Thesis, University of Western Ontario 1997; Greenberry G. Rupert, The Yellow Peril: or, The Orient vs. the Occident as Viewed by Modern Statesmen and Ancient Prophets (Choctaw, OK: Union Publishers 1911); Richard A. Thompson, The Yellow Peril, 1890-1924 (New York: Arno Press 1978).

³ On fears of Japanese influence in Africa, see Richard Bradshaw, “Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937,” Ph.D. diss, Ohio University (1992); Ethel B. Dietrich, “Closing Doors on Japan,” Far Eastern Survey 7:16 (10 August 1938): 181-186; Katsuhito Kitagawa, “Japan's Economic Relations with Africa between the Wars: A Study of Japanese Consular Reports,” African Study Monograph 11:3 (December 1990): 25-141; Kitagawa, “Japan's Trade with Colonial Africa in the Interwar Period,” Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association (Atlanta, GA: November 1989); Takashi Okakura, Nihon to Afurika: Meiji Ishin Kara Dainiji Sekai Taisen Made[Japan and Africa: from the Meiji Restoration to the Second World War] (Tokyo: Dobun-kan 1992); Frederick V. Meyer, Britain's Colonies and World Trade (London: Oxford University Press 1948); Jun Morikawa, Japan and Africa: Big Business and Diplomacy (London: Hurst & Co; Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press 1997); Morikawa, “The Myth of Japan's Relations with Colonial Africa, 1885-1960,” Journal of African Studies 12:1 (1985): 39-46; Phillips P. O’Brien, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1922 (London: Routledge Curzon 2004); Sara Pienaar, South Africa and International Relations Between the Two World Wars: The League of Nations Dimension (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press 1987); Arthur Redford, Manchester Merchants and Foreign Trade, Volume 2,1850-1939 (Manchester: The University of Manchester Press 1956); Andrew Roberts, “Introduction,” in Andrew Roberts, ed., The Colonial Moment in Africa: Essay on the Movement of Minds and Materials 19001940 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press 1990); Ann Trotter, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, eds., Great Britain, Foreign Office, British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 2, From the First to the Second World War, Series E, Asia, 1914-1939, 50 vols, (Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America 1991-1996), cf. Vol. II

⁴ On Japanese-South African Relations see, Chris Alden, “The Changing Contours of Japanese-South African Relations,” in Chris Alden and Katsumi Hirano, eds., Japan and South Africa in a Globalising World: A Distant Mirror (London: Ashgate 2003): 724; Kweku Ampiah, The Dynamics of Japan ‘s Relations with Africa: South Africa, Nigeria and Tanzania (London: Routledge 1997); Miriam S. Farley, “Japan Between the Wars,” Far Eastern Survey 8:21 (25 October 1939): 243-248; Tetsushi Furukawa, “Japanese Political and Economic Interests in Africa: The Pre-War Period,” Network Africa 7:14 (1991): 6-8; Gaimushō Tsū Shō Kyaku [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Commerce and Trade, Second Section], “Afurika Keizai Jijō Tenbō” [The Economic Situation in Africa and its Potential], (1932); Great Britain Public Records Office, Francis O’Meara to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 31 July 1934, London, FO 371/18173 F 5304; Great Britain Public Records Office, Sir H.F. Batterbee to Sir George Mounsey, 1 August 1934; C.T. Te Water to J.H. Thomas, 23 May 1934; Staff Officer (Cape Town Intelligence) to Director of Naval Intelligence (Admiralty), 23 May 1934; P. Lieschin to J.H. Thomas, 15 March 1934, London: FO 371/18188. B; Great Britain Public Records Office, (London): FO 371/18173 F 5304; Katsuhito Kitagawa, “Political and Economic Determinants of Japan's Ties with Eastern and Southern Africa: An Historical Overview,” Paper presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, (Seattle, WA: November 1992); Kitagawa, “Sen Zen Ki Nihon no Minami Afurika e no Keizaiteki Kanshin: ‘Bōeki Zasshi’ no Chōsa ni Motozuite” [Japanese Economic Interest in South Africa during the Prewar Era: A Consideration of ‘Trade Journal’ Reports], Shakai Kagaku Kenkyū Nenpō [Annual Social Science Research Reports] 22 (March 1992): 172-83; William G. Martin, “The Making of an Industrial South Africa: Trade and Tariffs in the Interwar Period,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 23:2 (1990): 59-85; Mitsubishi Economic Research Bureau, Japanese Trade and Industry: Present and Future (London: Macmillan 1936); Jun Morikawa, Minami Afurika To Nihon: Kankei No Reikishi, Kōzō, Kadai [South Africa and Japan: The History, Structure and Problematic (Nature) of their Relations] (Tokyo: Dobun Kan 1988); Morikawa, “The Anatomy of Japan's South African Policy,” The Journal of Modern African Studies 22:1 (March 1984): 133-141; J. Forbes Munro, Africa and International Economy, 18801960: An Introduction to Modern Economics History of Africa South of the Sahara (London: Dent 1976); Terutarō Nishino, “Minami Afurika Zō No Seiritsu Katei: Meiji Ki No Nihongo Kankōbutsu” [How the Image of South Africa Developed: Evidence from Meiji Era Publications], Ajia Keizai [Asian Economics] 11:2 (February 1970): 90-91; Masako Osada, Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies and Economic Realities in Relations Between Japan and South Africa (Westport, CT. & London: Greenwood Press 2002); Richard J Payne, “Japan's South Africa Policy: Political Rhetoric and Economic Realities,” African Affairs86:343 (April 1987): 167178; Eric Rosenthal, ed., Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa (London: F. Warne 1961); Rosenthal, Japan ‘s Bid for Africa: Including the Story of the Madagascar Campaign (Johannesburg: Central News Agency 1944); Keizō Seki, The Cotton Industry of Japan (Tokyo: Japan Society for Promotion of Science 1956); Themba Sono and Human Sciences Research Council, Japan and Africa: The Evolution and Nature of Political, Economic and Human Bonds 1543-1993 (Pretoria, South Africa: 1993); Jones Stuart and Andre Muller, The South African Economy, 1910-90 (London: Macmillan 1992); Imao Tadao, Nan A Renpō Gaikan [A General Overview of the Union of South Africa] (Tokyo: Department of Trade and Commerce 1927); Kojima Takehiko, Kibō Hō Ni Tatsu-AfUrika Kikō [Standing at the Cape of Good Hope: A Travelogue] (Tokyo: 1940); Union of South Africa, Debates of the House Assembly, Vols. 17 (1931) and 22 (1934).

⁵ Rand Daily Mail (RDM), 13 July 1931. The Rand Daily Mail is published by the Anglo American Corp. in Johannesburg.

⁶ On Japanese-Ethiopian relations see, Richard Bradshaw, “Japanese Interest in Africa: A Historical Overview,” Swords and Ploughshares 7 (1993): 6-8; Bradshaw, “Japan and European Colonialism…,” 1992; Bradshaw, “Japan and European Colonialism in Africa: A Review of the Literature,” in Merrick Posnansky and Yoshida Masao, eds., Reports of the Japanese-American Workshop for Cooperation in Africa (Los Angeles: University of California 1995); Bradshaw, “Japan and British Colonialism in Africa,” in Barry Ward, ed., Rediscovering the British Empire (Krieger Publishers 2001); Bradshaw, “Nihon to Shokuminchi Afurika: Igirusu Teikokushugi o Megutte” [Japan and Colonial Africa: A Focus on British Imperialism], in Kokujin Kenkyū no Kai [Japan Black Studies Association], ed., Kokujin Kenkyū no Sekai [The World of Black Studies] (Tokyo: Seijishobo 2004): 55-95; S. Olu Agbi, “The Japanese and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935-36,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 11 (1983): 130-41; J. Calvitt Clarke, Alliance of the “Colored”Peoples of the World: Ethiopia and Japan Before the Second World War, (Forthcoming 2011); Unno Yoshiro, “Dainiji Itaria-Echiopia Senso to Nihon,” [The Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Japan] Hosei Riron 16 (January 1984): 190; Okakura Takashi, “1930 Nendai no Nihon-Echiopia Kankei,” [Japanese-Ethiopian Relations in the 1930s] Afurika Kenkyū 37 (December 1990): 61-62; Takashi and Katsuhiko, Nihon-Afurika Koryshi…, 1993; Taura Masanori, “I. E. Funso to Nihon Gawa Taio: Showa 10 Nen Sugimura Seimei Jiken wo Chūshin ni” [Italo-Ethiopian Conflict and the Japanese Response], Nihon Rekishi [Japanese History] 526 (March 1992): 79-80; Taura, “Nichi-I Kankei to Sono Yotai (1935-36): Echiopia Senso wo Meguru Nihon Gawa Taio Kara” [Italo-Japanese Relations and Their Conditions (1935-36): From the Japanese Response to the Ethiopian War], in Takashi Ito, ed., Nihon Kindai-shi no Sai Kochiku (Tokyo: 1993); Masanori, “Nihon-Echiopia Kankei ni Miru 1930s Nen Tsūsho Gaiko no Iso” [A Phase of the 1930s Commercial Diplomacy in the Japanese-Ethiopian Relations], Seifu to Minkan [Government and Civilians], Nenpo Kindai Nihon Kenkyū [Annual Report, Study of Modern Japan], 17 (1995):158-59; Aoki Sumio and Kurimoto Eisei, “Japanese Interest in Ethiopia (1868-1940): Chronology and Bibliography,” Ethiopia in Broader Perspectives 1: 713-28; Furukawa Tetsushi, “Japan's Political Relations with Ethiopia, 1920s-1960s: A Historical Overview,” paper presented to the 35th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association (Seattle, WA: 20-23 November 1992); Furukawa, “Japanese-Ethiopian Relations in the 1920-30s: The Rise and Fall of ‘Sentimental’ Relations,” paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association (St. Louis, MO: Nov 1991); Furukawa, “Japanese Political and Economic Interests In Africa: The Prewar Period,” Network Africa 7 (1991): 6-7; “Foreign Minister Heruy's Mission to Japan in 1931: Ethiopia's Effort to Find a Non-Western Model for Modernization,” Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians (March 2007):17-28; J. Calvitt Clarke III, “A Japanese Scoundrel's Skin Game: Japanese Economic Penetration of Ethiopia and Diplomatic Complications Before the Second Italo-Ethiopian War,” Electronic publication by the XVI^th meeting of the International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Trondheim, Norway: July 2007); Clarke, “Dashed Hopes for Support: Daba Birrou's and Shoji Yunosuke's Trip to Japan, 1935,” in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Hamburg: Aethiopistische Forschungen 2005); Clarke, “Seeking a Model for Modernization: The Japanizers of Ethiopia,” Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians 11 (Spring 2004): 35-51; Clarke, “Mutual Interests: Japan and Ethiopia Before the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-36,” Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians 9 (February 2002): 83-97.

⁷ William K. Hancock, The Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, Vol. 2: Economic Policy, 1918-1939 (London: 1940): Part 1, 211.

⁸ Osamu Ishii, Cotton-Textile Diplomacy: Japan, Great Britain and the United States, 1930-1936 (New York: Arno Press, 1981): 190.

⁹ On Anglo-Japanese trade competition in British West Africa see, Hiroshi Shimizu, Anglo-Japanese Trade Rivalry in the Middle East in the Inter-War Period (London: Ithaca 1986); Gilbert Hubbard, Eastern Industrialization and its Effects on the West, With Special Reference to Great Britain and Japan: Japanese Economic History, 3 vols. (London: Routledge 2000); Frederick V. Meyer, Britain's Colonies in World Trade(London: Oxford University Press 1944) On Anglo-Japanese trade competition in Gambia see, Kweku Ampiah, “British Commercial Policies Against Japanese Expansionism in East and West Africa 1932-1935,” The International Journal of African Historical Surveys 23:4 (1990): 619-641; “Japanese Trade Competition in the Colonies,” 22 February 1934, FO 371/18170 F 982/159/23, PRO.

¹⁰ On Anglo-Japanese trade competition in Morocco see, Bird (Casablanca) to Department of Overseas Trade, 9 January 1934, FO 371/18169, PRO; Edmonds to Foreign Office, Dispatch, 17 February 1933, W 2097/175/28: FO 371/17396; Shackle (Board of Trade) to Roberts, Enclosure, 17 August 1939, W 12118/162/28: FO 371/24057, PRO; United Africa Company Ltd. to Foreign Office, Dispatch, 22 February 1933, W 2053/175/28: FO 371/17396; M.M. Knight, Morocco as a French Economic Venture (New York: 1937): 135; Hiroshi Shimizu, Anglo-Japanese Trade Rivalry in the Middle East in the Inter-War Period (London: Ithaca Press 1986): 82, 185, 160, 164.

¹¹ For information on Anglo-Japanese trade competition in Portuguese Africa see, (Consul-General) Francis O’Meara to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 31 July 1934, FO 371/18173 F 5304, PRO; Francis O’Meara to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 31 July 1934, FO 371/18173 F 5304, PRO; Memorandum on the General Trade and Economic Position of the Colony of Angola in 1935, Enclosure in Consul-General (Francis) O’Meara (Loanda) to Eden, 16 March 1936, PRO 433/3 W 3644/36/36; O’Meara (Loanda) to Department of Overseas Trade, 31 July 1934, PRO FO 371/18173 F 5304; Essentially the same information, with more information on the Japanese trade mission described below, is contained in O’Meara to Department of Overseas Trade, 19 June 1934, PRO FO 371/18173; figures in “Trade Relations Between Japan and Africa,” The Japan Times (Supplement), 31 Oct. 1935.

¹² For information on Anglo-Japanese trade competition in Egypt see Richard Bradshaw, “Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937,” Ph.D. diss, Ohio University: 1992.

¹³ Masako Osada, Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies and Economic Realities in Relations Between Japan and South Africa (Westport, CT & London: Greenwood Press 2002): 27.

¹⁴ Nunokawa Magoichi, Minami Afurika Bōeki Jijo as cited in Jun Morikawa, Minami Afurika To Nihon: Kankei No Reikishi, Kōzō, Kadai [South Africa and Japan: The History, Structure and Problematic (Nature) of their Relations] (Tokyo: Dobun Kan 1988): 5-6.

¹⁵ Dan O’Meara, Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Cambridge: 1983): 37.

¹⁶ DRO E.4.3.2.2-2; Richard Bradshaw, “Japan and European…,” 1992; Katsuhiko, “Japan's Trade.,” in Alden and Hirano, Japan and South Africa… 2003: 25-40.

¹⁷ Osada, Sanctions and Honorary… 2002: 39.

¹⁸ Assembly Debates, 5 July 1931.

¹⁹ RDM, 11 July 1931.

²⁰ Arthur G. Barlow in the RDM, 1933.

²¹ Hedley A. Chilvers, The Yellow Man Looks On: Being the Story of the Anglo-Dutch Conflict in South Africa and Its Interest for the Peoples of Asia, 2nd ed. (London: Cassell and Company 1933): 228-9.

²² “Mrs. Smuts and the Japanese Treaty: Introduction of Yellow Race,” The Rhodesia Herald (Salisbury, Mashonaland: Argus Printing and Pub. Company) 5 Mar 1931.

²³ RDM, 13 July 1931.

²⁴ RDM, 15 July 1931.

²⁵ RDM, 14 July 1931.

²⁶ RDM, 17 July 1931.

²⁷ Hansard, XVII, 2 June 1931, 4707.

²⁸ RDM, 8 July 1931.

²⁹ See, T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1977): 213. 100 pound sterling bought 125 Australian pounds during this period but only 70-75 South African pounds.

³⁰ Takafusa Nakamura, “Depression, Recovery, and War, 1920-1945,” in Peter Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1989): 464.

³¹ Roger B. Beck, The History of South Africa (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2003): 109.

³² RDM,19 Sept 1933.

³³ RDM, 19 Sept 1933.

³⁴ RDM, 15 Sept 1933.

³⁵ RDM, 6 Sept 1933.

³⁶ RDM, 19 Sept 1931.

³⁷ Rosenthal, Japan's Bid.„1944: 12.

³⁸ DRO, A 660 1-1-4; Bradshaw, “Japan and European…,”1992.

³⁹ Chilvers, The Yellow Man… 1933.

⁴⁰ Rosenthal, Japan's Bid… 1944: 9-10.

⁴¹ Hansard, XXII, 7 March 1934.

⁴² “Sir H.F. Batterbee to Sir George Mounsey,” 1 August 1934, FO 371/18188 B.

⁴³ RDM, 10 Oct 1933.

⁴⁴ Gilbert Ernest Hubbard, Eastern Industrialization and its Effects on the West With Special Reference to Great Britain and Japan (London: Oxford University Press 1935): 27.

⁴⁵ George B. Sansom, (Tokyo) “Japanese Trade with South Africa” Enclosure in British Minister F.O. Lindley (Tokyo) to John Simon, 5 March 1934, “Trade Agreement Between Japan and Union of South Africa” PRO FO 2181/159/23.

⁴⁶ Sansom, “Japanese Trade.” 1934, PRO FO 2181/159/23.

⁴⁷ Andrew Roberts, “Introduction,” in Andrew Roberts, ed., The Colonial Moment in Africa: Essay on the Movement of Minds and Materials 1900-1940 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press 1990): 11.

⁴⁸ “Minami Afurika Renpō,” [The Union of South Africa] Nihon Gomu Seihin Yūshutsu Kumiai Chōsa Kenkyū [Japan Rubber Products Export Association Investigative Research] 8 (1937): 3.

⁴⁹ The “onagers” or zebras (valued at f 3,000) arrived in Japan safely aboard the Delftsyhaven. See, E.J. van Donzel, Foreign Relations of Ethiopia 1642-1700: Documents Relating to the Journeys of Khodja Murad (Leiden: 1979): 48 cE.n. 248.

⁵⁰ Walter Goldfrank, “Silk and Steel: Italy and Japan Between the Two World Wars,” in Edmund Burke III, ed., Global Crisis and Social Movements: Artisans, Peasants, Populists, and the World Economy (Boulder: 1988): 224; Jon Halliday, A Political History of Japanese Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press 1975): 128.

⁵¹ The Wal-Wal Incident mentioned above.

⁵² S. Olu Agbi, “The Japanese and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935-36,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 11 (1983): 130-41.

⁵³ Sugimura had formerly been deputy secretary-general of the League of Nations (Osaka Mainichi & Tokyo Nichi Nichi (OM&TNN), 12 Sept 1933).

⁵⁴ Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis…,” 1984: 3.

⁵⁵ OM&TNN, 20 July 1935. The Osaka Mainichi & Tokyo Nichi Nichi is published by The Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd. in Osaka and Tokyo.

⁵⁶ OM & TNN, 21 July 1935.

⁵⁷ The Japan Times (JT), 21 July 1935. General Ugaki had arrived in Tokyo on July 8, shortly before the onset of the Sugimura affair, in order to discuss the question of Chosen [Korea]'s budget with government officials in Tokyo. He left Tokyo on July 22 and returned to Chosen on 25 July, “General Ugaki To Visit Genro Today Before Leaving For Chosen,” JT, 24 July 1935; “Ugaki Visits Shimoda On Return To Chosen,” JT, 26 July 1935. While in Tokyo Ugaki was reported as stating that the “impending Italo-Ethiopian war would not be regarded as something on the other bank of the river,” Sugimura to Hirota, 18 July 1935, DRO, File A ET/1-2, cited in Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis.,” 1984: 5.

⁵⁸ OM & TNN, 20 July 1935; JT, 21 July 1935.

⁵⁹ “Amau Points Out Cases of Italy's Attack On Japan,” JT, 22 July 1935.

⁶⁰ “Amau Points Out Cases of Italy's Attack On Japan,” JT, 22 July 1935.

⁶¹ “Amau Points Out Cases of Italy's Attack On Japan,” JT, 22 July 1935.

⁶² “Rome Disturbed by Hirota's Talk To Italian Envoy,” JT, 23 July 1935.

⁶³ “Rome Disturbed by Hirota's Talk To Italian Envoy,” JT, 23 July 1935.

⁶⁴ “Japanese Embassy At Rome Is Placed Under Guard; Sugimura To Lodge Protest,” JT, 24 July 1935.

⁶⁵ As translated in “Japan Pictured As Peril to White Race By Journals,” JT, 24 July 1935.

⁶⁶ “Japan Pictured As Peril to White Race By Journals,” JT, 24 July 1935.

⁶⁷ “France Favors Treaty to Grant Italy Protectorate Over Ethiopia; Anti-Japan Demonstrations Seen,” JT, 25 July 1935.

⁶⁸ “Rome Press Attacks British Move,” JT, 26 July 1935.

⁶⁹ “Rome Press Attacks British Move,” JT, 26 July 1935.

⁷⁰ “15,000 Demonstrate Against Japan, Britain,” JT, 27 July 1935.

⁷¹ “Rome Quiets Down,” JT, 28 July 1935.

⁷² “Japan Stand Neutral, Tokyo Informs Auriti,” OM & TNN, 18 Sept 1935.

⁷³ “This Paper's Network is Completed for News-Gathering in African War,” OM & TNN, 5 Oct 1935: “For a full account of the momentous world drama that is about to be played,” the newspaper advertised, “read the Osaka Mainichi and the Tokyo Nichi Nichi.”

⁷⁴ These included Edward W. Beattie, Webb Miller, Percival Phillips, Leonard Packard, Alfred Street, Herbert Ekins, and Ladislas Farago, see, “This Paper's News Front in Africa Vitalized to Meet All Emergencies,” OM & TNN, 3 Sept 1935; Ladislas Farago, “Native Drums Call Tribes to Arms…,” OM & TNN, 24 Sept 1935.

⁷⁵ Wallington (Pretoria) to Wiseman, 6 Aug 1935, PRO, FO 371/19367. It is not known whether Wada actually entered into negotiations for broadcasting rights. Wada returned to the U.S. at the end of August, see “Staff Correspondent Back,” 3 Sept 1935, PRO, FO 371/19367.

⁷⁶ OM & TNN, 24 July 1935.

⁷⁷ J. Calvitt Clarke, Alliance of the “Colored” Peoples of the World: Ethiopia and Japan Before the Second World War, (Forthcoming 2011), 235.

⁷⁸ J. Calvitt Clarke, Alliance of the “Colored” Peoples of the World: Ethiopia and Japan Before the Second World War, (Forthcoming 2011), 235.

⁷⁹ See Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination (New York: Knopf Publishers 1942): 200. The Amur River Society is often referred to as the “Black Dragon Society” because the literal meaning of the Chinese characters for the Amur River are “Black Dragon”. The society took the name of the Amur because of its initial goal to prevent the Russians from extending their influence beyond that river in Manchuria. To call it the “Black Dragon Society” downplays the importance of the river after which it was named and tends to exaggerate the reputedly sinister, secret nature of the society.

⁸⁰ Auriti called on Horinouchi in the absence of Foreign Minister Arita Hachiro, see, “Italian High Commissioner At Addis Ababa To Be Told To Respect Japanese Rights,” OM & TNN, 14 May 1936.

⁸¹ Arita to Sugimura, 27 June 1936, DRO File A 461 ET/13-1, cited in Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis…,” 1984: 8. Agbi's footnote 44 contains the correct reference, not footnote 43 as the paper incorrectly indicates.

⁸² Sugimura to Arita, 14 October 1936, DRO File A 461 ET/1-15, cited in Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis.,” 1984: 9, cf. n. 46.

⁸³ Sugimura to Arita, 18 November 1936, DRO File A 461, ET/1-15, cited in Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis.,” 1984: 9, cf. n. 47.

⁸⁴ Sugimura to Arita, 2 December 1936, DRO File A 461 ET/1-15, cited in Agbi, “Italo-Ethiopian Crisis.,” 1984: 10, cf. n. 48.